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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Application of Weak-Acid Cation Softener in Radium Removal from Ground Water</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/898914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how a pilot scale ion exchange unit, based on a single-bed weak-acid cation exchange resin, was designed and tested in the field to remove combined radium from raw ground water where radium content exceeds the national regulation limits set for radium in drinking water. The resin could efficiently perform 10 resin exhaustion–regeneration cycles, with an effluent/waste ratio of about 138 in each cycle, before 5 pCi/L radium breakthrough. Simultaneous reduction in the total hardness and total dissolved salts was also observed. The waste brine could be environmentally reclaimed. Based upon the obtained results, some conclusions and recommendations are drawn.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2009 13:50:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/898914</guid>
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      <title>Spatial Distribution of Uranium and Radium in the Sediments, Musels (Mytilus sp.), and Sea Water in Port of Sibenik</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/788541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to assess the response of the aquatic environment (sediment, seawater and mussels Mytilus sp.) to uranium and radium activity and concentration following the decrease of phosphate discharges from a technologically improved transshipment terminal, located at the Croatian Adriatic coast in the port of Sibenik.  The highest uranium and radium activities were found in the sediment sample collected from the sampling site closest to the terminal.  The authors conclude that since the transshipment terminal in the port of Sibenik was modernized in the 1980s, the discharges of the phosphate ore into the seawater was drastically reduced and, consequently, uranium concentration levels in the seawater decreased.  The enhanced uranium and radium activity levels are found only in the sediment near operational docks, and in the mussels which live on these docks.  Mussels sampled below the operational dock showed levels of uranium activities several times higher than in the consumable mussels a few kilometers upstream and downstream, while activities of radium are uniform.  These enhanced uranium levels in mussels near the operational docks are present due to the diminished, but constant, input of phosphate particles from the docks into the estuarine environment and from the dissolving of uranium from the sediment.  Uranium concentration levels in the seawater samples are consistent with values for unpolluted environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Sep 2006 07:48:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/788541</guid>
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      <title>STANDARDIZED SAMPLING PROTOCOL FOR VERIFYING MID-OCEAN BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/745803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Laws designed to reduce the number of introductions of aquatic nuisance species into U.S. waters require ships from outside the Exclusive Economic Zone to conduct mid-ocean ballast water exchanges (BWE) before entering the Great Lakes and upper Hudson River.  The National Invasive Species Act of 1996 requests ships entering any U.S. waters to conduct BWE.  Because of low voluntary compliance, the U.S. Coast Guard recommended to Congress that BWE become mandatory in all waters.  When BWE becomes mandatory, the Coast Guard must have means to verify whether BWE occurred.  Early research identified several potential characteristics of open ocean and coastal waters that might be used in verification.  The Coast Guard sought standardized sampling and handling protocols such that multiple researchers could pursue this issue and have compatible results. This report provides protocols for sampling and handling colored, dissolved organic matter, trace metals, and radium.  It gives an overview of the parameters, discusses sampling apparatus and specifications, provides detailed protocols, and explains sample storage prior to shipment.  It addresses contamination, representative samples, obtaining blanks, sampling over-the-side, and standardization.  Information obtained using these protocols will allow better characterization of open ocean and coastal water, and will enhance the Coast Guard's ability to verify BWE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/745803</guid>
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      <title>MID-OCEAN BALLAST WATER EXCHANGE: APPROACH AND METHODS FOR VERIFICATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/745855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ballast water management of ships entering the United States is a key component in stopping invasions of non-indigenous aquatic species.  Ballast water exchange (BWE) is currently the most common method of ballast water management and it is likely to remain an approved management technique for the foreseeable future.  The United States Coast Guard's present salinity based BWE verification procedure is ineffective when ships' tanks are ballasted in high salinity ports.  In an attempt to improve this procedure, a suite of parameters was sought to better discriminate between open ocean and coastal waters.  Analyses indicated that salinity, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), certain trace metals, and radium isotopes provided good discrimination power.  Univariate and multivariate analyses conducted on the separate and combined data sets indicated that radium was the best single discriminator and that salinity coupled with six trace metals (barium, manganese, phosphorous, molybdenum, uranium, and vanadium) was the most successful suite for discriminating open ocean from coastal water.  CDOM combined with salinity proved to be a successful discriminator.  Water clarity and phytoplankton salinity tolerance proved unsuitable. Sampling and analysis procedures are included in the report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/745855</guid>
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      <title>DEVELOPMENTS IN RADIOISOTOPE MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128102</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PAPER DESCRIBES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WORK CARRIED OUT ON THE TECHNIQUE OF DETERMINING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOIL BY NEUTRON IRRADIATION AND DENSITY BY BACK-SCATTERING OF GAMMA RAYS. A NEW INSTRUMENT IS DESCRIBED THAT EMPLOYS A SINGLE RADIUM-BERYLLIUM SOURCE GIVING BOTH NEUTRONS AND GAMMA RAYS. THE SOURCE IS USED IN A SINGLE PROBE FOR SURFACE WORK OR IN A SINGLE DEPTH PROBE FOR MEASUREMENTS OF DEPTH. SOME NEW FEATURES IN THE APPARATUS INCLUDE A MEANS OF CONTROLLING THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF WHICH DENSITY IS MEASURED AND THE USE OF SPECIAL REFLECTING DEVICES TO INCREASE THE SENSITIVITY IN MOISTURE DETERMINATIONS. EXTENSIVE STUDIES OF THE VOLUME AND DEPTH OF SOIL MEASURED AND OF THE PROBLEM OF ACHIEVING ACCURATE CALIBRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT OVER THE PRACTICAL RANGE OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND DENSITY ARE DESCRIBED. EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT FIELDS OF APPLICATION OF THE INSTRUMENT ARE GIVEN. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>FORMERLY UTILIZED MED/AEC SITES REMEDIAL ACTION PROGRAM. RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD LANDFILL SITE, BURRELL TOWNSHIP, PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89149</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A radiological survey was conducted at the Pennsylvania Railroad Landfill Site in Burrell Township, Pennsylvania. In 1956 and 1957, approximately 11,600 tons of radioactive material was dumped at this site and was apparently scattered over an area of less than 10 acres. The survey included measurement of the following: external gamma radiation at 1 m above the surface and at the surface throughout the site; beta--gamma dose rates at 1 cm from the surface throughout the site; concentrations of exp 226 Ra and exp 238 U in surface and subsurface soil on the site; concentrations of exp 210 Pb, exp 226 Ra, exp 230 Th, and exp 238 U in subsurface water on the site and in surface water on and near the site; and the extent of atmospheric transport of exp 222 Rn and progeny from the site. The general location of the residues transported to the site, except possibly small, scattered quantities of materials, was determined from the survey. In some areas on the site, beta--gamma dose rates of 1 cm from the surface were above pertinent guidelines.Analyses of sediment from water samples taken from drainage areas near the site indicate that some radioactive material is being carried from the site by surface run-off. Results of this survey indicate that there is no significant atmospheric transport of exp 222 Rn from the site. (ERA citation 04:029417)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Oct 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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