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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>E-bikes and e-scooters integration and expansion in fast-developing and mature cities: A stakeholder perspective of Lisbon, Madrid, and Cluj-Napoca</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673096</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the development and governance of e-micromobility in fast-developing cities such as Cluj-Napoca (Romania) and more established urban centres, including Lisbon (Portugal) and Madrid (Spain). Qualitative research methods, specifically semi-structured interviews with local authorities, public and private e-micromobility operators, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and academia, were employed to identify distinct stages in the emergence and governance of e-micromobility across these cities. The findings highlight the necessity of tailored management approaches that align private interests with public needs. In Lisbon, the integration of shared vehicles has been facilitated by a ‘soft regulation’ that is relatively permissive, whereas Madrid has made significant infrastructure investments with the objective of incorporating e-bikes into its public transport system. In contrast, Cluj-Napoca has adopted a policy of non-intervention, which has resulted in challenges due to a limited regulatory framework and insufficient data. For mature cities, refining regulatory frameworks and enhancing operator accountability is crucial, alongside infrastructure expansion and public education campaigns. On the contrary, fast-developing cities require the establishment of minimum regulatory standards and essential infrastructure to support effective management. Cooperation between operators, local authorities, NGOs and users is essential to promote sustainable urban mobility and ensure equitable access to the benefits of e-micromobility. The study highlights the need for increased engagement of e-micromobility operators and suggests future research directions, including longitudinal studies and cross-country comparisons, to better understand effective regulatory frameworks in different urban contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 17:06:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673096</guid>
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      <title>A Non-cooperative Game Theory Approach to Analyse the Competition Between HSR and Air</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High-speed rail (HSR) is becoming a more and more popular mode alternative choice for passengers. In the literature, many researchers have examined the direct and indirect impacts of HSR, and the competition between HSR and Air. Indeed, several approaches have been proposed to analyse this competition, but the use of game theory brought a new perspective in this research field. In this paper, the case study linked to the construction of a new HSR line with a strategic hub in the city of Bucharest (Romania) has been analysed. The HSR-Air competition issue has been studied with reference to the Bucharest-Budapest corridor and the Bucharest-Sofia corridor. The inclusion of HSR within the market in which Air represents today the only alternative for travelling between these cities could significantly have an impact on the market equilibrium. In this paper, a Game Theoretical Approach was developed to study the competition between HSR and Air in the Eastern European context; and a non-cooperative game was developed involving the two competitors HSR and Air, both aiming to maximise their profits. It is expected that HSR will attract part of the travel demand that previously chose plane between the same cities. Furthermore, the entry into the market of a competitor, such as HSR, would lead to a reduction in the Air fares compared to the previous situation, in which the Air market dominated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579959</guid>
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      <title>Commoning Cycling: Grassroot Initiatives for Inclusive Mobility Transitions Among People Facing Barriers to Cycling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the conditions for sustainable mobilities is the focus of considerable political and public attention. This paper identifies various ways that civil society initiatives promote cycling inclusion for marginalized groups facing barriers to cycling. An emphasis on commoning of cycling and cycling inclusion highlights how grassroot initiatives and their “commoners” take action to achieve an ambition to make cycling more inclusive in a bottom-up approach. In total, 12 initiatives have been studied, broadly categorized as bike kitchens, bike schools, bike to school, and bike promotion initiatives, located in Belgium, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, and Sweden, respectively. These initiatives address groups that experience marginalization in the current mobility system (i.e., women with immigrant background, children, people with disabilities, seniors), and promote cycling through various forms of learning activities and skills to lower the thresholds to cycling and making cycling more diversified. The paper takes a holistic approach to shed light on the various ways that grassroot initiatives promote cycling inclusion, and, based on the experiences of participants and facilitators, explores what such initiatives may achieve given differences in context and target groups.?While the results show that cycling was mainly available for those participants that managed to adjust to the presumed norm of the confident, able-bodied, and individualized mobile subject, the initiatives had unexpected impacts on social dynamics of relevance to social justice. The results show the importance for cycling policy and planning to support concrete actions to improve the conditions for cycling to realize the full potential of cycling in the green transition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 10:06:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686281</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The evolution of air transport connectivity – a case study of Cluj-Napoca Int’l Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main objective of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the evolution of air connectivity at a regional-class airport in South-East Europe — a topic for which scientific evidence remains limited. This study investigates the connectivity of the largest regional airport in Romania between 2019 and 2024. The connectivity model employed in our research aims to illustrate and analyze the transformation of the airport’s route network, taking into account not only quantitative data (passenger traffic and number of flights), but also qualitative indicators (such as load factor). During the examined period, passenger traffic at Cluj-Napoca Airport experienced significant fluctuations, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the end of the pandemic, air traffic resumed its growth, and by 2023, Transylvania’s largest airport had already surpassed its absolute record from 2019. Low-cost carriers are indispensable elements of Romania’s air transport system, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the country’s passenger traffic. Based on the results, it can be stated that low-cost airlines play a decisive role in the development of air connectivity and, consequently, in the competitiveness of the airport as well.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666094</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Port of Constanta: A Logistics Hub for the Black Sea and Danube Regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The port of Constanta is one of the key maritime ports in the Black Sea Region and the essential maritime port in Romania. It is the only seaport directly connected to the Danube River through the Danube—Black Sea Canal. This port also plays a key role for the Danube countries in Central and East Europe through the Danube River. The article’s fundamental goal is to describe the importance of this port not only for the Black Sea Region but also for the Danube Region, to analyze the transport flows going through this port, to explain its significance for cargo passing through this port from Ukraine to another part of the world in the last few years, and to make predictions for cargo transshipment for 2025.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electric mobility investment in developing countries: Emerging patterns from cross-country analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2641117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On paper, many developing countries have made pledges to decarbonize and reduce GHG emissions. Nevertheless, decarbonization is barely happening in many of them. Among other reasons, transport electrification with electric mobility, which is pivotal in the decarbonization strategy of many developing countries, is beset by investment challenges on the demand and supply sides. On the demand side, the lingering ‘where will the money come from’ challenge remains critical because governments are financially constrained. On the supply side, investors remain uncertain about which country to invest in for electric mobility. This paper contributes to the academic and policy debate from the transport and power sector coupling context. The authors apply the conceptual framework to analyze some developing countries with wholesale power markets and wholesale and retail power markets. Then, the authors conduct cross-country analysis of fifteen countries to assess the possibility of emerging patterns of electric mobility investment solutions in these countries. The authors argue that regional or continental patterns may be emerging among some countries. The authors found that Latin American countries (Chile, Colombia, Argentina) appear to follow a pattern of investment in public transport electrification with electric buses, although the countries are at different stages of development. Romania, Poland, and Türkiye appear to follow an investment pattern in private electric vehicles. The authors found a pattern with low-cost two and three-wheelers in Central American countries (Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador). The authors recommend policies on electric mobility investment issues in developing countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 14:31:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2641117</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Financial performance of road freight transport companies bordering Ukraine in Central and Eastern Europe: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine war</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted the road freight sector in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The closure of borders and restrictions on the movement of drivers and equipment disrupted the normal flow of goods. Additionally, Russian aggression against Ukraine affects the dynamics of supply chains, causing a change in transport routes between Ukraine and other countries, which has also had an impact on bordering countries. The authors analyzed the financial condition and liquidity of 500 companies from each bordering country: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania, which belong to the road freight transport industry. To detect structural breaks, the authors identify whether major events such as the COVID-19 outbreak and the war in Ukraine affected the modelled financial situation of transport companies. Furthermore, the authors verify whether there is a long-term relationship between the financial conditions of enterprises in these countries. The authors find that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the financial liquidity of transport companies and mostly their profit margins, whereas the war situation has not significantly affected the financial indicators of transport companies from Central European countries bordering Ukraine, with the exception of the profit margins of Hungarian companies and the net sales revenues of Romanian companies. Moreover, there is a long-run equilibrium positive relationship of profit margins between Polish, Hungarian, and Romanian companies, and there is a long-run negative relationship of profit margins between Slovakian and Romanian companies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 09:30:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Steel Slag Asphalt – An Ecological Asphalt. Laboratory Studies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553143</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We hear talking more and more often around us about waste and recycling. Developed and developing countries pay special attention to the careful collection of waste, their storage and above all, where possible, their reintroduction into the economic circuit. This is caused by the fact that the population of the planet is increasing, the needs are increasing and implicitly the production of waste is also increasing. The sector that produces one of the largest amounts of waste is the metallurgical industry. This paper studies some properties of an asphalt produced with a metallurgical waste, more precisely steel slag. This work presents the establishment of two asphalt mixture recipes with steel slag, the determination of apparent density, water absorption as well as the testing of the specimens to find out the stability and creep. The tests will be carried out in the Laboratories of the Faculty of Construction and Installations of Iași. The results will be presented in the form of tables and graphs and will be compared with the limits imposed by the regulations in force but also with other research in the field. The purpose of this work is to determine if the results obtained in the tests mentioned above for these types of ecological mixtures, BAD22.4 and AB22.4 with steel slag from Liberty Galati from the year 2022, fall within the limits imposed by the regulations in force but also how they compare to the results of older research. The conclusions will show whether these mixtures are compliant or not, and comments will also be made on the performance of these ecological mixtures. In the context in which different types of mixtures with steel slag from different metallurgical plants, from Romania and abroad, were studied, this study completes the information from the scientific world showing the properties of the asphalt mixtures with steel slag from Liberty Galați in present. The study can have an important economic impact, especially for the areas near the metallurgical plant where the slag is located, thus significant savings can be made in terms of road paving if the decision is made to use asphalt mixtures with steel slag.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:40:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2553143</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Romanian Maritime Ports in the Digital Transformation Era: The Shift from Fourth-Generation to Smart Ports and the Impact on the Global Logistics Ecosystem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572911</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Romanian maritime ports play a pivotal role in the national and regional economy, acting as crucial logistical and commercial hubs in the Black Sea region. This study investigates the ongoing digital transformation of these ports, focusing on the shift from traditional fourth-generation ports to innovative smart ports. It examines the challenges, opportunities, and strategies employed in this transformation, emphasizing the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as automation, digitalization, and green innovations. In light of global trends in the logistics sector, alongside the increasing demand for efficiency, sustainability, and resilience, the research highlights how these advancements contribute to enhancing the operational performance of Romanian ports. Furthermore, the study explores the broader implications of this transition on the global logistics ecosystem, analyzing its potential to improve connectivity, reduce environmental impact, and stimulate economic growth. By evaluating the evolution of Romanian maritime ports over the past two decades, the study offers strategic insights into how these ports can evolve into intelligent, sustainable transport hubs capable of meeting the future demands of a globalized and environmentally conscious supply chain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Jul 2025 09:49:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572911</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The 15-minute challenge: Evaluating the gaps in accessibility and urban mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the context of rapid urbanization and growing environmental challenges, the concept of the “15-minute city”, where essential services are accessible within a 15-minute walk or bike ride, has emerged as a key model for sustainable urban planning. This study evaluates the accessibility and urban mobility in Bucharest, Romania, based on this model. Bucharest is considered an appealing case study given the fact that it is facing significant issues with regards to the topic of transportation, emissions and segmented urbanization development, having one of its districts included in the “100 Climate-Neutral Cities by 2030” mission. Using geospatial analysis, statistical descriptions, and cluster analysis performed in Python, access to essential services such as education, healthcare, cultural activities, and mobility across six districts is assessed. The analysis is structured around four composite indices: Accessibility to Learning and Healthcare, Wellbeing and Quality of Life, Essential Services and Mobility, and Food Access and Provision. The findings indicate that District 2 is the most closely aligned with the “15-minute city” criteria, as it demonstrates a high level of service accessibility. Conversely, peripheral districts, such as District 6, demonstrate restricted access to mobility and healthcare services. Cluster analysis further confirmed the disparities between districts in terms of access to infrastructure and services, highlighting the necessity of targeted urban planning and investment. This research underlines the significance of integrated policies in order to improve sustainable urban mobility and mitigate regional disparities in service accessibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2025 16:15:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528451</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evacuation planning in urban areas: A case study in Galați under military conflict conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2522229</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emergency shelters in urban areas play an important role in providing temporary refuge to the population in military conflicts. The aim of this article is to examine the spatial alignment of shelters to the population distribution in the event of a war in Galaţi (Romania). The capacity of the emergency shelters, the possible number of evacuees and the transport behaviour of the inhabitants are the three main factors considered in these studies. The survey was conducted using the CATI technique with a sample of 405 residents (from 1 March to 12 April 2023). The results indicate that only a relatively small percentage of residents are willing to self-evacuate. Despite this, the situation can still be considered favourable as self-evacuation may cause a number of problems if many people who have no knowledge about wartime evacuation procedures use their own cars to self-evacuate. The analysis of the distribution of emergency services (fire brigades and the police force) in the city reveals that it is adequate relative to the population distribution. However, these forces are limited in number and can quickly become overwhelmed without proper management. Furthermore, the capacity of the existing emergency shelters in the studied city is insufficient, both for self-evacuation on foot or by car. Thus, new locations for emergency shelters have been recommended to be located in existing facilities in order to accommodate the largest possible number of people in the shortest possible time. The approach taken in this study can also be adopted to serve in other urban areas facing similar risks, emphasising the need for a tailored crisis management strategy that takes into account specific regional and population dynamics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Apr 2025 09:49:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2522229</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated Drone and Truck Delivery System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2489074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the development and implementation of a hybrid transportation system that integrates the synergy between trucks and drones to optimize the delivery process. In the context of the continuous increase in demand for fast and efficient delivery services, the authors' approach proposes an innovative model that combines the reliability of ground transport with the speed and agility of air delivery. Starting from a detailed analysis of the existing logistics networks in Bacău County, Romania, this study focuses on the creation and implementation of an algorithm for obtaining routes for trucks and drones that consider the mode of transport of the two types of vehicles. For trucks, the real distances between towns were used, so the program allows the optimal calculation of routes for both modes of transport, considering the particularities of each. The results of the computational experiment show that the proposed method is rapid and reliable in terms of linear regression predictions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 14:52:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2489074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>National and regional potential accessibility convergence by decay and decades in Germany, France, Spain, Poland and Romania in the years of 1960–2020</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper seeks to adapt methods of national and regional beta and sigma convergence from socio-economic sciences to a spatial framework. The process of reducing disparities in accessibility levels is commonly linked with the concept of territorial cohesion. The authors dynamically explore this concept by integrating economic terminology and applying it within a spatial context. This is accomplished through the utilization of beta and sigma accessibility convergence indices at both national and regional levels. They further extend the potential accessibility-based territorial cohesion index by using absolute and relative approaches. Accessibility indices are calculated for Germany, France, Spain, Poland, and Romania, covering six decades and various decay parameters (half-lives) from 1960 to 2020. Their analysis uncovers significant variations among the countries in terms of the pace, phases, direction, and underlying causes of both national (inter-country) and regional convergence processes. The approach presented serves as a model for dynamic, comparative analyses of accessibility changes across countries, examining both national convergence in potential accessibility and regional convergence in its diversity over the long term. It also provides a robust foundation for further research into phenomena such as club accessibility convergence, the impacts of cohesion policy, and the interplay between European spatial and transport policies and national strategies of major EU countries in shaping accessibility dynamics and regional development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2025 09:20:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491621</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Almost paradise: a floating sense of place through transient mobility among Romanians in the Canary Islands (Spain)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article contributes to the innovative literature on human mobility, highlighting the sense of place linked to transient mobility among people who live on an island. Drawing on 40 in-depth interviews with Romanians living in the Canary Islands, this paper introduces the concept of a ‘floating sense of place’ and advances understandings on how people of different generations use their experiences of mobility in time and space to construct and interpret their sense of place on the move. How is floating sense of place created and how does mobility affect the sense of belonging of people who live transiently on an island? The author highlights that the socio-economic circumstances of mobile people together with the particular conditions of the island – especially the presence of the ocean – create corporeal and sensorial predispositions that contribute to the creation of the ‘floating sense of place’. She argues that mobility articulates multiple practices and imaginaries that connect people with the ocean – as both a real and symbolic element. In turn, this helps them bond with various places in their transitory movement, and influences the construction of a floating sense of place: a) living in a floating ‘paradise’ and moving for work or business; b) in-between floating; and c) on-the-move floating: between drift and search of place and future aspirations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 09:33:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485317</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Transport Poverty: Definitions, Indicators, Determinants, and Mitigation Strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This final report summarises the outcomes of the study “Transport poverty: Definitions, indicators, determinants, and mitigation strategies” commissioned by DG EMPL. Proceeding based on three tasks, the project (i) investigates the concepts and definitions related to transport poverty, (ii) researches and estimates possible indicators for measuring transport poverty and (iii) collects effective mitigation strategies addressing specific manifestations of transport poverty, exploring the interplay of the relevant stakeholders and how these processes are grounded in national policy making. The report also reflects key results from four national case studies carried out for Germany, Poland, Romania and Spain. The literature review shows that transport poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that is strongly influenced by a range of related concepts such as mobility justice, mobility poverty, transport disadvantage, transport justice, accessibility poverty, and transport-related social exclusion. The three main aspects of transport poverty that are essential to defining the phenomenon are availability, accessibility, and affordability, as well as a cross-cutting dimension of adequacy. Based on the conceptual framework, the report identifies a comprehensive set of possible indicators that span the availability, accessibility, and affordability dimensions of transport poverty. Different limited EU-level microdata sets are available to depict these dimensions and help measure transport poverty for the EU-27, including the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Household Budget Survey (HBS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2024 09:57:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470504</guid>
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