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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>An ergonomics study on side- and rear-view CMS display locations in two lane-changing scenarios</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636356</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an effort to address existing knowledge gaps in human factors research on camera monitor system (CMS) display layout, this study investigated the effects of side- and rear-view CMS display locations under two lane-changing scenarios with different levels of urgency. Fifty participants performed a simulated lane-changing task four times in each of 12 driving conditions (2 side-view display locations × 3 rear-view display locations × 2 driving scenarios), and their response time, number of collisions, eyes-off-the-road time, and subjective ratings (accuracy, learnability, memorability, intuitiveness, preference, and satisfaction) were collected. The study findings highlight the importance of aligning CMS display locations with driver's mental model by positioning the displays near the traditional mirror locations while minimizing eye gaze travel distances by positioning them close to driver's forward line of sight. Additionally, the relative importance of these two conflicting design characteristics may vary depending on the context-dependent roles of CMS displays.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 09:16:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636356</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intention of the utilization of rearview mirrors: Integrating TPB and TTF models to explore factors among Chinese electric bike users</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625337</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considering the value of rearview mirrors in providing essential rear visual information to electric bike (e-bike) users, this study aims to analyze the psychological traits influencing users’ willingness and behavior toward rearview mirror usage and to understand their decision-making processes. Combined the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Task Technology Fit (TTF), and introduced the extended variable of perceived danger, this study explores the psychological factors that shape e-bike users’ willingness and behavior regarding rearview mirror usage from a social psychology perspective. A questionnaire survey was conducted on e-bike users (N = 704) in China. The data collected included demographic characteristics, components integrated the TPB and TTF, and relevant extended variables. Structural equation analysis (SEM) was used to analyze the data, as well as demographic variable analysis. The integration of the TPB and TTF models provides an effective framework for explaining and predicting the behavior and intentions of Chinese e-bike users regarding rearview mirror usage. The results of the model show that rearview mirrors fit e-bikes riding task, attitudes toward rearview mirror usage, and e-bike users characteristics associated with rearview mirror use increase e-bike users’ willingness to use rearview mirrors. The extended TPB construct of perceived risk did not emerge as a formidable predictor in the e-bike riders’ adoption of rearview mirrors. Additionally, results from multiple-group SEM analysis of four demographic variables (age, gender, e-bike riding experience, rearview mirror usage experience) suggest significant differences among e-bike users in using rearview mirrors while riding on the road. This study establishes the validity of the integrated model of TPB and TTF model in predicting the use of rearview mirrors by e-bike users. Furthermore, the current findings may provide theoretical support for developing intervention strategies to promote rearview mirror usage, safety education initiatives, and the design improvements of rearview mirrors for e-bikes users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Dec 2025 15:37:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625337</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Mirror Field of View Expansion Range Resulting from Driver's Head Movement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study conducted an experimental investigation of the actual range of use of mirrors to determine the range in which the view should be temporarily expanded in a CMS in UNR46. We conducted driving experiments for many situations in which head movement causes an expansion of the field of view. When checking surrounding vehicles, the range of the legal area of the Class Ⅲ mirrors in the left and right directions was about three times larger than that of the Class Ⅲ mirrors, which corresponds to about 1.5 times the range of the mirrors' field of view without head movement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Dec 2025 11:43:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prevalence of rearview cameras and association with backing crash odds: Disparities by race/ethnicity and income</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618054</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rearview cameras have been federally required in new passenger vehicles since 2018, yet disparities in vehicle ownership patterns are reflected in which drivers are operating vehicles equipped with this technology. This study examines disparities by race/ethnicity and income in the prevalence of rearview camera-equipped vehicles and their association with backing crash involvement. The quasi-induced exposure method was used to estimate 1) differences in the rearview camera prevalence and 2) associations between rearview camera presence and the odds of involvement in a backing crash across race/ethnicity and income groups, using the New Jersey Safety and Health Outcomes (NJ-SHO) data warehouse and publicly available vehicle data. Logistic regression models assessed the associations between rearview cameras and backing crash odds, including interaction terms for race/ethnicity and income. Overall, 36.8% of passenger vehicles had rearview cameras. Rearview camera presence was associated with a 41% reduction in backing crash odds. Drivers in lower-income areas and Non-Hispanic Black or African American drivers were significantly less likely to operate rearview camera-equipped vehicles compared to those in the highest income areas and Non-Hispanic White drivers, respectively. Among drivers involved in backing crashes, Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Asian drivers with rearview cameras experienced a stronger protective association than Non-Hispanic White drivers without the technology. Rearview cameras are associated with reduced odds of backing crashes; however, disparities in who operate vehicles with the technology may limit equitable benefits across racial/ethnic and income groups. Strategies are needed to broaden distribution of crash-avoidance technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:19:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2618054</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Where a glance is an action : drilling visual routines in driver training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drivers rely on vision to navigate and interplay with other road users. However, the experienced drivers use of vision differs considerably from the novice's, with the former having developed what is essentially a “professional vision”. This compilation thesis seeks to investigate how the ability to see and act in methodic ways is taught and learned in driver training. It takes a special interest in trajectories of learning as displayed in and through participants' interaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Vehicle Interactions on Drivers’ Lateral Decisions during Lane Changes Based on a Visual Search</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The vehicle lateral movement is usually modeled as a continuous process in traffic systems research; however, the phased modeling of lateral offsets is ignored. In this paper, the dynamic lane change process was discretized based on the time interval of continuous side mirrors to establish a multistep decision model between vehicle lateral offset and vehicle interaction scenarios. This paper proposed a method for modeling the road ahead and measuring the lateral offset by using perspective projection. The lane-changing decision time window was calibrated based on the lateral offsets and the side mirror glances. Furthermore, mutual information was introduced as a reward evaluation in Markov Decision Process (MDP) modeling to analyze the heterogeneity in lateral decisions under the impact of vehicle interactions. The results indicate that the vehicle space ratio and glance duration of the side mirror significantly affect the lane-changing decision time window. The driver’s lateral decision preferences for vehicle interaction scenarios regarding relative distance and relative displacement are revealed. This paper effectively realized the integration of information theory and decision model, providing a reference for the dynamic driving space modeling and driver decision behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Feb 2025 08:47:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Static and Dynamic Study of Camera Monitoring System (CMS) in Replacement to Rear View Mirror in Indian Scenario</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2474937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Indirect vision is a crucial function of an automotive vehicle for providing rear visibility and hence decreasing blind spots. Presently, conventional mirrors are used for indirect vision. However, camera-monitor systems (CMS) can be used on vehicles to display the driver’s rearview on a monitor mounted inside the vehicle. Present European regulations as well as Indian standards offer the possibility of replacing conventional mirrors with suitable CMS and thereby implementing new design concepts with aerodynamic advantages. As mirrors are a critical safety component for securing the driver’s indirect rear vision, the question arises whether CMS can provide an equivalent substitute for mirrors, and this is more important and critical in Indian scenarios. In the scope of this research, CMS and conventional mirrors are compared for the field of vision as per the national and international standards and assessed the acceptance of test drives (data collection) and static and dynamic tests under different external Indian road & traffic conditions. The examination of technical aspects for comparison of these two systems is prepared and presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 10:24:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2474937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Older Drivers’ Use of Rearview Video Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2014 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) specified an area behind the vehicle that must be displayed to the driver while backing, which applied to new passenger vehicles beginning with model year 2018. Most manufacturers responded by adding rearview video systems (RVSs) to their vehicles. Research has shown that using RVSs can reduce crash risk; however, RVSs are most effective if drivers use the displays. This study compared older drivers’ performance as they completed common backing tasks using traditional rearview mirrors to mirrors and RVSs. When participants had access to the RVS, they completed this task with and without an obstacle behind the vehicle. During the trials that included an obstacle, those with experience using an RVS were 11 percentage points less likely to hit the obstacle than were those without such experience. However, the experienced and inexperienced groups performed similarly on trials when the RVS was not available. The findings showed that older drivers who used the RVS, and particularly those who had experience with the technology, were better able to avoid obstacles while completing common backing tasks regardless of age. However, even those with RVS experience made errors, suggesting that they may not receive the full benefit of the RVS. This finding suggests that training in RVS use may enhance even experienced drivers’ ability to use the technology more effectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2024 09:15:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381795</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Key considerations in assessing the safety and performance of camera-based mirror systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:41:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306717</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pilot Study of Driver Use of a Camera-Based Visibility System Versus Mirrors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2278488</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Camera-based visibility systems, also referred to as camera-monitor systems (CMSs), are systems designed to replace or supplement required vehicle mirrors with small cameras that transmit video images to interior-mounted electronic visual displays. To address research questions outlined in NHTSA’s Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking regarding whether CMSs provide equivalent information to rearview mirrors, a study utilizing human subjects was performed to examine drivers’ eye-gaze behavior and driving performance in a light vehicle with rearview mirrors versus a production-ready prototype CMS. Participants drove an instrumented model year 2018 European-market light vehicle equipped with both the original equipment (OE) outside rearview mirrors and a production-ready prototype CMS on an oval, multi-lane test track. Participants completed drives with each type of rear visibility technology separately in daylight and in darkness for a total of four drives. After each drive, participants completed a post-drive questionnaire to obtain ratings regarding ease of use, image quality, comfort, and perceived safety of the rear visibility technology. Participants were presented with an unexpected obstacle detection event after the last darkness drive. Results of the study suggest that drivers’ behavior when using the tested prototype CMS showed differences with respect to the European-specification OE outside mirrors in terms of lane change performance, eye-gaze behavior, head movements, and subjective impressions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:59:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2278488</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driver eye glance behavior and performance with camera-based visibility systems versus mirrors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drivers’ ability to extract visual information efficiently from mirrors or camera-based visibility systems impacts driving performance when carrying out maneuvers such as lane changes. The objective of the research was to compare drivers’ eye gaze behavior and driving performance with mirrors versus camera-based visibility systems (i.e., CMS, or camera monitor system) to identify any differences and possible impacts on safety. A test track study was conducted comparing drivers’ eye gaze and lane change behavior when driving a vehicle equipped with outside mirrors versus a prototype CMS. Participants’ opinions regarding usability and comfort in using mirrors versus the tested CMS were also obtained using a post-drive questionnaire. Study results were somewhat mixed but did demonstrate that with the tested CMS, participants took longer to pass a slower moving vehicle and maintained a greater resultant distance from the passed vehicle. Additionally, participants had a greater number of fixations to the CMS displays compared to the outside rearview mirrors. Results also found slight perceived advantages for the tested CMS in regard to ease of use, comfortability, and visibility. When asked to choose which rear visibility technology they would prefer to use in everyday driving, most participants preferred the outside rearview mirrors over the tested prototype CMS or having both systems. However, not all lane change and gaze metrics followed the same pattern. In this study, participants’ longer time to pass a slower moving vehicle, greater distance when passing a slower moving vehicle, greater number of fixations, and lower subjective ratings with the tested CMS may indicate difficulty in judging distances and focusing on the electronic image. This study provides preliminary findings that suggest differences in driving behavior exist between a single tested prototype CMS and outside rearview mirrors and is a foundational step toward evaluating whether these trends are consistent across different systems and overall implications for safe driving behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 10:10:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2190135</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Fluctuating Aerodynamic Noise Evaluation Method Using Modulated Power Spectrum</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2194258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To establish an evaluating method of fluctuating aerodynamic noise, the active turbulence generator was fabricated, and wind tunnel experiments were conducted. A side-view mirror model was set in several flow conditions, and fluctuating noises and flow velocities were measured by a microphone and an anemometer, respectively. The analysis with modulation power spectra indicated that it is possible to express the differences of fluctuating aerodynamic noise with the power of the modulation frequency band. The correlation analysis of the auditory evaluation revealed that the expressions corresponding to the different amplitudes of the fluctuating aerodynamic noises were “unstable sound” or “uneven sound”.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 09:49:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2194258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Human Factors Concerns: Drivers’ Perception on Electronic Sideview System in 21st Century Cars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Technology evolution has changed the way people reason, interact and how machinery is designed. Technology has grown beyond human comprehension, especially in the automotive industry. As technology evolves, things have become more crucial in a human’s life. As a result, invention of new cars and other means of transportation have become a huge success. Use of automatic cars is expanding day-by-day. Modern cars now come with some benefits such as adaptive cruise control system, lane change information, electronic sideview system, blind spot information, warning indicator of distance between cars and backup camera, etc. Yet, the possible stress caused by using some of these technologies and its impact on drivers have not be fully investigated. This study investigated driver’s cognitive stress from using electronic sideview system versus regular sideview mirror for lane changing. Due to limited availability of cars equipped with electronic sideview system, only twenty drivers participated in the study. Sampled drivers included 7 females and 13 males. Seventy percent of the participants fell into age category of 18–28, 10% fell into age category of 29–39 and 20% in age category of 40–50, while none falls into the category above 50 years old. The study was conducted in the Midwest, United States (US) and the University Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol. Results reveal that 60% of the drivers responded to be more stressed using the electronic sideview system compared with the manual sideview mirror. About 50% affirmed that the electronic sideview system has a better image compared with the regular sideview mirror, but 70% of this 50% complained of cognitive overload. Two-drivers who affirmed that the electronic systems work perfectly also acknowledged that the confusion associated while deciding on which of the two systems to use. Further, 70% of the drivers reported to having difficulty using the electronic sideview system when driving in the same direction with sunlight ray. Twelve percent of the drivers responded to like the electronic system, but requested for car manufacturer improvement. The findings from this study could add to the existing knowledge on the impacts of modern cars inbuilt with electronic sideview system on drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:51:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Researchers and Public Views on Electronic Sideview Mirror System (ESMS) in the 21st Century Cars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972999</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Each year, there are thousands of road accidents in the United States. The issue has led to additional safety adaptive features in recent cars of which many complained about the safety and the cognitive workload impacts on decision-making processes of some of the features, particularly the Electronic Sideview Mirror System (ESMS). The study aimed at increasing public awareness on the potential safety of ESMS support in cars. Nine websites (710 public comments) and two articles were reviewed, including. The comments were categorized into positive and negative impacts. Of the 710 comments, 73% were negative and only 27% were positive. Findings highlighted possible hazards associated with ESMS in cars such as image obscuration, high display brightness in dark driving conditions, poor visibility during raining, distraction, etc. Manufacturer improvement on the ESMS was also suggested. Findings from this study would add to the available knowledge on ESMS for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:57:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972999</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rearview Video System Training for Older Drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2042311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project will assess the effectiveness of the Rearview Video Systems (RVS) training video developed as a part of a previous project (Older Driver Rearview Video Systems) in improving safe backing performance of older drivers. Participants will include ‘young-old’ (60 participants age 60-69) and ‘old-old’ (60 participants age 70+) drivers, in a controlled field study on a closed course. Participants are to be active drivers with little or no experience using an RVS. Half of the participants from each age group will be assigned to a training group that views the RVS training video. The remainder, assigned to the control group, will view a similar-length traffic safety video unrelated to backing or RVS use. Sex equity will be considered by ensuring similar portions of males and females in all four groups. In addition, the plan will recruit participants from a wide cross-section of the population in the study area to ensure people of various demographics have equal opportunity to volunteer to participate. The study’s key research question is "to what extent does viewing an RVS training video that provides instruction on proper use of RVS that address errors observed in participants in the previous Older Driver Rearview Video Systems study improve older drivers’ backing performance when using an RVS?" The study will compare measures of backing performance (e.g., errors, contacts with obstacles) and of eye glance measures (e.g., the RVS, mirrors, or over their shoulder) during backing of the training and control groups. The results will be distributed to the public in a final report. If promising, the training video also will be distributed to the public. ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2022 16:17:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2042311</guid>
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