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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>How to Measure the Impact of Electronic Ticketing Systems in Local Public Transport? An Italian Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In mobility, adopting Electronic Fare Management (EFM) has been a driving force in improving efficiency and user experience in public transport services. In Italy, the Lombardy Region has actively supported the implementation of interoperable electronic ticketing systems, aiming to create a smooth, convenient, and intuitive travel experience across the various means of public transportation. This work aims to develop an analytical methodology to systematically evaluate the benefits of EFM systems. The proposed method examines critical issues such as efficiency, convenience, and user satisfaction. It provides a solid foundation for monitoring system performance by using a holistic approach to determining the overall efficacy of EFM systems. The methodology is based on 6 KPIs: i) Validations, ii) Rejected Validations, iii) Ticket inspections, iv) Sale of travel passes, v) Quality of service, and vi) Alarms. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, the developed methodology is then applied to a case study involving the ticketing system of Autoguidovie S.p.A, an Italian local public transport company operating mainly in the Lombardia Region but also in Piemonte and Veneto Region. Regarding 2021, Autoguidovie’s fleet is about 777 buses and 31 million bus*km per year. The practical implementation of the methodology allows technical issues to be detected and addressed, facilitating an effective implementation of the electronic ticketing system. Using the methodology in this context thus provides valuable perspectives on its applicability and efficiency in practical reality. In practice, this work contributes to the theoretical understanding of EFM systems. It demonstrates the practical utility of the developed methodology through its application to the case study of Autoguidovie in Italy. The findings have important implications for academia and industry, providing a strong foundation for analyzing and optimizing the adoption and operation of EFM systems in urban and suburban transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 17:16:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2571372</guid>
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      <title>High Performance Meets Intelligence: The Importance of Advanced Fare Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1098796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electronic fare collection management systems collect and organize data on ridership. Combined with fleet data systems, transit agencies have the information to improve safety and optimize performance in every aspect of operations. Add real-time, location-based information systems and riders can be given up-to-date travel information. Analyzing rider data can help an agency to better serve and market to their customers, which in turn will boost ridership. Statistics gathered from these systems can also be presented to shareholders and taxpayer-funded commissions to obtain buy-in for future plans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Apr 2011 07:17:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1098796</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>What Would Steve Jobs Do?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1083447</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This commentary looks at the future of road user fee collection systems and devices. The focus is on design of acceptable road tolling telematics technology that would be applicable to such diverse fields as toll collection, parking meter payment, automobile insurance payment, emergency response, and public transit ticketing, as well as to travel route optimization and other location-based features.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Dec 2010 08:57:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1083447</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Infrastructure cargo fees - A way forward</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/927131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[US port authorities face increasing challenges in funding needed road, rail, and bridge projects. Port funding has traditionally been focused on marine terminals and dredging projects, not landside transportation infrastructure. The San Pedro Bay Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles have identified several highway/bridge and rail projects estimated to cost $3.2 billion and scheduled for construction over a 7-year period. Expected federal, state and local sources will fund a significant share of project costs, but like most agencies, the ports face a large challenge in developing a complete funding plan. This paper discusses "Infrastructure Cargo Fees" (ICFs) as a potential source of additional revenue for improving port-access infrastructure. Both ports previously approved these fees in their tariffs and had targeted collection to begin in 2009. As designed, these fees would only be spent on identified projects and would expire when the projects are completed. Because of the current economic climate, however, fee collection has been delayed indefinitely, to be reconsidered depending on how quickly the economy recovers. The fees are not without controversy. Constraints to the implementation of the fees include the downturn in the economy (shippers worldwide are struggling to adjust to uncertain conditions) and concern about potential diversion of cargo to other ports. The authors will define the issues, the projects, engineering challenges, ICF calculation methodology, collection method, and benefits. The paper discusses whether this funding strategy can be adopted as a way forward by ports throughout the nation to complete critical infrastructure projects. Copyright 2010 ASCE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2010 07:49:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/927131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EU IFM: A Trust Model for Interoperable Ticketing Across Europe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/906865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Interoperable Fare Management (IFM) Project aims to reduce barriers to interoperable smart media to make public transport more user-friendly by facilitating seamless accessibility to different public transport networks through a contact-less media. This type of IFM scheme creates new challenges to enable data and shared services. To highlight the challenges and risks to all players within IFM, a Trust Model is necessary. This paper discusses a methodology to create this model. It does this from 3 perspectives - trust in the technology, trust in the members and trust for the customers. This final paper presents the initial results defining the existing Trust Models, comparison with other businesses, and details the recommendations for a future EU IFM Trust Model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 09:00:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/906865</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Microscopic Modeling of Lane Selection and Lane Changing at Toll Plazas</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/882323</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The microscopic simulation of the operations at a toll plaza entails the detailed understanding of the driver behavior at the toll plaza. The lane selection of the driver involves complex inter-vehicle dynamics. This study involves the development of the new methodology for the microscopic simulation of toll plaza operations. Different dynamics such as the lane selection probability based on the approach and exit ramp of the driver, the queue length at each of the toll booths have been considered. The proposed model involves the calculation of an ad-hoc utility for each lane at the toll plaza based on the factors stated above. The driver chooses the lane which maximizes his utility. The contribution of each of the factors towards the utility is a function of the wait time of the driver at the toll plaza and the number of decisions the driver has already made to choose the target lane. The proposed model is validated for three toll plazas on the New Jersey Turnpike using a detailed vehicle transaction, service time data and lane usage data. The novelty of the proposed approach is threefold: (1) the use of a validated toll plaza model developed in Paramics simulation software, (2) the use API feature of Paramics to simulate a realistic lane selection process of drivers at the toll plaza using a lane utility model, and (3) the use actual vehicle demand data obtained from the electronic toll collection (ETC) dataset, provided by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2009 09:56:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/882323</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Counter Proposals: The Netherlands is in the Process of Carrying Out Extensive Research and Technology Trials Prior to Introducing a Per-Kilometre Road User Charging Scheme from 2011</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article the author describes research aiding in planning for the implementation of a road user charging (RUC) scheme in the Netherlands that will be fully operational by 2016. The evaluation of various RUC instrumentations that could handle the 8.5 million affected vehicles took 32 system presentations from 24 different organizations. Of the eleven types of on-board units (OBU) examined, three vehicles were equipped with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS), and wheel-speed indicators and tested on seven different pre-scoped routes. The most accurate systems incorporated DGPS, as researchers had expected; however, it is noted that cost-benefit analyses must be conducted to determine a particular system’s pragmatic viability. Authors explain that they expect a non-DGPS GPS-type system will be the type of OBU deployed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2008 15:24:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863422</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Valuation of travel time and departure time choice in the presence of time-of-day pricing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/855877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper evaluates the efficiency of New Jersey Turnpike (NJTPK) time-of-day pricing program via derivation of value of travel time (VOTT) from an analytical approach. The proposed model extends classical time allocation models while considering departure/arrival time choices and relaxes the constant marginal utility assumption to derive an analytical model for VOTT as well as to investigate the theoretical relationship between VOTT, departure/arrival time choice, income, and travel time. Using the traveler survey data collected to evaluate the NJTPK time-of-day pricing program, VOTT functions are estimated for different departure time choices and for trip purposes. The main contribution of the empirical results presented in this study is that in the presence of time-of-day pricing applications, when the main choice of commuters is departure time rather than alternative routes and/or modes, VOTT is influenced from the departure time, trip purpose, desired arrival time, and deviation from the desired arrival time in addition to the travel time, toll, and income parameters. Mean VOTT values are found to range between $15 per hour and $20 h -1, depending on departure time choice and trip purpose. This result indicates relatively high VOTT values, explaining the low level of response to the minor toll differentials introduced by the NJTPK Authority.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2008 11:42:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/855877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driver Comprehension of Signing and Markings for Toll Facilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/850706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes research activities regarding the comprehension of the signs and pavement markings for toll roads and managed lanes. Texas Transportation Institute researchers conducted seven focus groups, which explored driver understanding of toll road route markers, open road tolling payment options, pavement marking symbols, and preferential lane pavement markings in four Texas cities. Researchers also reviewed the ongoing development of revisions to the toll road chapter for the Texas Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2008 08:13:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/850706</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automated Auditing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to maximize landing fee collection, airports are employing new technologies via the Internet to provide radar-based landing fee reports and tail-number-driven weight calculations. This article discusses some of these newly developed data-driven applications and how they are creating a more professionally operated environment for the management of landing fee programs in airports across the country. Both airports and airlines are benefiting from such programs in terms of greater transparency and fees that are considered by all stakeholders to be both more accurate and more reasonable. The author discusses these programs in detail, with special emphasis on Denver International Airport and Boston’s Logan International Airport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2007 07:56:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813784</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Taking the High Road to Funding?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/809498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The need for increased highway funding in the U.S. is becoming more critical. Building even the simplest roads can cost millions of dollars/mile, and federal highway funds barely cover the cost of maintaining existing roads. Meanwhile, voters generally do not support higher state taxes, and Congress is not interested in raising the federal fuel tax, which has funded most state highway projects in the past. State highway construction projects are now in a battle over funding. This article discusses how this struggle has spurred some states to look at toll roads as one possible solution, with the central feature being the debate over the value of tolling as a means of paying for highways in an age of revenue shortfalls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 May 2007 07:29:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/809498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying, Measuring, and Mitigating Environmental Justice Impacts of Toll Roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/802087</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2004 the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) funded the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin to develop a methodology to evaluate the environmental justice (EJ) impacts of toll roads given four scenarios:  (a) the construction of new toll road(s), (b) converting existing non-toll roads to toll roads, (c)  the tolling of capacity enhancements (e.g., additional main lanes or frontage roads to existing facilities), and (d) the conversion of planned non-toll roads to toll roads upon completion.  This document presents the EJ Evaluation Methodology (EJEM) developed to identify, measure, and mitigate disproportionately high or adverse impacts imposed on minority and low-income (EJ) communities by toll roads compared to non-toll roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2007 10:21:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/802087</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Procurement and Financing of Motorways in Europe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/798516</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book is a selection of papers presented to the international conference “Highways: Costs and Regulation in Europe”, held in Bergamo on the 26-27 of November 2004.  The conference was organized by the University of Bergamo, and sponsored by the European Investment Bank. Many challenging and controversial issues with motorway procurement and finance in Europe have been raised.  One surprising outcome of the discussion at the Conference was that a general appraisal bias can be identified in the following sense: Experts from countries which have introduced concession schemes for managing and financing of their motorways are very critical with these schemes, stressing on their shortcomings and caveats.  Some of them even follow that a public management under a regime of welfare maximization would be desirable as a sustainable option.  Experts from countries, which have been sticking to public procurement and tax finance of motorways, strongly attack the inefficiency of public planning regimes and the general tendency to allocate the revenues from special transport-related taxes to the public budget, eventually spending them on other purposes rather than transport.  A typical feature of the latter regime seems to be the chronic lack of funds for infrastructure investment.  Against the background that an ideal country concept for motorway procurement and finance cannot obviously be identified every paper includes some elements of featuring future improvements.  Therefore, beyond the rich documentations of country solutions it is the perspective view on workable future concepts, which makes the book a valuable guide through the jungle manifold options for public/private partnerships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 2007 11:35:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/798516</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Pricing, Financing, Regulation, and Equity: a Summary of the PIARC Seminar in Cancùn, Mexico</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/798127</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article provides an overview to road pricing, as presented in the 28 transport economics papers submitted to the PIARC World Road Association international seminar by engineers from road administrations, operating companies, and universities. Road pricing topics covered in these papers include: technical systems, traffic impacts, user behavior, acceptability, revenue allocation, toll rate systems, institutional organization, socio-economic assessment, and the economic justification of road pricing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jan 2007 13:32:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/798127</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Government Plans for Lorry Road-User Charging in the UK: A Critique and an Alternative</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/783015</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The British government was planning to introduce a system of road-user charging for lorries in 2008. In July 2005, it decided to abandon these plans and incorporate the development of a charging scheme for trucks into a future road pricing system for all categories of traffic. This paper examines the objectives of the proposed lorry road-user charging scheme in the UK and argues that the government's plans for LRUC would have been inappropriate. An alternative method of road-user charging for lorries is proposed which would meet the main objectives of LRUC at much lower cost, disruption and risk and act as an interim measure until it is possible, technically and politically, to introduce general road pricing in the UK.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jul 2006 08:11:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/783015</guid>
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