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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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    <item>
      <title>SAFETY DOMINATES RO-RO DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/479756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Additional measures for improved safety on ro-ro passenger ships have been incorporated into the International Maritime Organization's SOLAS 1974 requirements and are due to come into force on 1 July next year.  This article discusses some of the safety measures proposed including the security of bow doors, limitation of flooding and stability after damage from collision or other cause.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>NORTHERN EUROPE AGREES ITS REGIONAL STANDARD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/479757</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Northern European flag states have finally agreed to impose a stricter Solas 90 + 50cm stability standard for their ro-ro passenger ferries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/479757</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RO-RO SAFETY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/479758</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Finnish company has been looking at the problems posed by ro-ro and general passenger vessel safety and claim that the ferries of tomorrow will be safer and more effective in operation than those afloat today.  This article outlines some of the solutions offered by the Finnish company including: rational cargo handling, damage stability and fuel economy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/479758</guid>
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      <title>SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF PASSENGER/RO-RO VESSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480224</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of the Northwest European R&D project on the safety of passenger/ro-ro vessels, a safety assessment study has been carried out.  Its objectives were to develop methods of safety assessment suitable for passenger/ro-ro vessels, apply the methods to an example ship, and provide guidance on how the methods can be used in the future.  This paper presents a summary of the methodology which has been developed and the principal results which have been obtained.  Qualitative approaches (known here as Hazard Assessment) and quantitative risk assessment (QRA) have been used in combination.  They have been applied to an example ship, which is considered fairly typical of the larger vessels in the Northwest European passenger/ro-ro fleet.  The results of the QRA are presented in terms of individual risks of death to passengers and crew, and societal risks of major accidents.  Various possible risk reduction measures are evaluated using cost-benefit analysis.  These techniques are considered to be potentially very useful in making cost-effective improvements to passenger/ro-ro vessel safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480224</guid>
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      <title>THE NEW SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR RORO PASSENGER VESSELS FROM THE 1995 SOLAS CONFERENCE AND THE 1996 STOCKHOLM REGIONAL CONFERENCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following the ESTONIA tragedy, in which over 900 people lost their lives, the International Maritime Organization's Maritime Safety Committee established a panel of experts to develop recommendations and proposals to enhance the safety of ro/ro passenger ferries.  The panel proposed a wide range of measures affecting many of the aspects of construction and operation of this type of ship.  The most significant change would affect their ability to withstand an amount of accumulated water on the ro/ro deck.  This paper addresses the proposals presented by the panel of experts to increase the survivability aspects of ro-ro passenger ferries, the procedure by which the panel addressed them and decisions taken at both the SOLAS and Stockholm conferences to bring those recommendations into force.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480456</guid>
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      <title>SAFETY INITIATIVES FROM SNAME AD HOC RORO SAFETY PANEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480457</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The tragic sinking of the ESTONIA, coupled with the previous ro/ro casualties, demanded that the international community take action to significantly improve the safety of ro/ro passenger vessels. The International Maritime Organization led the efforts to address these issues by creating a panel of experts to conduct a thorough review of ro/ro ferry safety.  This paper documents the parallel efforts of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers in the United States to assess the safety of ro/ro ferries in Canada and in the United States and to further the understanding of the fundamental mechanics of water accumulation on deck and associated capsize phenomena.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480457</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MEETING THE NEW SOLAS REGULATIONS FOR RORO SHIPS WITHOUT THE NEED FOR TRANSVERSE BULKHEADS ON THE VEHICLE DECKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480458</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of wing tank buoyancy and downflooding arrangements is commonly known as the "Glasgow Concept".  Three studies have just been completed which explore the practicability of applying this concept, in a range of variants, to an existing RoRo hull form and specification.  This paper discusses the effects of variations in the proportions and arrangements of wing tank buoyancy in relation to a variety of practical downflooding arrangements (making use of extensive cellar deck capacity) on the survivability of such a vessel following damage.  Two of these are explored as worked examples with results expressed in terms of probability of survival expressed in terms of Attained Subdivision Index using A265, A/Amax and SOLAS 92 Cargo Regulations.  The capacity to absorb accidental flooding of the vehicle decks without damage to the buoyant hull is also demonstrated with large reserves of stability and no tendency to heel or capsize.  The paper discusses the way in which such concepts might be designed to any prescribed level of safety, having survival potential well beyond that now required by NW European Administrations for retrofit to existing vessels.  An indication of those problems still remaining to be fully resolved is given including: additional structural weight/costs; resultant impact on cargo deadmass/lane length; and passenger, crew and maintenance access.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480458</guid>
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      <title>COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE RORO SURVIVABILITY - PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SOLAS 90</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480459</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concerted action to address the water-on-deck problem in the wake of the tragic accidents of the HERALD OF FREE ENTERPRISE and more recently of ESTONIA, led to the proposal of new stability requirements commonly known as SOLAS '90+50, pertaining to compliance of existing RoRo vessels with SOLAS '90 requirements whilst accounting for the presence of a maximum 0.5m height of water on the vehicle deck.  To "cushion" the shock waves produced by what is perceived to be too high a price to pay to comply with the proposed new measures and in view of the uncertainties in the current state of knowledge concerning the ability of a vessel to survive damage in a given seastate, an alternative route has been allowed which provides a non-prescriptive way of ensuring compliance and hopefully enhanced survivability, namely the "Equivalence" tests, by performing model experiments in accordance with the requirements of the SOLAS regulation II-1/8.  In response to these developments, the shipping industry, slowly but steadily, appears to be favouring the model experiments route, implicitly demonstrating mistrust towards deterministic regulations which, admittedly, lack solid foundations as well as a natural inclination to identify the most cost-effective solutions to the problem at hand.  This paper describes an attractive third route to tackling the water-on-deck problem which, following the IMO terminology, can be described as "Numerical Equivalence" tests using a mathematical model developed to effectively plan or, in time, replace the model tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480459</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEW STABILITY STANDARDS FOR NEW SHIPS - THE WAY AHEAD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the main objectives of the joint North-West European project "Safety of Passenger/RoRo Vessels".  A critical examination of existing damage stability standards is presented and the principal risks not covered are discussed.  Important stages of flooding, dynamic effects and survival criteria for damaged vessels are discussed and some possible solutions outlined.  Recent events have shown that passenger/RoRo vessels are vulnerable when subject to large scale flooding and that stability and survivability requirements must be improved.  In particular the principle of creating a second barrier of defence against technical or human failure is discussed.  Methods of performing risk analysis on passenger/RoRo vessels are presented and the results from application to existing and new designs are presented.  The possible role of Safety Assessment procedures in connection with ship design as well as in connection with rule development is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENHANCED SAFETY STANDARDS FOR EXISTING ROLL ON-ROLL OFF PASSENGER VESSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480462</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a direct consequence of the ESTONIA tragedy, in which over 800 passengers lost their lives, the Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization took immediate action to recommend to the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) the need to investigate all appropriate measures which could enhance the safety of this class of vessel.  The MSC accepted the recommendation and agreed: to establish a panel of experts to develop recommendations and proposals; and to amend the SOLAS Convention by an accelerated schedule involving a diplomatic conference to be haled in November 1995.  The panel proposed, and the MSC accepted, a range of proposals affecting many of the aspects of construction and operation of this type of ship.  The most profound change affects their ability to withstand water on the ro-ro deck: major changes are also proposed to lifesaving arrangements.  The panel recognised the imperative of developing a safety culture on and around passenger ships and the importance of enhanced training.  This paper explores the questions arising from the loss of the ESTONIA and the procedure by which the panel addressed them.  It describes the most important proposed SOLAS amendments and the way in which they are planned to enter into force.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480462</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>1995 SOLAS CONFERENCE AMENDMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following the ESTONIA tragedy, in which over 900 persons list their lives, the Secretary-General of the International Maritime Organization recommended to the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) the urgent need to investigate all means to enhance the safety of ro- ro passenger ferries.  The MSC accepted the recommendation and agreed: to establish a panel of experts to develop recommendations and proposals; and to amend the SOLAS Convention by an accelerated schedule involving a diplomatic conference to be held in November 1995.  The panel proposed a wide range of measures affecting many of the aspects of construction and operation of this type of ship.  The most significant change would, if accepted, affect their ability to withstand an amount of accumulated water on the ro- ro deck: major changes were also proposed to lifesaving arrangements.  A table is given which shows amendments from the 1995 SOLAS conference, held to bring the above recommendations into force.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480674</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FIRE SAFETY: ACTIVE COOLING VERSUS PASSIVE INSULATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New fire safety requirements, introduced by amendments to the International Maritime Organization SOLAS Convention, have had a significant impact on the complexity and costs of ro-ro fire-related upgradings.  Doubts have been expressed about the "benefits" of the new insulation standards, in relation to the overall safety of ro/ro vessels.  Alternatives to the application of insulation materials, as currently prescribed by SOLAS are being sought.  The paper describes one such alternative which was adopted for the recent retrofit of two existing Dutch ferries.  It utilised a novel firefighting agent known as "Pyrocol".  This "active cooling" alternative won regulatory approval for the ferry upgradings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS FOR RORO SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper examines the trends in ro/ro ship casualties worldwide since 1980.  A summary is given of the emergency preparedness requirements which are now being demanded by legislation, followed by a description of how the latest computer technology is being used to provide rapid 24 hour year-round response cover for ship casualties.  Finally a discussion of the special technical problems associated with naval architectural assessments of damaged ro/ro ships is given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RORO SAFETY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NEW CHAPTER IX OF SOLAS 74/90</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the approach adopted by Registro Italiano Navale during the early implementation of the International Maritime Organization's ISM Code, before its entry into force as a mandatory instrument in the SOLAS Convention and the implementation problems faced by an Italian shipping company.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPERATIONAL LEGISLATION, SAFETY MANAGEMENT AND THE ISM CODE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480685</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480685</guid>
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