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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Automatic Switching for Radiation Emission Control Device in Radiographic Testing – Non-Destructive Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348367</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In radiography testing, the radioactive elements Iridium 192 (Ir192) and Cobalt 60 (Co60) are employed to detect subsurface and inner flaws. These radioactive components are kept secure within the radiation-protected source camera. Despite the fact that the camera is safe, there is a little quantity of radiation that may harm human body cells. In this present study, it restricts radiation emission by placing a lead sheet over the source camera, which absorbs the produced radiation. The innovative concept involves in this present work is to place a manually operated switch near the radiation source to emit radiation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2024 08:37:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348367</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Radiography Technology for Bolster and Side Frame Inspections</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2256374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Information about inhomogeneous areas in castings before they leave the manufacturer could provide useful information for manufacturers and customers. Some of this information could be used to estimate the life of the component. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) tasked Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) to investigate radiography as an inspection tool on castings. Radiography can be used to examine cast components without altering any portion of the casting. The digital radiography used in this test was relatively quick compared to other nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. Radiography also identified defects that would not have been detected without cutting into the casting and found defects that may be difficult to identify with ultrasonic transducers. For the bolster sections examined in this test, radiography was easy to set up and provided clear images. However, problems were encountered when examining the pedestal jaw of the side frames. The geometry between the diagonal tension member and the spring seat made it difficult to get the imaging plate near the area of interest. Using radiography, defects, including hot tears, shrinkage, porosity, and voids, were identified in several bolsters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Oct 2023 19:02:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2256374</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Measurement of Multi-Dimension Soot Distribution in Diesel Particulate Filters by a Dynamic Neutron Radiography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1818158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A key component in pollution control for a diesel engine is a diesel particulate filter (DPF). However, the performance of a diesel particulate filter will change with increasing soot loadings and thus may require regeneration. Improved understanding of diesel particulate filters is dependent upon knowledge of the local soot deposition distribution within the DPF. Neutron radiography (NR) has been identified as an effective means of non-destructively identifying hydrogen or carbon based components of particulate matter (PM). In this work, neutron radiography is used to measure multi-dimension soot deposition profiles of DPFs containing diesel soot loadings of 1g to 5g. The results show non-uniform axial, radial, and azimuthal soot distributions. The non-uniformity also increases with soot loading. The capability of neutron radiography to visualize soot multi-dimension distribution measurements has been demonstrated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2022 10:22:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1818158</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Quantifying Drying and Carbonation in Calcium Silicate-Cement Systems Using Neutron Radiography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1985046</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Calcium silicate cements react with carbon dioxide (CO2) to form a concrete-like product. While several papers have focused on the properties of the solid material that forms, this study investigates the processing of carbonated calcium silicate systems. Specifically, this paper examines the drying of fresh calcium silicate cement/water systems and the subsequent carbonation process. A new methodology is presented, based on neutron radiography, to quantify the drying and extent of carbonation that has occurred (degree of carbonation) and the spatial distribution of carbonated products within the sample. Mortar mixtures with high-purity calcium silicate-based cement significantly extend the initial drying period, enabling greater penetration of CO2, allowing it to react with the calcium silicate at greater depths in the sample. While the carbonation reaction is rapid immediately after the CO2 is introduced into the system, the carbonation reaction slows over time. The findings indicate that the degree of saturation and the potential formation of reaction products may limit the penetration of CO2 through the sample depth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 09:27:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1985046</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Bi-planar Radiography and Adjusted Scaling Equations for the Computation of Appropriate 3D Body Segment Inertial Parameters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1808705</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Body Segments Inertial Parameters (BSIPs) are essential data in biomechanics. However, the measurements on cadaver are restrictive and the measurements on living human remain limiting. Moreover, in the literature, the predictive equations are mainly 2D and include two restraining assumptions. Accordingly, it is still challenging to obtain appropriate 3D BSIPs. A bi-planar radiographic method, previously developed to obtain personalized BSIPs, and adjusted scaling equations, recently developed to provide the 3D position of the center of mass and both moments and products of inertia, were compared and demonstrated the same mass distribution (although significant differences). The center of mass was slightly posterior and lateral, and the products of inertia were almost of the same order as the longitudinal moment of inertia. These data may be useful for researchers who would like to obtain appropriate 3D BSIPs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jul 2022 10:41:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1808705</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forensic Evaluation of Pressure Relief Devices P.E. Project No. 502023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1922768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this project, six pressure relief devices (PRDs) labeled 08H127-1, 08H127-2, 08H127-3, 08H127-Exemplar, 08H127-4 and 08H127-5 were examined. The valves were visually documented and radiography was utilized on all six valves to document and attempt to visualize the internal conditions. The PRDs labeled as 08H127-1, 08H127-2, 08H127-3, and 08H127-Exemplar have a nominal set pressure rating of 150 psi (Note that 08H127-3 is missing a data plate but it is Packer’s understanding that it has the same nominal set pressure as the 08H127-1, -2, and -Exemplar). These four (4) valves were manufactured by Kunkle. The PRDs labeled as 08H127-4 and 08H127-5 have a nominal set pressure rating of 250 psi. Packer was not provided with an exemplar valve comparable to the 08H127-4 and 08H127-5 PRDs. These two (2) valves were manufactured by Herose. Following visual inspection, documentation, and radiography, all six valves were tested to determine their actual relief pressures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2022 12:25:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1922768</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementation of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials/American Welding Society D1.5 Phased Array Ultrasonic Weld Inspection Programs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758979</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes highlights of phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) nondestructive evaluation (NDE) research activities at the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA’s) Advanced Sensing Technology (FAST) NDE Laboratory. The work supports the goal to implement ultrasonic techniques in lieu of radiographic techniques for American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)/American Welding Society (AWS) D1.5 Bridge Welding Codeinspection of full penetration bridge fabrication welds. The paper also describes some of the advantages and disadvantages of the process to implement a PAUT inspection program. The results of this study support the goal of broader implementation of ultrasonic testing (UT) with results to date showing a good correlation of the comparative inspection results between PAUT and radiography. There is, however, a need to develop a more comprehensive set of weld flaws to ensure a fully representative flaw set is evaluated. To support that goal, the FAST NDE Laboratory is currently using ultrasonic simulation software to 03611981221090236ement the test plate data with a virtual database of simulated flaws. A successful implementation of PAUT can result in a more efficient inspection process with detailed permanent records and images of the flaw locations mimicking the historic radiograph. As more bridge fabrications incorporate PAUT, there will be a broader PAUT experience base as the AWS committee, teamed with the bridge fabricators, FAST NDE Laboratory, and other contributors continue to work toward replacing all required radiography in AWS D1.5 with an option to use PAUT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:54:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758979</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>X-Ray Radiography Measurements of the Thermal Energy in Spark Ignition Plasma at Variable Ambient Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1748997</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The sparking behavior in an internal combustion engine affects the fuel efficiency, engine-out emissions, and general drivability of a vehicle. As emissions regulations become progressively stringent, combustion strategies, including exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), lean-burn, and turbocharging are receiving increasing attention as models of higher efficiency advanced combustion engines with reduced emissions levels. Because these new strategies affect the working environment of the spark plug, ongoing research strives to understand the influence of external factors on the spark ignition process. Due to the short time and length scales involved and the harsh environment, experimental quantification of the deposited energy from the sparking event is difficult to obtain. In this paper, we present the results of x-ray radiography measurements of spark ignition plasma generated by a conventional spark plug. These measurements were performed at the 7-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. The synchrotron x-ray source enables time-resolved measurements of the density change due to glow discharge in the spark gap with 153 ns temporal and 5 µm spatial resolutions. We explore the effects of charging time, EGR-relevant gas compositions, and gas pressure on the sparking behavior. We also quantify the influence of the measurement technique on the obtained results.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Dec 2020 10:45:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1748997</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantifying Fluid Absorption in Air-Entrained Concrete Using Neutron Radiography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1679896</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The absorption of fluid in concrete is often useful in the prediction of durability. Studies on the influence of entrained air voids (air content and quality) on fluid absorption in concrete are unfortunately very limited. This paper investigates fluid (water) absorption in air-entrained concrete mixtures with three water-cement ratios (w/c = 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50) and a range of air contents (2.5 to 9.0%) with and without high-range water reducer. Neutron radiography is used to measure the time-dependent depth of water penetration, water absorption, and the degree of saturation. In addition, water absorption is related to the apparent formation factor, which is determined from electrical resistivity measurements on concrete samples immersed in a simulated pore solution. Results show that air content has a minimal impact on the rate of water absorption of the matrix. However, the air content significantly alters the degree of saturation, with higher air contents having a lower degree of saturation. As the w/c decreases, the rate of water absorption is reduced due to the refined microstructure. For the given w/c, the addition of the high-range water reducer has a slight reduction in the rate of water absorption. Results indicate a linear relationship between sorptivity (initial and secondary) and the reciprocal of the square root of the apparent formation factor. This relationship can provide a powerful tool in quality control to obtain the apparent formation factor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2020 16:27:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1679896</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced Analysis of Landslide Failure Mechanisms in the Ozark Plateau Region with Electrical Resistivity Tomography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1594173</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Landslides are a globally occurring geologic hazard that affect infrastructure such as roadways constructed in steep mountainous terrain. In the Ozark Plateau portion of Arkansas, the combination of sloping bedrock, decomposition of shale into high PI clays, and high rainfall contribute to the formation of a significant number of landslides that impact transportation infrastructure. There are currently 175 active landslides affecting roadways in Arkansas. This case history employed electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) across a recurring landslide zone within this portion of Arkansas to characterize the general stratigraphic architecture of the area. ERT surveys conducted across the slide delineated the interface between the shale bedrock and clay layer, and identified highly saturated regions above the clay/bedrock interface. Overall, the addition of ERT data to landslide investigations provides a faster and more cost effective means to develop a detailed subsurface image of the landslide compared to traditional geotechnical instrumentation alone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Aug 2019 13:01:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1594173</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>X-ray radiography of cavitation in a beryllium alloy nozzle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1625454</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Making quantitative measurements of the vapor distribution in a cavitating nozzle is difficult, owing to the strong scattering of visible light at gas–liquid boundaries and wall boundaries, and the small lengths and time scales involved. The transparent models required for optical experiments are also limited in terms of maximum pressure and operating life. Over the past few years, x-ray radiography experiments at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source have demonstrated the ability to perform quantitative measurements of the line of sight projected vapor fraction in submerged, cavitating plastic nozzles. In this paper, we present the results of new radiography experiments performed on a submerged beryllium nozzle which is 520?µm in diameter, with a length/diameter ratio of 6. Beryllium is a light, hard metal that is very transparent to x-rays due to its low atomic number. We present quantitative measurements of cavitation vapor distribution conducted over a range of non-dimensional cavitation and Reynolds numbers, up to values typical of gasoline and diesel fuel injectors. A novel aspect of this work is the ability to quantitatively measure the area contraction along the nozzle with high spatial resolution. Analysis of the vapor distribution, area contraction and discharge coefficients are made between the beryllium nozzle and plastic nozzles of the same nominal geometry. When gas is dissolved in the fuel, the vapor distribution can be quite different from that found in plastic nozzles of the same dimensions, although the discharge coefficients are unaffected. In the beryllium nozzle, there were substantially fewer machining defects to act as nucleation sites for the precipitation of bubbles from dissolved gases in the fuel, and as such the effect on the vapor distribution was greatly reduced.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2019 15:51:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1625454</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Relating Formation Factor of Concrete to Water Absorption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The absorption of fluid in concrete is a key parameter that can be related to many durability-related deterioration mechanisms. The current water absorption testing procedure (ASTM C1585-13) is time-consuming due to both sample conditioning and the test duration. This study examines whether the formation factor can be used to estimate water absorption and thereby greatly reduce the time of testing. This paper describes the use of neutron radiography to examine water absorption in mortar mixtures with varying water-cement ratios (w/c) that have been preconditioned to two different moisture states (relative humidities). Theoretical derivations and experimental results indicate a linear relationship between initial sorptivity and the reciprocal of the square root of the formation factor. The experimental depth of water penetration was compared with a theoretical formulation and the results showed good agreement. © 2018, American Concrete Institute.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2019 17:07:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599241</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of neutron imaging to investigate fundamental aspects of durability of cement-based materials: A review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Service life and durability of reinforced concrete structures have become crucial issues in all industrialized countries because of their economic and ecological relevance. Limited durability is frequently due to deterioration of steel and cement-based materials, such as mortar and concrete, by interactions with water and aggressive aqueous solutions. Neutron imaging has proved to be a powerful non-destructive technique to study quantitatively water content and water movement in porous materials. A neutron beam is much more attenuated by hydrogen in water than by most other elements present in cement-based materials. In this review, focus is placed on applications of both two-dimensional neutron radiography and three-dimensional neutron tomography to investigate specific aspects of durability and deterioration of cement-based materials. Examples of results obtained by qualitative and quantitative investigations of moisture movement in cracked and uncracked cement-based materials are presented. Self-healing, efficiency of water repellent treatment, internal curing, frost damage, fire spalling, ettringite formation and observations of various reinforced concrete components are addressed. The results obtained by neutron imaging provide a solid basis for better understanding of deterioration mechanisms of cement-based materials. Recent improvements of neutron imaging facilities have allowed unexpected possibilities to study complex processes in cement-based materials. The potential for further research based on this promising technology is outlined and discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2018 22:18:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509424</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Phased Array Probability of Detection Study - Phase IV (FOR NDE LAB)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Currently relying on radiographic testing (RT) for acceptance/rejection of groove and full penetration welds causing delays during fabrication. Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) should be able to accomplish the same with little delay. There is a need to develop acceptance criteria for PAUT for weld inspection]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2018 15:34:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Examining Curing Efficiency using Neutron Radiography</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many state highway agencies use prescriptive specifications for the curing of concrete bridge decks, pavements, flatwork, or structural elements. For example, concrete pavements are frequently specified to have a curing compound applied shortly after placement and bridge decks typically require seven days of wet curing. These specifications are often based on historical practices that have developed over the last century as opposed to quantitative measurements of performance. New approaches to curing are being introduced which include advanced curing compound formulations or internal curing, for example. However, clear information is not always available as to how this may affect curing requirements. This paper demonstrates the potential to use neutron radiography to quantify the degree of hydration at various distances from the finished surface. It describes how different curing approaches affect cement hydration in terms of both time and distance from the surface. The results show that in a sample exposed to drying after one day the top 12.5 mm (1/2 in) of the mortar was dramatically affected by evaporation, and the degree of hydration in this region was 32% lower than in a 14-day moist-cured sample. Also, the use of superabsorbent polymers increased degree of hydration by about 3.7–7.8% for sealed samples and samples exposed to drying. While these results are preliminary, it is believed by the authors that neutron radiography provides a powerful approach that could be used to determine equivalent curing requirements for new materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Feb 2018 16:28:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495065</guid>
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