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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Effective Shoulder Width on Rural Highway System Related to Roadway Departure Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadway design plays a crucial role in traffic safety, particularly on rural roads. This research investigates the safety effectiveness of shoulder width on Indiana’s rural two-lane highways, and to use this understanding to provide a basis for more effective shoulder improvement programs. Although previous studies have established the benefits of shoulder widening in other states, limited research has been conducted in Indiana conditions. This research aims to evaluate the safety effectiveness of shoulders on rural roads in Indiana and to propose a practical and systemic approach to identifying road segments that require additional attention and possible need for shoulder improvements. A negative binomial model with random effects was implemented to evaluate run off road crash frequency on two lane rural roads in relation to shoulder width. Nine years of crash data from 2015 to 2023 from over 5,000 miles of Indiana rural highways was used. This model incorporates geometric factors including shoulder width, traffic exposure, and the presence of rumble strips to quantify the impact of shoulder width on crash frequency. Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) were developed based on the existing combinations of shoulder and lane width, and proposed design alternatives. This allows for a comparison among different configurations. Findings indicated that increasing shoulder width generally reduces crash frequency. Installing a 5- or 6-foot shoulder in a location that previously did not have a shoulder resulted in the highest reduction in crashes according to CMFs. Shoulders equal to or exceeding 7 feet showed diminishing safety benefits when compared to shoulders of 5–6 feet. This is potentially due to the additional risk-taking by drivers under seemingly safer conditions. The presence of roadside rumble strips was found to reduce run-off-road (ROR) crashes by 9.1%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 11:02:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705398</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Improving Pavement Sustainability and Resilience: Pavement Life Cycle Cost Analysis Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effects of climate change and extreme weather have caused flooding and inundation of many roadways, resulting in numerous pavement failures and negatively affecting the condition and functionality of pavement networks. This has driven a growing focus on creating resilient infrastructure, including the use of rigid pavement sections in flood-prone areas. The higher cost of these solutions requires justification through performance and economic analyses. In this study, a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of rigid and flexible pavement designs is conducted using the North Carolina pavement design procedure to develop equivalent performance across alternatives. Initial and long-term costs were evaluated using deterministic and probabilistic methods. Findings suggest that optimized jointed plain concrete pavement can be a cost-effective alternative in widened lane configurations without shoulder drains. Unbonded concrete overlays also proved to be competitive when rigid pavement pricing remained stable. The high variability in rigid pavement pricing remains a concern. Probabilistic LCCA results revealed that including shoulder drains significantly influences cost-effectiveness. Rigid pavements with high truck traffic volume are required to have shoulder drainage in accordance with the agency's pavement design guidance. In this study, the LCCAs for the rigid pavement alternatives were analyzed with and without shoulder drainage to determine its impact on the cost-effectiveness of rigid pavement. Full-depth asphalt was the most economical option in over 80% of cases when shoulder drains were included, whereas rigid alternatives became more competitive when drains were excluded. Results underscore the need for a balanced approach in pavement design requirements and competitive bidding environments to enhance sustainability, resilience, and cost-effectiveness in pavement investments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2026 13:06:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706168</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the Operational Impacts of Dynamic Part-Time Shoulder Use</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the operational effects of Dynamic Part-Time Shoulder Use (D-PTSU) through a before–after analysis of weekday morning peak conditions (06:00–09:00) using field data from January–June 2021 and January–June 2025 on the Ohio I-275 westbound corridor. A hybrid Graph Convolutional Network–Long Short-Term Memory (GCN–LSTM) model was developed to impute missing Automatic Traffic Recorder (ATR) speed-bin data for the before period. Free-flow baselines were derived from off-peak observations to compute the Buffer Index (BI), Planning Time Index (PTI), and Misery Index (MI), while paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests evaluated statistical significance of observed changes. A Bayesian Structural Time Series (BSTS) counterfactual model was employed to project corridor performance under the no-intervention scenario. Results show that average travel times increased across most intervals due to corridor demand growth from parallel route diversion and regional traffic growth. Despite these increases, reliability improved greatly with BI peaks previously exceeding 0.5 fell below 0.28 following implementation, with 93.3% of all BI intervals showing statistically significant changes. PTI showed peak-period reductions of up to 34.0% on the most congested weekdays. MI declined at peak intervals across 93.3% of examined time intervals, demonstrating suppression of extreme delay events at the tail of the travel time distribution. BSTS analysis attributed a 58.69% causal reduction in BI and a 52.67% causal reduction in MI below their no-intervention projections. Throughput increased by 1000–1500veh/h, raising effective discharge capacity while stabilizing flow during peak conditions. These findings indicate that the D-PTSU improved travel-time reliability, mitigated peak-hour variability, and increased corridor discharge capacity in the observed period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 15:12:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mitigating roadside noise while maintaining effectiveness of shoulder and centerline rumble strips</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670412</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study constructed and field-tested ten shoulder and centerline rumble strip designs to evaluate their performance in reducing roadside noise and satisfying the NCHRP recommendations for in-vehicle noise increase to alert inattentive drivers. The external and in-vehicle noise measurements were collected using thirteen vehicles that include gasoline, hybrid, and electric sedans as well as SUVs, minivan, pick-up trucks, box trucks, and heavy semi-trailer truck to represent all vehicles on U.S. roads. The findings confirmed that all ten rumble strip designs generated in-vehicle noise increases within the 3–15 dBA range recommended by NCHRP. For shoulder rumble strips, the results showed that four sinusoidal designs and one traditional design reduced roadside noise by a range of 1.4–9.0 dBA compared to the baseline traditional design. For centerline rumble strips, the same four sinusoidal designs and another traditional design reduced roadside noise by 1.7–8.3 dBA compared to the baseline traditional design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:44:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670412</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimize Tradeoffs between Centerline Buffers, Lane Width, and Shoulders for Rural Undivided Highways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The research team will provide a practical framework for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to choose between cross-sectional design alternatives to optimize operational and safety performance on rural two-lane undivided highways. This framework will incorporate variables such as traffic volume, heavy vehicle mix, speed, and access density. Texas and other states have increasingly used a narrow centerline buffer area, separated by longitudinal pavement markings, to introduce physical separation between approaching vehicles, producing operational and safety benefits on undivided roadways without widening to a traditional divided cross-section. However, providing centerline buffers require reduced lane or shoulder widths. Project 0-7035 “Examine Trade-Offs between Center Separation and Shoulder Width Allotment for a Given Roadway Width” studied this effect for four-lane roadways with positive results, but less is known about two-lane roadways; understanding the benefits of center separation, along with the effects of various lane and shoulder combinations, would be useful for making decisions on cross-sections for new and resurfaced two-lane roadway segments. The research team will collect and analyze data for two-lane highways with centerline buffers and compare their safety and operational performances with traditional two-lane undivided highways. Additionally, the research team will quantify differences in the performance of two-lane undivided highways compared to other cross-sectional designs. The research team will use observed data and simulation to achieve the project objectives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:29:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652072</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gravel Road and Shoulder Maintenance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651491</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project documented and shared best practices for gravel road and shoulder maintenance to help local agencies improve efficiency amid limited budgets and shrinking workforces. Using Nicollet County’s proven approach as a model, the study showed that updated gravel specifications, systematic blading practices, seasonal scheduling, and reclaiming techniques can cut gravel use and operating hours by about 50%, saving more than $150,000 annually, with an additional $85,000 saved through shoulder reclaiming on paved roads. A key outcome of the project is the educational video “Gravel Road and Shoulder Maintenance – Best Practices and Innovations” and its companion flyer, which translates these findings into practical guidance for counties, townships, and maintenance staff. Together, these resources equip agencies with strategies that reduce costs, extend road life, and improve safety across Minnesota’s extensive gravel road network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:26:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651491</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Effectiveness of Inside Shoulder Widths on Freeways in Georgia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613361</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the safety effectiveness of inside (left) shoulder widths on Georgia freeways, conducted as part of Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) Research Project 23-22. The study integrates six years (2018–2023) of traffic crash data, traffic volume data (annual average daily traffic [AADT] and truck percentages), and roadway inventory data to quantify the relationship between left shoulder width and crash outcomes across diverse freeway configurations. Covering over 1,800 freeway segments (2,400+ directional route miles) and 255,000+ georeferenced crashes, the research categorizes freeways into three types: statewide freeways without barrier, statewide freeways with barrier, and Atlanta urban freeways, further stratified by lane count (two lanes vs. three-plus lanes), traffic volume, and truck percentage. Safety performance functions (SPFs) and crash modification factors (CMFs) are developed using negative binomial regression to model crash frequencies for total crashes (KABCO), fatal/injury crashes (KAB), median-related crashes, and median-related KAB crashes, with a baseline of left shoulder width ≥10 ft. Key findings indicate that wider shoulders (6–8 ft) consistently reduce crash frequency, particularly for severe and median-related crashes, whereas narrow shoulders (<4 ft) correlate with elevated crash frequency – especially at high AADT (>60,000 vpd) and high truck percentages (>10 percent). Atlanta urban freeways with high truck percentages (>15 percent) require 8–10 ft shoulders to reduce crash frequency. The study aimed to provide evidence-based insights on when narrower shoulder widths may still achieve acceptable safety outcomes. These findings are intended to guide context-sensitive design decisions, especially when they differ from current GDOT and AASHTO/FHWA standards. Where recommendations deviate from prior research, such as the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) or NCHRP Web-Only Document 306, they should be carefully validated and critically examined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Oct 2025 09:49:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613361</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identify Best Locations for New Flex-Route Projects Throughout the State of Michigan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577121</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Part-time shoulder use (PTSU) has emerged as an effective lane-use strategy to mitigate both recurrent and non-recurrent congestion. Given the operational and safety benefits associated with the US-23 Flex Route, this research project focused on evaluating the feasibility of PTSU on selected freeway corridors in Michigan that are prone to such congestion. An initial list of 16 candidate freeway corridors was identified based on a review of congestion patterns and consultation with the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). A series of comprehensive operational and safety assessments were conducted for these corridors. Delay trend maps were developed to visualize congestion patterns, and a macroscopic operational analysis was performed using the Highway Capacity Software (HSCS) Freeway Module to forecast the impacts of implementing PTSU on various operational measures of effectiveness. Results indicated that PTSU generally improved travel times and reduced vehicular delay and associated costs. Similar analyses were conducted to quantify the level of safety performance in terms of congestion-related crashes along these same corridors. A spreadsheet tool was developed to compare these performance measures across corridors. The performance measures were normalized, and an overall ranking score was assigned to prioritize candidate corridors for future PTSU implementation. The findings from this study provide a data-driven framework for identifying freeway corridors best suited for PTSU, enabling MDOT to make informed decisions for future implementation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Sep 2025 09:30:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577121</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety and Mobility Impacts of Work Zone Lane and Shoulder Widths</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this research was to quantify the mobility and safety impacts of different combinations of lane width and shy distance to the barrier for a given paved width in work zones. The research team developed a device to measure lateral distance and derive speed, vehicle length/type, and headway information under day and night conditions. Data were collected at 17 locations in Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Lateral distance data of over a quarter million vehicles were used for the safety analysis. Extreme value theory modeling was conducted to estimate the probabilities of right-hand edge line encroachment and right-hand barrier contact. Wider lanes were found to have decreased probabilities of edge line encroachment and barrier contact, while wider shy distances were associated with increased probability of edge line encroachment and decreased probability of barrier contact. The speeds of over 125,000 free flow vehicles were used to quantify the mobility impact. Linear regression was implemented to develop models for estimating free flow speeds in work zones. Work zone free flow speed increased with an increase in speed limit, lane width, and left-/right-hand shy distance to the barrier. A case study of a 55-mph posted work zone with two open lanes and barrier on both sides with 26-ft available paved width is presented. Results of the case study indicate that 11-ft lanes with 2-ft shy distance have a slightly lower probability of right-hand barrier contact (for vehicles in the right-hand lane) than 12-ft lanes with 1-ft shy distance, while having a greater free flow speed. This research has demonstrated how lateral distance can be collected and modeled along with speed data to assess safety and mobility impacts in work zones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:31:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deep-learning based recognition on paved road shoulder for the Namibia B2 highway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of road crash-related deaths worldwide has continued to steadily grow, reaching 1.35 million deaths every year. Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) bear a disproportionately high number of these deaths in relation to both their population size and the total number of in-use vehicles. One of the daunting challenges facing LMICs is the lack of road safety features and built environment and their required maintenance, which can be attributed to the rising road safety concerns. Namibia, in Sub-Saharan Africa is no exception. Routine road safety audits (RSA) can aid in locating areas of the road network that need maintenance and/or require the installation of safety features. However, constrained by the limited resources for road safety initiatives, RSA are rarely performed in Namibia and LMICs. Therefore, this study demonstrates a low-cost open-source technique that can be fairly used as a supplementary tool to ease the practice of RSA in LMICs. The study presents a Deep-learning approach for classification of the presence of road shoulder and its width on a small dataset from the Highway B2 in Namibia using open access Google Street View images. Results indicate that road shoulder width can clearly be classified with open-source software, readily available models, and open access data. Results from this study have the potential to lower the overall cost of RSA in LMICs and allow for the prudent allocation of limited transportation-related funding that can create a positive impact on road safety problems in these countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A before-after safety evaluation of wide centerline treatment considering the simultaneous changes in lane width and sealed shoulder width</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wide Centerline Treatment (WCLT) is typically implemented by simultaneous adjustments to lane widths and sealed shoulder widths to minimize the need for road widening. Studies to date, however, have overlooked these concurrent changes when assessing the safety effectiveness of WCLT, potentially leading to unreliable conclusions. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the safety effectiveness of WCLT while accounting for simultaneous changes in the lane width and sealed shoulder width to provide a more reliable and comprehensive evaluation. A before-after simulation-based Empirical Bayes approach is adopted by using a Panel Random Parameters Negative Binomial model with parameterized overdispersion. Specifically, the study evaluates crash modification factors of WCLT for nine treatment conditions in combinations of lane width and sealed shoulder width changes (increase, decrease, and constant). The results suggest that WCLT with both increased lane width and sealed shoulder width reduces total injury crashes by 74.33%, fatal and serious injury crashes by 73.40%, head-on crashes by 41.16%, and run-off-road crashes by 72.54%. On the other hand, WCLT with both decreased lane width and sealed shoulder width is found to be less effective, with a reduction in total injury crashes by 43.79%, fatal and serious injury crashes by 42.54%, head-on crashes by 60.66% and run-off-road crashes by 0.76%. This study will assist roadway designers in making informed decisions for implementing WCLT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 May 2025 09:33:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2540357</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WSDOT Maintenance Performance Measure Algorithms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project focuses on deteriorating roadway asset conditions, emphasizing the challenges encountered by the roadway maintenance division of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). The project goal is to develop algorithms for prediction models that will forecast the levels of service (LOS) performance conditions of six important highway assets: culvert maintenance, barrier maintenance, traffic signal systems, ditches, slope repairs, and shoulder maintenance. These algorithms are based on a data-driven approach. The algorithms provide a step-by-step process to develop prediction models. The models can be used to forecast LOS performance conditions and trends under various funding levels, allowing them to set performance targets that align with available funds and asset maintenance priorities, potentially preventing expensive reactive maintenance. Data collection included direct collection from WSDOT and two-phase questionnaire surveys to document factors impacting LOS performance conditions. Statistical analyses such as the Relative Importance Index (RII), Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk normality tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed to determine critical factors for each of the six assets. The project identifies the top five highly ranked factors for each asset, which are utilized during model development. Based on the dataset collected, a future study employing Machine Learning approach is recommended to develop prediction models for the assets. Prediction models serve as a tool for forecasting asset conditions, calculating base funds required for each asset, and optimizing resource allocation. Through the project outcomes, states will be able to improve asset management decision-making, resulting in safer and more environmentally friendly roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2025 12:03:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of an alternative design for single slope concrete barriers to reduce working width</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Mar 2025 13:45:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2521652</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improved Modeling for ACE and Ventilated Shoulder Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512628</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Embankment deformation that results from thawing permafrost foundation soils often results in safety and drivability problems, and in extreme cases can result in structural embankment failure. Regular maintenance (often on an annual or bi-annual basis) is then needed to avoid safety and drivability problems. Air convection embankments (ACE) and ventilated shoulder systems can reduce or eliminate thaw settlement and related maintenance problems, but they are expensive to construct. Improved modeling and design tools would allow better “tuning” of these systems leading to improved thermal performance and reduced costs. 
Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT) is currently using the Geoslope suite of modeling tools to analyze heat transfer in highway embankment designs, including ACE and ventilated shoulder installations. However, the existing Geoslope models are not capable of including the complex boundary conditions that arise when ambient air is drawn into and out of these roadway features, thus limiting the amount of detailed design that can be accomplished. The potential economic benefits generated by the proposed work will result from AKDOT design engineers being better able to predict the cooling behavior of ACE and ventilated shoulder layers. Currently these features are used sparingly due to the high cost of the required rock fill materials, even though they have proven effective at cooling foundation soils and maintaining the structural integrity of the supporting permafrost. Costs could be reduced significantly through the utilization of better modeling and design tools that would allow designers to reduce the required rockfill volumes without sacrificing the necessary amount of convective cooling capacity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2025 22:19:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512628</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility of Granular Road and Shoulder Recycling Phase II: Gradation Optimization for Improved Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509059</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The previous IHRB project TR-685 “Feasibility of Granular Road and Shoulder Recycling” (Li et al. 2018a, 2018b) involved construction and testing of several granular road and shoulder test sections in which existing surface materials were recycled and blended with virgin materials. One of the most useful outcomes of the TR-685 Phase I project is the Gradation Optimization tool (Figure 1), a spreadsheet that allows engineers to determine the optimum mixture of existing granular surface materials with up to three virgin quarry materials (along with a selected thickness of subgrade for plasticity if desired).

Conceptually, the optimum gradation is the one that comes as close as physically possible to a design target gradation having the tightest particle packing (Figure 2), which should give the highest strength and minimize particle breakage. However, the Gradation Optimization tool was developed based on actual California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests of low-strength crushed limestone aggregates from southwest Iowa, and it hypothesized that the design gradation should be different for other aggregates that have different strengths, angularities, and geologic origins. Additionally, the freeze-thaw performance and long-term stiffness and permanent deformation should be considered in the design of the optimized gradations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Feb 2025 18:47:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509059</guid>
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