<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7UmFuZG9tIGxvYWRzJnF1b3Q7IiBvcmlnaW5hbF92YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7UmFuZG9tIGxvYWRzJnF1b3Q7IiAvPjwvZmlsdGVycz48cmFuZ2VzIC8+PHNvcnRzPjxzb3J0IGZpZWxkPSJwdWJsaXNoZWQiIG9yZGVyPSJkZXNjIiAvPjwvc29ydHM+PHBlcnNpc3RzPjxwZXJzaXN0IG5hbWU9InJhbmdldHlwZSIgdmFsdWU9InB1Ymxpc2hlZGRhdGUiIC8+PC9wZXJzaXN0cz48L3NlYXJjaD4=" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>PREDICTING VERTICAL DYNAMIC LOADS CAUSED BY VEHICLE-PAVEMENT INTERACTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/539785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dynamic loads caused by vehicle-pavement interaction are either moving loads or random loads.  The motion property of dynamic loads was described by means of Dirac-delta and Heaviside functions, and its randomness property was studied using a quarter-truck vehicle model.  A series of statistical characteristics of wheel loads in frequency domain and time domain are presented in this paper.  It was found that dynamic loads are a constant mean Gaussian stationary ergodic process whose power spectral density is in proportion to the power spectral density of pavement roughness, whereas the ratio coefficient relates to dynamic properties of vehicle and velocities of travel.  Numerical simulation based on the specifications of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) indicated that only at low speed could dynamic loads be treated as quasi-narrow bandwidth random processes, which covers the frequency range of 1.0-4.0 Hz.  At high speed, main frequency distributions of dynamic loads occur in 1.0-4.0 and 10.0-15.0 Hz.  Further analysis also showed that according to the ISO specifications, the root mean square of dynamic loads is proportional to the square root of C sub(SP), an important index related to pavement levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/539785</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY ON RELATION BETWEEN STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE AND FATIGUE STRENGTH OF METAL UNDER RANDOM LOADING CONDITIONS (1ST REPORT)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/479867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To improve a fatigue strength estimation method, the fatigue strength is related to the stress-strain response under cyclic loading conditions.  The materials used in the study were three types of base metals (mild steel, conventional high tensile steel and thermo mechanical controlled process steel) and those synthetic heat-treated metals which are heated with simulated weld heating process.  Static tension and axial cyclic loading tests were performed on hourglass type specimens in order to obtain the characteristics of stress-strain response such as hardening, softening, hysteresis energy, Baushinger effect and fatigue strength.  The relationship between the parameters of stress-strain response and fatigue strength was examined.  The main results obtained are as follows: 1) The characteristics of stress-strain response vary as the number of loading cycle proceeds, and differ from those under static loading condition.  2)  The elastic limit stress (yield stress) under cyclic loading conditions is lower than under static tension test for each material, that is, the softening appears during cyclic loading.  3) There is a close correlation between 0.2% proof stress under cyclic loading condition and the fatigue strength of mother metals, while the fatigue strength of synthetic heat-treated metals does not increase being proportional to the increase of 0.2% proof stress.  4)  The hysteresis energy per cycle during cyclic loading can be considered to be a useful parameter for an estimation of fatigue strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/479867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NONLINEAR ROCKING MOTIONS. I: CHAOS UNDER NOISY PERIODIC EXCITATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/468211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors of this technical paper analyze and simulate the effects of low-intensity random perturbations on the stability of chaotic response of rocking objects under otherwise periodic excitations.  A stochastic Melnikov process is developed to establish a lower bound for the domain of possible chaos.  An average phase-flux rate is calculated to demonstrate noise effects on transitions from chaos to overturning.  A mean Poincare mapping procedure is used to reconstruct embedded chaotic attractors under random noise on Poincare sections. Extensive simulations are used to study chaotic behaviors from an ensemble point of view.  Analysis suggests that the presence of random perturbations enlarges the possible chaotic domain and bridges the domains of attraction of coexisting attractors. Numerical results indicate that overturning attractors are of the greatest strength among coexisting ones; and, due to the weak stability of chaotic attractors, the presence of random noise leads to chaotic rocking responses to overturning.  Existence of embedded strange attractors suggests that rocking objects may experience transient chaos before they overturn.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/468211</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NONLINEAR ROCKING MOTIONS. II: OVERTURNING UNDER RANDOM EXCITATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/468212</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors examine the rocking responses of rigid objects under combined deterministic and stochastic excitations of arbitrary relative intensities from a fully probabilistic viewpoint.  The associated Fokker-Planck equation is derived and solved numerically by a path-integral solution technique to obtain the joint probability density functions (JPDFs).  The evolutions and the steady states of the JPDFs are used to clarify the global behavior of the rocking responses.  As noted in a companion paper, numerical results verify that the presence of stochastic excitation bridges the domains of attraction of coexisting responses, and that overturning attractors are of the greatest relative stability.  Thus, all rocking response trajectories that come near the heteroclinic orbit eventually overturn under the influence of stochastic excitation.  A rapid leakage of the probability out of the "safe" domain to the overturning regime implies weak stability of the chaotic attractor.  Sensitivity of rocking responses to system parameters and (non)stationarity of the stochastic excitation, based on mean first-passage time as a performance index, are also examined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/468212</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LIQUEFACTION UNDER RANDOM LOADING: UNIT ENERGY APPROACH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/451538</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Damage to structures resting on loose to medium sandy soils can be severe due to liquefaction triggered by earthquakes.  Previous studies involving sinusoidal excitations have validated the use of energy levels to define the onset of liquefaction. The present study extends the use of the energy concept to the kind of random excitations present in an earthquake time sequence.  Tests performed on sand specimens under several confining pressures and at different relative densities support this technique, providing a solid and suitable link between laboratory and field behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Oct 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/451538</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF RANDOM WAVE FORCES ON PIPELINES IN THE INERTIA REGIME</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/434074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental investigation on random wave induced forces on a smooth submarine pipeline, fixed horizontally near a plane boundary, is carried out in the inertia-dominated regime. The water particle kinematics at the centre line of the pipe are generated using linear numerical filters, derived from the time history of water surface elevation. The pipeline was subjected to Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum (P-M spectrum) at various energy levels to achieve different significant wave conditions. The in-line hydrodynamic coefficient of inertia and the transverse hydrodynamic coefficients of lift and vertical inertia are evaluated utilising the measured forces and through the use of least-squares method in the time domain. These hydrodynamic coefficients  are found to be a function of gap ratio of the pipeline from the plane boundary and correlate very well with the potential flow results within the range of the Keulegan-Carpenter number or period parameter investigated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/434074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RANDOM DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE PLATFORM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/440963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For a typical offshore structure located in a seismically active region, sea waves and earthquake ground motions seems to be the two design loads.  Both sea waves and earthquake motions are generally random nature.  Dynamic responses of an offshore platform to simultaneous loadings by random sea waves and seismic motions are presented.  Sea waves are represented by the Bretshneider's power spectrum and the Morison equation which defines the wave forcing function.  The Kanai-Tajimi's power spectrum is used for the horizontal ground acceleration due to earthquakes.  The dynamic equation of motions is derived by the substructure method and the response analysis is carried out using the frequency domain random vibration approach.  The response quantities are evaluated using the principles of the first passage probabilities across specific barriers.  It is shown that the effect of random sea waves is to enhance the reliabilities of offshore platform against seismic loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/440963</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF CRACK GROWTH UNDER RANDOM LOADING CONSIDERING MODEL UPDATING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/436054</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study deals with fatigue crack growth under random loading considering reliability model updating through inspection, with application to marine structures. A stochastic model for fatigue crack growth is formulated. Probabilistic models for the basic random variables affecting the crack growth are suggested. Theoretical models are presented for estimating fatigue damage under Gaussian load processes. The theoretical developments are compared with extensive rainflow counting results. Some efficient and accurate methods for structural reliability analysis are applied and compared. Reliability of crack growth, including crack growth to brittle fracture and reliability of non-destructive inspection including various inspection techniques and their corresponding capability of detecting cracks are discussed. Analytical methods are developed for updating the reliability models upon additional inspection events. A framework for assessing the risk of tendon leg platforms (TLP) tether systems is presented. This failure modes due to fatigue and overload. Strategies for ensuring tether reliability are investigated. An example TLP located in the northern North Sea is analysed. Copies of this report are available from The Division of Marine Structures, The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim University, Norway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/436054</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR UNDER RANDOM LOADING MODEL SIMULATING REAL ENCOUNTERED WAVE CONDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/450355</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study if to clarify a random loading model for fatigue strength analysis of ship structural members, and to examine fatigue crack growth behaviour under the above random loading condition.  Data was analyzed which was collected from 38 ships that sailed in the North Pacific and 11 ships in the Japan- Indian Ocean over a period of 14 years; and 6 naval ships in the North Pacific near Japan.  The main points are as follows: 1) the distribution function of long-term wave-induced load and stress can be described by the Weibull distribution function, with an expected shape parameter value close to unit; 2) the time history of wave conditions during service sailing can be divided into two types - calm sea condition and various storm conditions.  These two kinds of conditions appear in random order; 30 based on the above results, a random loading model - 'storm model' for the fatigue design of a ship is proposed.  Then, welded joints simulating side longitudinals of ship structural member were tested under constant and storm loading model.  Fatigue crack growth behaviour such as crack growth rate, retardation phenomenon etc. were examined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/450355</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE INFLUENCE OF THE MEAN DYNAMIC STRESS AND ITS CONSIDERATION IN SERVICE LIFE CALCULATIONS UNDER RANDOM LOAD CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/437477</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/437477</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RADOM VIBRATION OF FLEXIBLE, UNCERTAIN BEAM ELEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/439845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A stochastic finite element method is developed to analyse the random responses of geometrically nonlinear beams and frames with combined uncertain material and geometric properties under simultaneous spatial and temporal random excitations.  The method is based on an equivalent linearisation scheme, combined with the mean-centred second-order perturbation technique and the modal expansion approach.  The procedure can be straightforwardly extended to incorporate other existing finite elements.  Examples include large-amplitude free vibration and dynamic random response of three simply supported beams and a portal frame with combined uncertain material and geometric properties.  For the case of beams and frame with no structural uncertainties, the results obtained are in good agreement with alternative solutions.  For the case of beams and frame with structural uncertainties, alternative representative results are also obtained using Monte Carlo simulation to compare and validate the present solution and method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/439845</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FAST FATIGUE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR OFFSHORE STRUCTURES UNDER RANDOM STRESS HISTORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/433091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In many areas of engineering, such as the offshore industry, design and feasibility studies involve estimating the fatigue life of structural components under long and complex random loading.  Usually, power spectra representing different states of load history are obtained from dynamic stress analyses, and these spectra will be used to estimate the fatigue damage.  In the offshore industry there are often several design options to be assessed.  Coupled with the many sea states involved in a fatigue load history analysis, the calculations can become very costly and time-consuming if the stress power spectra have to be realised in the time domain and then counted cycle by cycle. This paper briefly reviews the state of the art of the prediction models available to bypass the expensive procedure just described.  This paper will also report a new and fast prediction procedure for assessing the random stress history for fatigue analyses applicable to offshore structural applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/433091</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR UNDER VARIOUS RANDOM AMPLITUDE LOADING CONDITIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/445739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/445739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE LOAD SPECTRUM FOR SUBMERSIBLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/431870</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A mathematical analysis is made of the fatigue random load spectrum for submersibles or other underwater vehicles such as atmospheric diving systems which is caused by periodic diving and surfacing.  The mathematical induction method is used to assess the maximum cumulative damage.  The analysis process is performed on a PDP-11 computer.  The software described in this paper can be used to find out the cumulative damage ratio within given periods as long as the diving depth record is known.  An evaluation can be made as to whether the submersible can continue to be used safely.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/431870</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG-TERM WAVE-INDUCED LOAD FOR FATIGUE STRENGTH ANALYSIS FOR SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/441671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatigue strength is one of the most important factors taken into consideration in the design of ships.  When analysing the fatigue strength of ship hull structures, it is necessary to obtain both the long-term distribution and the time history of wave-induced loads.  Recent investigations have found that short-term distribution over a short period, of the order of about one hour, is closely approximated by the Rayleigh distribution, while long-term distribution, which consist of a large number of short-term random conditions, has not yet been completely clarified.  Up to now, designers have assumed it to be an exponential distribution.  Finally, the time history of wave-induced loading during an actual sailing condition has not been clarified.  The purpose of this study is to clarify the two lesser known factors mentioned above by analysing data collected from 38 ships that sailed the North Pacific over a period of 14 years (1976-1989).  The main points made in this study are as follows: 1)  Various wave conditions were recorded in the same sea zone during the same period, allowing clarification of their scatter band. 2)  The distribution function of long-term wave-induced loading can be analytically described by the Weibull distribution function, with an expected shape parameter value close to one. 3)  The time history of wave conditions during real sailing can be divided into two types.  One is the calm sea condition, and the other consists of various storm conditions.  These two kinds of conditions appear alternately in random order. Also discussed, based on the above results, its fatigue strength analysis of ship structural members.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/441671</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>