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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>User Perceptions of Safety and Security: A Framework for a Transition to Electric-Shared-Automated Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1674362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The confluence of vehicle electrification, sharing and pooling, and automation alters petroleum-fueled, human-piloted, and privately-owned and operated vehicles for personal mobility in ways that raises such questions as, “Are such systems safe and secure?” and, “Who is being kept safe and secure from what (or whom)?” Answers are implied by filling in the “who” and “whom” of the second question: system, product, producer, road, and user. This white paper focuses on (actual and potential) users of systems of electrically-powered, shared, and automated vehicles (e-SAVs) as well as other road-users, e.g., pedestrians and cyclists. The role of user perceptions of safety and security are reviewed to create an initial framework to evaluate how they may affect who will initially use systems of e-SAVs for personal mobility and how safety and security will have to be addressed to foster sustained transitions. The paper will primarily be a resource for e-SAV user research, but will also inform system development, operation, and governance. This white paper offers an overarching framework grounded in the social theory of “risk society” and thus organizes past work that, typically, focuses on only one of the constituent technologies or on one dimension of safety or security, e.g., collision avoidance as a subset of road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 2019 16:36:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1674362</guid>
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      <title>Taxi-Pooling Scheduling Model and Algorithm Based on Many-to-Many Pickup and Delivery Problems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the development of mobile network technology, many kinds of taxi systems based on application (APP) are appearing, which provides convenience for travelers and makes taxi-pooling possible. But the taxi systems are working almost based on independent choices of parties, drivers and passengers, and some systems are not efficient enough. This easily leads to defaults. Particularly, order-competing always influences driving safety. In this paper, the authors divide one day into several periods, the dynamic taxi scheduling problem is converted into a static one. A taxi-pooling scheduling model is built based on many-to-many pickup-and-delivery problems (MPDPs), in which the information such as taxi positions and passengers’ demands are known, travel time, and passengers cost are considered. An intelligent heuristic algorithm is designed, and the authors get the optimization results of two instances which included passenger distribution program, taxi-pooling plan, and taxi routes scheme. Their method is efficient, especially in a large-scale road network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2016 10:48:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414460</guid>
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      <title>Evaluation of Potential for High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes in San Joaquin Valley of California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/882330</link>
      <description><![CDATA[San Joaquin County, like many of the counties in California’s Central Valley, is home to many workers who commute regularly to jobs in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Sacramento area.  These long-distance commutes have a significant impact on the freeways connecting the regions and also contribute to air pollution that is a serious problem in the Central Valley.  The San Joaquin Council of Governments has undertaken a significant effort to develop a system of services that promote use of transit, carpooling and vanpooling for these long-distance commutes.  This paper describes work performed by DKS Associates as part of the preparation of high occupancy vehicle (HOV) Lane and Park-and-Ride Master Plans for the county.   These efforts have built on progress that has already been made in increasing vehicle occupancy through an on-going park-and–ride program that has over 600 spaces, an aggressive ride-matching and commuter assistance program and through express bus services from San Joaquin County.  The paper describes the process used to determine the top priorities for adding HOV lanes, how transit service would be integrated, where the park-and-ride system should be supplemented to support the new HOV lanes, how trucks would be affected, and how intelligent transportation systems (ITS) strategies can support the HOV lanes and park-and-ride systems by providing real-time traveler information and greater security at the park-and-ride lots. The paper describes how technical analysis and information on benefits from existing HOV lane systems in California have been used to make the case for a system of HOV lanes in the Central Valley.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 08:10:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/882330</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Shared Interest: From Bi-Directional Running Agreements to Routing Protocol Pacts to Corridor Co-Ownership, Class Is are Coming Up With Collaborative Ways to Boost Capacity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/783459</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes how Class I railroads are collaborating to boost capacity. Instead of thinking in terms of competing with each other, they must think of competing with the highway. This means joining forces in certain areas. The article describes a bi-directional running agreement between CN and Canadian Pacific Railway and Kansas City Southern and Norfolk Southern Railway Meridien Speedway. The objective is to take advantage of competitor's more efficient routes and reduce redundant operations. Co-production agreements are a means to do this. These agreements are described as an alternative to mergers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jul 2006 14:34:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/783459</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Methods for Allocating Costs of Empty Railcar Movements in a Railcar Pooling System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/771434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Allocating the cost of empty railcar miles to partners in a railcar pooling system is an important pricing problem in railway management. Recently, the authors of this paper proposed a cost allocation scheme for empty railcar movements based on game theory that explicitly considers the level of participation and contribution from each partner, the costs generated before and after cooperation, and the overall benefit obtained by each partner because of cooperation. This paper compares the performance of the model with three other cost allocation models with respect to fairness, stability, and computational efficiency. The comparison is made with two scenarios adapted from examples documented in the literature. The results indicate that the cost allocation scheme based on game theory outperforms other methods in ensuring fairness and enhancing stability in a coalition. Most remarkably, it yields reasonable results even in situations in which other models behave poorly. Computationally, it is manageable for practical problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2005 11:50:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/771434</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Railroads: Intercity Rail Passenger; Track Design and Maintenance; and Other Topics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/770753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Transportation Research Record contains 12 papers on railroad transportation.  Topics discussed include high-speed rail lines, the European railroad network, the Korean Train Express, Japan's superconducting maglev system, car body tilt control using the Global Positioning System, railroad traffic simulation, wireless technology deployment in the rail and urban transit environment, energy efficiency improvement of intermodal freight trains, destressing of continuous welded rail, noncontact guided ultrasonic testing for high-speed defect detection in rails, railroad tank car safety design, and allocating costs of empty railcar movements in a railcar pooling system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2005 13:03:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/770753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT OF MAXIMUM CAR PARKING STANDARDS INCLUDING INVESTMENT IMPLICATIONS - FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/745640</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of maximum parking standards including the potential impact on inward investment were studied in relation to the proposed publication of an addendum to National Planning Policy Guidance 17 concerning national maximum parking standards for major travel generating developments. Case studies were undertaken on developments that have been subject to the maximum parking standards in Glasgow, Edinburgh and North East Scotland. English case studies were also included for comparison. Despite national guidance in 1999, the majority of Scottish Local Authorities have been using minimum parking standards although some have been applying these standards as a maximum, or alternatively considering accessibility of developments by other transport modes. The case studies showed that the implementation of maximum parking standards or restricted parking practices has encouraged the uptake of sustainable transport modes and green transport plans. A lack of understanding among the public of the need to reduce car parking associated with workplaces was found. Regarding inward investment decisions, car parking was one of many concerns but did not affect the decision making process until a particular locality had been chosen and different sites were being compared. Local enterprise companies and local authorities placed more emphasis on encouraging indigenous expansion and employment creation than on large scale inward investment opportunities. Without adequate alternative transport, recruitment and retention of staff may become a problem to employers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/745640</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ECONOMY, FINANCE AND EQUITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/743627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication is the result of a discussion within a network of young transport professionals in the UK. The issues considered are how transport contributes to a successful economy, financing of transport systems, and the contribution of transport to a more equitable society. Ideas put forward include: the inclusion of virtual mobility as an integral part of transport policy; dedicated freight lanes; park and share facilities; a flexible approach to transport financing; using the increased property values arising from new public transport schemes; better local accountability for appraisal of transport projects; a nationwide system of concessionary fares; that provision of accessibility should be prioritised rather than provision of mobility; and a single national internet portal for accessibility information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Dec 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/743627</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY TRANSPORT STRATEGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/703982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The University of Canterbury has been monitoring the travel of staff and students to and from the University since 1962, in an effort to predict parking demand at its Ilam campus.  The surveys have shown a steadily increasing demand for car parking, and while there was initially ample space for on-site car parking, the growth in staff and student numbers, along with the increase in car availability and use, has resulted in increasing difficulty in providing the predicted parking demand.  In 1999 the University established a Transport Working Group to develop a transport strategy to avert the need to provide even more parking.  The strategy, which was adopted in December 2002, involves instituting charges for car parking and using the revenue to encourage walking, cycling, car-pooling and bus use. This paper describes the transport strategy and its development, including the results of the 2000 travel survey, which involved asking staff and students what travel mode they chose, why they chose it, and why alternative modes were not used. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E210413.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jul 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/703982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRAVEL PLANS - A PARKING SOLUTION?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/700017</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Organisations in the UK are recognising that a travel plan can reduce the reliance of staff on single-occupancy car travel for commuting and business journeys. A report by the Department for Transport 'Making Travel Plans Work - Lessons from UK Case Studies' identified parking restraint as one of the most effective ways of reducing staff car use. A travel plan typically contains a mix of incentives and disincentives to be successful. These include restricting on-site car parking, spaces for car-sharing, encouraging walking and cycling, promoting use of public transport and supporting alternative work practices. Ways of car park management are outlined. The introduction of parking charges for staff is considered. Cycling can be encouraged by providing cycle parking. TransportEnergy Best Practice offers up to five days of free on-site consultancy advice to assist with developing and implementing travel plans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/700017</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685268</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two very different approaches to large-scale greenhouse gas emission reductions from urban passenger transport have been extensively discussed and researched in recent years.  The first concentrates on the technical efficiency of travel, and attempts to reduce emissions by using alternative fuels or power systems, modal shift, fuel efficiency improvements to existing vehicle types, or increasing occupancy rates.  The authors show that the popular preferred option, a zero or low emission car with costs, performance and convenience of use similar to existing cars, is unlikely to achieve high fleet penetration for decades, if ever, as too many technical and economic uncertainties remain.  The second approach attempts to reduce the demand for travel itself, for example by altering land use in cities. The authors find that feasible residential density increases will be ineffective in reducing travel in Australian cities.  The best option appears to be introducing measures aimed at reducing the speed and convenience of urban car travel. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E209537.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685268</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENCOURAGING CARPOOLING WITH AN ACCESS CONTROLLED, PREMIUM CARPOOL CARPARK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/682918</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper an example of the contribution which ITS is making to increase vehicle occupancies at a major Australian university campus is examined.  A dedicated access controlled carpark for carpool participants is proving successful with the technology enabling carpool carpark areas to be designated around the campus.  The carpool parking facility is proving popular due to a combination of the access system in conjunction with more convenient locations and increased capacity.  Evaluation results highlight the positive impact of this scheme on vehicle occupancy levels and there is strong support for the carpooling initiative by both the university and the users. (a)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/682918</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PARKING AT PUBLIC TRANSPORT INTERCHANGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/677965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The lack of adequate parking at or near railway stations or bus stations restricts the potential to encourage a modal shift from the car to public transport in the UK. Low levels of security also deter users from car parks. Secure cycle and motorcycle parking facilities are also considered important. Problems of increasing car park capacity are increased when car parks occupy fromer railway sidings and are long and narrow. Use of smaller vehicles or motorcycles could alleviate this problem. Cycling and walking to stations would eliminate the need for parking. Park and ride services could be improved by the inclusion of cycle and motorcycle parking and by increasing the number of destinations served by a site if there is sufficient parking for this. The planning of parkway stations near major roads needs to include an increase in public transport capacity where necessary. Lack of parking facilities for car sharing or public transport access may lead to dangerous informal parking. Planning and traffic management issues are discussed in relation to parking provision. Use of some car parking income to encourage travel to the interchange by other modes is suggested.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/677965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A PATIENT APPROACH TO PARKING MANAGEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/662961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Addenbrooke's hospital in Cambridge is the largest generator of traffic in Cambridgeshire. The hospital is undergoing a major redevelopment phase, which will increase parking demand and reduce parking capacity. The Access to Addenbrooke's travel plan was initiated in 1997 to reduce the number of people who drive to the hospital. Each year in October, a detailed modal study is conducted to determine what form of transport people use and the occupancy levels of cars entering the site. Staff IS cards are programmed to allow entry into one car park and credit can be loaded onto the cards at machines around the site. Staff who live within 2 miles of the hospital are not allowed to park on site before 3.30 pm. Car poolers and staff with special needs are given priority. All car parks are safeguarded by barriers, CCTV surveillance and security patrols. Park-and-ride sites serve the hospital. Cycle parking provision is ample at the hospital.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/662961</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>POOLING TOGETHER: WHY THE VANPOOL WORKS IN THE US AND THE NETHERLANDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/734271</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A vanpool is a group of 7-15 people who commute together on a regular basis in what is called in the USA a van - but what we would call a minibus. The vanpool concept is predicated on the voluntary driver, and expenses are shared among the group. Largely as a result, vanpools are widely regarded in the USA as being the most cost-effective transportation demand management measures for employers to support. Currently there are more than 10,000 vanpools in the USA, which are operated by private operators, employers and public agencies. In addition, vanpools are beginning to be developed in the Netherlands. However, as yet they are almost unknown in the UK. The purpose of this article is to identify why this is the case by looking at vanpools in the United States and the Netherlands. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/734271</guid>
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