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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Designing Radar Display Graphics to Mitigate Controlled Flight into Terrain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1724559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper’s contributions are design principles and graphical components for air traffic control officer radar displays. The graphics inform of flights passing into uncontrolled airspace and controlled flight into terrain. This is a major cause for fatal accidents caused by loss of situational awareness by the flight crew. The objective is to contact the flight crew early enough to mitigate the situation. The theoretical framework stems from research into situational awareness and rapid visual perception graphics. The resulting graphics are evaluated through a small-scale simulator user study using certified air traffic control officers. It suggests that the proposed graphics are suitable to mitigate unintentional entry into uncontrolled airspace and controlled flight into terrain, but are inconclusive for warning times. The results suggest that the usability is acceptable. Further research should collect performance data from a larger user group, and generalize such graphics to other time-constrained situations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2020 10:17:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1724559</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Determining and visualizing safe motion parameters of a ship navigating in severe weather conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513829</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents a method of determining, organizing and displaying ship collision avoidance information, which is based on the Collision Threat Parameters Area (CTPA) technique. The method makes it possible to visualize navigational threats as well as possible collision avoidance manoeuvres. The solution is focused on supporting navigation in severe weather conditions. Normally collision avoidance decisions are made taking into account targets' motion parameters, International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) and navigational obstacles. However, in hard weather conditions each manoeuvre has to be additionally checked to assess whether it is safe in terms of ship's stability. Therefore the proposed method provides four types of information: motion parameters of targets within a given range, combinations of own course and speed which collide with those targets, combinations of own course and speed which would lead to grounding within a specified time and combinations of own course and speed, which could result in stability-related dynamical threats. Optionally it is also possible to display only manoeuvres compliant with COLREGS. A superposition of these types of data enables a navigator to choose an efficient manoeuvre in a situation when possibilities are limited by weather conditions and actual characteristics of the ship stability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Jun 2018 16:37:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513829</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Highway Construction Work-Zone Safety: Effectiveness of Traffic-Control Devices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1492665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pavement preservation is a proactive approach to maintaining existing highways. Freeway-preservation projects typically require construction workers to conduct their work in close proximity to ongoing high-speed traffic. This exposure creates a dangerous situation for both workers and passing motorists. A recent study funded by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) implemented and evaluated different types of traffic-control devices on highway-preservation projects to reduce vehicle speeds and create safer work zones. The study implemented combinations of multiple traffic-control devices [speed-limit (“Speed 50”) signs, portable changeable message signs (PCMSs), and radar speed displays] in two case study projects and evaluated their effects on vehicle speed. The researchers used fixed-location sensors and probe vehicle runs to collect data on traffic speed. The results indicate that using a combination of PCMSs and radar speed displays is the best choice. Although data from the probe vehicle runs could not be used for statistical analysis because of limitations on the number of runs conducted, the data provide a vivid and direct view of how individual motorists behave in a construction work zone. The study also provides valuable insight into the effectiveness of the traffic-control measures that contractors can use to design safety into their work operations and further improve the safety in work zones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Feb 2018 16:41:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1492665</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Radar Satellites Measure Ice Cover Displacements Induced by Moving Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicles moving on floating ice modulate its surface depending on ice, bathymetric, and traffic variables. Under certain conditions, they may cause ice cover breakthroughs that jeopardize productivity, property, and life. The initiation of ice cover failure by traffic is commonly referred to as the moving vehicle problem. Scientific progress towards mitigating this problem has been limited. Subject-matter experts have argued that this is due, in part, to the absence of convenient and accurate means to measure ice cover modulations. Here we demonstrate a previously unknown capacity of radar earth observation satellites to measure the modulation of ice cover by moving vehicles with an unparalleled breadth of view, superior spatial detail and millimeter-scale vertical accuracy. This capacity derives from satellite radar technology that is experimental at present and differential interferometric radar data processing techniques. Ice modulations measured by means of conventional devices are typically described as ‘deflections’; we purposely refer to the radar satellite measurements as ‘displacements’ to signify a difference in the measurement method and result. Our findings indicate opportunities for ice road and radar earth observation stakeholders, may spark renewed interest in and progress towards mitigating the moving vehicle problem, and thus help improve the efficiency and safety of ice road transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:24:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487969</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Method of Determining and Visualizing Safe Motion Parameters of a Ship Navigating in Restricted Waters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1441045</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents a method of displaying ship collision avoidance information which is based on an unconventional Collision Threat Parameters Area (CTPA) technique. The solution presented here extends CTPA's functionality from past works by supporting navigation in restricted waters and handling ship domains analytically instead of numerically. It visualizes potential navigational threats as well as possible collision avoidance manoeuvres. The proposed method provides three types of information: targets' motion parameters (typical for target tracking), combinations of own course and speed which collide with those targets (typical for CTPA displays) and combinations of own course and speed which collide with stationary obstacles (new elements). Optionally it is also possible to display only manoeuvres compliant with International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) for the present visibility conditions. A superposition of all these types of data enables a navigator to quickly choose an efficient collision avoidance manoeuvre. The paper includes a description of the proposed visualization technique as well as examples of visualised data for encounter situations, which demonstrate the proposed method's usefulness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2017 09:47:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1441045</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Influence of Truck-Mounted Radar Speed Signs in Controlling Vehicle Speed for Mobile Maintenance Operations: Oregon Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Radar speed signs (RSSs) are a measure for reducing traffic flow speeds through work zones. The influence of truck-mounted RSSs on vehicle speed was evaluated for mobile maintenance operations in two multilane maintenance work zones in Oregon. In each case study, two periods of testing were conducted: one with the RSS display turned on (treatment) and one without the RSS display turned on (control), and vehicle speeds were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize collected data, and a two-sample t-test was applied to each case study to compare the speed difference between control and treatment cases. The findings indicate that vehicle speeds are typically lower and that there is less variation in speeds between adjacent vehicles with the RSS turned on. RSSs are thus promising devices for controlling vehicle speed and making work zones safer for motorists and workers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2016 15:53:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438939</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of an ERAM Prototype to Improve Restriction Modeling by Refining Altitude Transition Rate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1319856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is currently implementing a number of improvements to the National Airspace System (NAS) in the United States under a multi-agency initiative called the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Program. The Separation Management and Modern Procedures Project is a NextGen initiative and its objective is to implement the En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) strategic conflict probe on the radar controller display utilizing ERAM’s Trajectory Modeling(TM) and Conflict Probe (CP) sub-systems. The FAA Air Traffic Organization’s En Route Program Office (ATO-E) has employed the FAA’s Concept Analysis Branch (ANG-C41) to conduct a series of independent evaluations on prototype enhancements to the TM and CP sub-systems and has contracted the prime contractor of ERAM, Lockheed Martin, under FAA Task Orders 45 and 51 to develop these prototypes within the ERAM architecture. This paper details an experiment that consists of simulated runs using the ERAM system with and without a prototype enhancement designed to improve restriction modeling and climb/descent modeling. Recorded data from real flights in Chicago (ZAU) and Washington (ZDC) centers are used to generate experimental scenarios which provide realistic air traffic scenarios, for a total of 4 scenario runs. For each scenario, prototype Trajectory Modeler (TM) and Conflict Probe (CP) performance is compared to that of the baseline scenarios. In both ZAU and ZDC scenarios, slight improvements are indicated with regard to the CP. There is no indication of trajectory improvement or degradation. Since the net effects are positive, particularly for false alerts, the prototype is considered to be an improvement to the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Aug 2014 15:03:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1319856</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Modes of Radar Presentation of Situation in Inland Navigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1264023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of an Analogical Simulator in ship handling-maneuver tests (SIAMA) in waterways constitutes a useful tool for providing improvements in port design and maneuvering rules, which, when enhanced with other relevant hydraulic studies of Froudian scale models, is a source of valuable statistical information. The time-scale of physical models fast-time runs comply with the square root of the linear scale, in this study-case the model time was 13.04 times faster than prototype. More than 1500 official tests have been undertaken since 1993 by 13 official pilots of three harbours, for maneuvering and project optimization in 7 piers, with 10 berths, and radio-controlled ore carriers of 75,000, 152,000, 276,000, 365,000, 400,000 and 615,000 dwt. The laboratory facilities belong to the Escola Politécnica of Sao Paulo University, Brazil. The port area studied comprised fairways, turning basins and berths. The ships and tugs were unmanned, with tug performance exerted by air fans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 2013 09:47:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1264023</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Applications and Benefits for the Development of Cartographic 3D Visualization Systems in support of Maritime Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1264024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime shipping is among the world’s most important industries and is vital to the global economy. With growing levels of traffic, marine accidents pose a danger to the health and lives of ship crews, the environment, and have a strong impact on the profitability of shipping and port operations. This underlines the urgent need for the development of  maritime navigation systems whose objectives will be to contribute to a safer sea. There is a need for more efficient electronic charting and radar display systems for use in navigation, traffic monitoring and pilotage. These improve the level of situational awareness of ship navigators, Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) operators and marine pilots. Cartographic 3-dimensional visualization (3D chart) facilitates fast and accurate understanding of navigational situations in ports and at open sea, decreases mental overload, and minimizes fatigue. This supports better decisions for sailors at sea and maritime authorities in charge of traffic monitoring. This leads to a reduction in human error which is the main cause of marine accidents. This paper presents the latest developments and applications of cartographic 3D visualizations (3D charting) in marine navigation, VTS and pilotage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Oct 2013 09:47:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1264024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On the Radar: Configuring a Sign-Placement Plan that Commands Respect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/902107</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article focuses on radar speed signs. Designed to refocus drivers' attention to their actual speed in relation to the posted limit, these signs are growing in usage as well as in variety. The article discusses various issues that should be considered before the purchase and installation of the signs, as these issues could impact the signs' effectiveness. Factors to consider include: 1) compliance with regulations and standards; 2) display technology; 3) energy source; and, 4) design, including manufacturer, warranty, approval list, and product construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Oct 2009 08:39:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/902107</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Color Analysis in Air Traffic Control Displays, Part I. Radar Displays</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/795677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the current trends in air traffic control (ATC) display technology is a substantial increase in the use of color.  Whereas the advantages of color may seem apparent, little attention has been devoted to potential disadvantages of color use with respect to complex cognitive aspects of the ATC environment.  Although controllers use several different displays simultaneously (designed and manufactured by different companies), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not yet adopted a standard for color use to ensure that the various color schemes are compatible.  At present, there is no systematic documentation and analysis of color use in ATC displays.  This lack of standardization and documentation presents a challenge for manufacturers to design compatible color schemes and for the FAA to evaluate the effectiveness of a display at acquisition.  This report was designed to address the lack of such information.  The study evaluates color-coding, color usage, task purposes and effectiveness of color use, potential shortcomings, and color complexity for three types of radar displays used by operational controllers.  This systematic documentation allowed the authors to assess compatibility across displays.  The study also revealed some visual factors that may affect the usefulness of a display.  The results of these investigations will be beneficial for the development of design prototypes and for acquisition evaluation of new ATC display technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Jan 2007 08:48:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/795677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Work Zone Safety Operations and Issues</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/789816</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this research included the following: 1) evaluation of measures and procedures that will alter or control the speed of motorists in work zones, 2) investigate the feasibility of using automated equipment to replace flaggers in work zones, 3) develop policy and guidelines for use of elevated platforms near traffic, and 4) evaluate the safety issues associated with mobile and short-term work activities. In an attempt to determine the effectiveness of various speed control measures in work zones, speed data were collected for several strategies including signs, radar displays, and police enforcement. It was determined that the largest reduction in speed can be achieved with the presence of police enforcement at the work site. The use of automated flagger devices were investigated, and it was determined that these devices have potential for application in long-term lane closures at work zone locations such as bridge deck repairs. Flashing STOP/SLOW paddles were purchased and provided to maintenance personnel for evaluation. The paddles were used by employees with mixed results in terms of their practicality and durability. Guidelines for use of aerial lifts/elevated platforms were developed, in conjunction with a typical application drawing for aerial work within an intersection. Application of the guidelines and drawing were reviewed and discussed with representatives of the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, with one area of focus being work over an open lane of traffic. A handbook was developed to provide guidelines for traffic control in short duration and mobile work zones, with additional examples provided for short-term maintenance on two-lane and multi-lane roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 2006 15:01:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/789816</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GPR System User Guide and Troubleshooting Guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/781394</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In research Project 0-4414 "Development of a Thickness Measurement Device for Steel Reinforced Concrete Pavement", a nondestructive device for measuring the thickness of concrete pavement was successfully developed.  The developed GPR thickness measurement system was both lab and field-tested.  GPR system is mounted on a pushcart for easy operation.  There are two display screens mounted on the GPR: one displays the GPR traces in color map format and the other displays thickness and distance in text format.  Field tests were done on the construction site of US Highway 59 south in Sugar Land area.  Field-tested results showed that the GPR is able to measure steel reinforced concrete up to 16 in. with an average error of 2%.  In the mean time, the location and diameter of the steel rebars can be obtained.  An implementation of the developed GPR system was conducted in this project.  In this report, the GPR system user guide and troubleshooting guide are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 May 2006 13:30:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/781394</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PHOENIX MULTI-RADAR TRACKER SYSTEM FOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL APPLICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/743719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PHOENIX is a distributed client-server-based multi-radar tracking and situation display system for air traffic control (ATC) applications. Its primary use is intended in ATC towers and also as a fallback Radar Data Processing System in area control centers. This article describes the system architecture, PHOENIX internal processes, and the radar data tracking processes. It presents results from investigations on tracking accuracy and performance, as well as results of processing performance measurements. , and tracker design decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Nov 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/743719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF COLOR VISION DEFICIENCY ON DETECTION OF COLOR-HIGHLIGHTED TARGETS IN A SIMULATED AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL DISPLAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/725508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study sought to evaluate the effects of color vision deficiency on the gain in conspicuity that is realized when color-highlighting is added as a redundant cue to indicate the presence of unexpected, nontracked aircraft intruding in controlled airspace. Sixteen subjects with severe color vision deficiency of both protan and deutan types and eight subjects with normal color vision performed a simulated high-workload air traffic control task over a l-hour period. Displayed information was normally green. In addition to the primary task, subjects also monitored for occasional intrusions by light aircraft identifiable on the basis of triangular shape alone or with the color red added as a redundant cue. The luminance of the red color was also 30% higher. Detection of red targets was slightly slower than detection of green targets in protans. In contrast, detection was faster with red targets for both normals and deutan subjects. Impairment in performance of the severe protans with red highlighting was attributed to their well known reduced sensitivity to red light. Although severe deutans have reduced color discrimination, they do not usually have reduced sensitivity and their performance was probably enhanced by the greater brightness of red targets. These results demonstrate that the approach of using color always as a redundant cue to ensure performance of color deficients is valuable, but the potential for adverse interaction of color coding with color deficiency must always be considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/725508</guid>
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