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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Methodology for geochemical screening of the bedrock - a case study of an arsenic-rich basement at Arlanda-Rosersberg</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598587</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The potential environmental impact of acidifying or toxic elements in the bedrock has become a major concern for handling aggregates within construction projects. A general lack of knowledge about the mineral chemistry of the bedrock, and its reactivity when exposed to water and air, challenge exploitation of the bedrock and effective recycling of rock masses in the circular economy. As a first step to reduce this lack of knowledge this study has investigated where, and in what minerals, elements hazardous to health and the environment occur in an arsenic rich bedrock in the Arlanda-Rosersberg area, north of Stockholm with the aim to find a time- and cost-efficient methodology for identification of potentially contaminating rock materials in construction projects to be applied early in the planning process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598587</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rock quality designation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1189326</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 10:32:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1189326</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT IN THE LAS PLANAS TUNNEL, NICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063147</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES IN ROCK, AND IN A TUNNEL BETWEEN THE EXCAVATED SURFACE AND THE INTERIOR OF  THE ROCK.  THESE ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES CAN PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE FUTURE TENDENCIES TOWARDS RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN THE TUNNEL SOFFIT AND THE CAVITY, I.E. THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES ARE SMALL IN ROCK AT REST AND LARGE IN ROCK WITH A HIGH TENDENCY TOWARDS MOVEMENT.  THE OBSERVATIONS SO FAR HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT ON TWO TUNNELS IN WHICH POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES OF 10 MV TO 150 MV HAVE BEEN MEASURED.  THE MEASUREMENTS ARE CONTINUING.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 08:27:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063147</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>On the feasibility of TBM drives in squeezing ground</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/789037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Squeezing ground may cause a series of difficulties such as sticking of the cutter head or the shield, extensive convergences of the bored profile or destruction of the tunnel support. In very soft rock, clogging or sagging of the cutter head may also occur, and TBM bracing by the gripper plates may become impossible. These difficulties, alone or in combination with instabilities of the tunnel face and walls, may slow down or even obstruct TBM operation and, if occurring over frequent tunnel intervals or persisting over longer portions of a tunnel, may have a decisive effect on the feasibility of a TBM drive. This paper discusses the specific problems of mechanized tunneling in squeezing ground, investigates the problem of shield jamming and analyses the effects of possible countermeasures, on the basis of the results of numerical computations.(A) This paper was presented at Safety in the underground space - Proceedings of the ITA-AITES 2006 World Tunnel Congress and the 32nd ITA General Assembly, Seoul, Korea, 22-27 April 2006. For the covering abstract see ITRD E129148. "Reprinted with permission from Elsevier".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2006 13:48:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/789037</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Geotechnical zonation - principles, criteria and procedure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/789007</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Geotechnical zonation is the process of spatial discrimination and characterization of certain regions within geological medium, where rock and/or soil masses are statistically homogeneous regarding specific, previously selected, properties. It is delicate and complex process, where it is very important to find out the rational measure between the size and the number of quasi-homogeneous zones. Considering complexity and stochastic nature of the ground properties, it is clear that successful geotechnical zonation will require ability of the researcher/analyst to adequately estimate spatial variability of important parameters. Therefore, to decrease influence of subjectivity, consistent and meaningful geotechnical zonation must respect certain principles and criteria, and must follow clearly specified procedure. (A) This paper was presented at Safety in the underground space - Proceedings of the ITA-AITES 2006 World Tunnel Congress and the 32nd ITA General Assembly, Seoul, Korea, 22-27 April 2006. For the covering abstract see ITRD E129148. "Reprinted with permission from Elsevier".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2006 13:46:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/789007</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measurements of and correlations between block size and rock quality designation (RQD)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/769269</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Various measurements of the block size or degree of jointing (i.e. density of joints, RQD, block volume, joint spacing) are described. It is concluded that the RQD measurements are encumbered with several limitations and that this parameter should be applied with care. These limitations influence the engineering results where RQD is applied in classification systems, numerical modelling and other engineering assessments. The three-dimensional block volume (V(sub b)) and the volumetric joint count (J(sub v)) measurements give much better characterizations of the block size. As the block size forms an important input to most rock engineering calculations and estimates, it is important to select the most appropriate method to measure this parameter. Correlations between various measurements of block size have been presented. It turned out difficult to find any reliable correlation between RQD and other block size measurements. An adjusted, better equation between RQD and J(sub v) than the existing is presented, though still with several limitations. More efforts should be made to improve the understanding on how to best measure the block size in the various types of exposures and patterns of jointing. (A) "Reprinted with permission from Elsevier".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Dec 2005 15:26:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/769269</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BACK-ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE UNDERSTANDING OF ROCK IN UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/747241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In many cases, it is necessary to realize design and begin the construction of underground works with only an approximate understanding of the geomechanical parameters of the rock mass that are necessary for a correct definition of the construction technique and of the support structures. The purpose of back-analysing the measured displacements of the tunnel perimeter and the loads on the support structures during the construction of the work is to calibrate the initial estimations of the geomechanical parameters of the ground. Today the use of the back-analysis procedure is not so common and, when it is used, it does not follow a scientific scheme. Full advantage is not taken of the monitoring data, with the consequence of a waste of money. Computers are nowadays able to quickly perform many numerical analyses and therefore the time is ripe to set up a correct back-analysis procedure to use together with a calculation model of the problem, when monitoring data are available. The principles on which the treatment of information derived from the monitoring of underground works during their construction is based are shown in this paper. The paper proposes new efficient mathematical back-analysis techniques for the problem under consideration and some interesting examples. Finally, a real case is presented to which back-analysis was applied. (A) "Reprinted with permission from Elsevier".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jan 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/747241</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARISON OF ROCK CORRECTION METHODS FOR COMPACTION OF CLAYEY SOILS. DISCUSSION AND CLOSURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/409533</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A discussion of a paper with the aforementioned title by Houston and Walsh, published in this journal (Volume 119, Number 4, April 1993), is presented.  The discussion focuses on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures D1557 and D698.  Both Day and Sikh report that the cited ASTM rock-correction methods no longer include the option to use the scalp-and-replace method. Day suggests using the elimination method when calculating the relative compaction of fill having oversize particles.  Sikh questions the use ASTM D698, instead of the industry standard, ASTM D1557.  Discussion is followed by closure from the authors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 24 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/409533</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ROCK PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ON THE DEZ PROJECT, IRAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/126820</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE FOUNDATION ROCK FOR THE DEZ PROJECT IS A PLIOCENE, LIMESTONE COBBLE CONGLOMERATE. THE CONSTRUCTION OF A THIN- ARCH DAM ON THIS YOUNG, HETEROGENEOUS MATERIAL REQUIRED A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. THE TESTING PROGRAM INCLUDED' 257 PLATE BEARING TESTS, 85 IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF RESIDUAL STRESS USING THE FLAT JACK METHOD, 2 LARGE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CHAMBERS, AND LABORATORY TESTS ON 887 SIX-IN.-DIAMETER ROCK CORES. THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ROCK MECHANICS RESULTED IN CONSIDERABLE SAVINGS IN TIME AND MONEY ON THE DEZ PROJECT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/126820</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN OCCURRENCE OF ALKALI-REACTIVE CARBONATE ROCK IN VIRGINIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110451</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE DISCOVERY THAT CONCRETE AGGREGATES WERE NOT INERT BUT COULD PARTICIPATE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH CERTAIN CEMENT COMPOUNDS STIMULATED AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EFFORT THAT HAS RESULTED IN THE RECOGNITION OF SEVERAL DISTINCT MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE REACTIONS MAY REDUCE THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE. RECENTLY, ATTENTION HAS BEEN DRAWN TO A REACTION INVOLVING THE CEMENT ALKALIES AND A TYPE OF ARGILLACEOUS DOLOMITIC LIMESTONE. AGGREGATES SUSCEPTIBLE TO THIS TYPE OF REACTION WERE FOUND IN ILLINOIS AND INDIANA. THE REACTION DIFFERS FROM WELL-KNOWN ALKALI-SILICA REACTION IN THAT NO VISIBLE GEL OR REACTION PRODUCT IS FORMED NOR IS ANY RIM FORMATION APPARENT ON THE REACTED AGGREGATE PARTICLES AS IS THE CASE WITH THE SILIFICATION REACTION. THE PERFORMANCE IN CONCRETE OF AN AGGREGATE FROM KINGSTON, ONTARIO, MET ALL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTS AND YET WAS SHOWN TO BE ALKALI REACTIVE. PATTERN CRACKING DEVELOPED IN FIELD CONCRETE CONTAINING THIS AGGREGATE COMPARATIVELY SOON AFTER PLACING. THE CRACKS SURROUNDED AREAS FROM 2 TO 4 INCHES ACROSS AND THE CONCRETE BETWEEN THE CRACKS WAS RELATIVELY SOUND. THE EXPANSION DECREASED WITH MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE, A BEHAVIOR CONTRARY TO OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT-AGGREGATE REACTIONS. THE CONCLUSION WAS THAT ROCKS COMPOSED OF NEAR EQUAL PROPORTIONS BY WEIGHT OF DOLOMITE AND CALCITE COULD BE REGARDED AS SUSPECT AND THAT A POSSIBLE CONNECTION EXISTED BETWEEN THE EXPANSIVE REACTIVITY AND THE DEDOLOMITIZATION REACTION (REPLACEMENT OF DOLOMITE BY CALCITE AND BRUCITE). IN CONCRETE, THE ALKALI CARBONATE WOULD REACT WITH HYDRATION PRODUCTS OF CEMENT TO REGENERATE ADDITIONAL ALKALI. THE EXPANSIVE TENDENCY OF ROCKS WAS MEASURED BY LABORATORY TEST. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110451</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING THE ROUGHNESS PROFILE OF ROCK JOINTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/364186</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This technical note describes a new technique for measuring the roughness profile of rock joints or discontinuities. This new technique involves use of a laser displacement meter (LDM) and a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). The technique improves precision and speed of the measurement. A comparison of this technique with existing methods for measuring the roughness profile is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/364186</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INDEX OF STATE ROAD AUTHORITIES' TEST METHODS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/212278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The table of contents includes: soils, aggregates and rock; bituminous materials; concrete, cement and lime; paints and protective coatings; metals; oils and water; joints fillers, sealants and adhesives; traffic control devices; and miscellaneous.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/212278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRENDS IN ENGINEERING GEOLOGIC AND RELATED MAPPING 1972-1983</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/211116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research into the production of medium-and small-scale engineering geological maps has yielded many significant reports, particularly in Europe, that address questions of how to acquire information, analyze it, and present it in useful ways.  There has also been an increasing awareness of the necessity for geologists to work closely with potential users of the information for optimum application of completed studies.  Improved methods to obtain and present information are evolving.  Standards concerning text and map content, soil and rock classification, and map symbols have been proposed.  Application of geomorphological techniques in terrain evaluation has increased, as has the use of aerial photography and other remote sensing.  Because of the greater volume and variety of available data, computers are being used to store, analyze, retrieve, and print both text and map information. Development of offshore resources, especially petroleum, has led to marked improvement and growth in marine engineering geology and geotechnology. Coordinated planning for societal needs such as food, energy, transportation, housing, raw materials, industry, and amenities has required broader scope and increased complexity of both engineering geologic and environmental geologic studies. The results of these studies can be communicated effectively in a folio of maps of not only basic data on bedrock and surficial geology and hydrology but also of construction constraints and capabilities, resource evaluation, geologic hazards, waste disposal, the effects of construction on the environment and other topics. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 May 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/211116</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNIFIED ROCK CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/211122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Unified Rock Classification System (URCS) provides a reliable and rapid method of communicating detailed information about rock conditions pertinent to design and construction of civil engineering projects.  The urcs consists of four fundamental physical properties: (1) weathering, (2) strength, (3) discontinuities and (4) density.  A general assessment of rock performance is then based on a grouping of the four key elements to aid in making engineering judgments.  These individual properties are estimated in the field with the use of a hand lens, a 1-pound ballpeen hammer, a spring-loaded "fish" scale and a bucket of water.  Each property is divided into five ratings which convey uniform meaning to engineering geologists, design engineers, inspectors and contractors as well as contract appeal board members. Subjective terminology, such as "slightly weathered, moderately hard, highly fractured and lightweight," varies widely in meaning, depends on individual and professional experience, and cannot be quantified with any reliability.  The URCS is not intended to supplant existing geologic classifications but it does offer a suitable alternative to ambiguous descriptive terminology.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 May 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/211122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISCONTINUITY SPACING AND RQD ESTIMATES FROM FINITE LENGTH SCANLINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/210341</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Distributions of discontinuity spacings along finite length scanlines are derived on the basis of negative exponential and log-normal probability density functions. The error percentages are presented for mean discontinuity spacings estimated from short scanlines. Procedures are presented allowing unbiased mean discontinuity spacing values to be obtained for negative exponential as well as log-normal distributions of spacings between discontinuities. Analytical expressions for the expectation and variance of the rock quality designation (rqd) have been derived for short scanlines, which are assumed to be samples of spacings from negative exponential or log-normal probability density functions.  The validity of modelling discontinuity spacings with log-normal distributions has been demonstrated using field measurements obtained in Saudi Arabia.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/210341</guid>
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