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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Moisture susceptibility of HMA containing high siliceous quartzite aggregates: a comparative study of different hydrated lime addition methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2558471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrated lime (HL) has been used in asphalt mixtures to enhance the resistance to moisture damage in three ways, viz, as a filler, bitumen additive, and coating to aggregates. Quartzite aggregates are weaker in adhesion to asphalt binder due to higher silica content in chemical composition. This study compared three HL addition mechanisms to improve moisture-induced damage in hot mix asphalt made with high siliceous quartzite aggregates. Extensive experimental investigations were carried out, such as indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile strength ratio (TSR), and fracture energy (FE), to compare the effects of HL addition with respect to conventional mixes. The ITS and TSR results found that HL-additive and HL-coating methods improved the resistance to moisture damage. Compared to control mixtures, HL-treated mixtures showed 20–25 percent higher TSR values. Meanwhile, the HL-filler method showed better resistance to fracture than the other two methods, offering better resistance to fracture in the field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2558471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Condition measurements of reflection properties of road surfaces in Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the project is to replace the current standard values used for dimensioning road lighting installations with values based on actual measurement data. The goal is to be able to measure to a sufficient extent and geographical spread in order to cover all common types of pavements and stone materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:04:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2388969</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Geotechnical performance of isotropic and foliated quartzite waste as aggregate for road base and asphalt mixture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2362602</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quartzite mines produce a large amount of waste. Although the reuse of materials is essential for sustainable constructions, little is known about the geotechnical properties of isotropic (massive) and foliated (discontinuous) quartzite waste. In this paper, the potential use of these wastes as base layers and asphalt mixtures were examined by a series of laboratory tests and numerical simulations. This paper presents an analysis of the particle properties, durability, strength, and deformation response of quartzite waste in isotropic (IGM) and foliated granular (FGM) mixtures. Asphalt mixtures with isotropic (IAM) and foliated (FAM) quartzite waste as aggregates are evaluated using Brazilian tensile strength, moisture susceptibility, and repeated-load indirect tension tests, such as the resilient modulus and fatigue. To estimate the performance of these materials as pavement layers, numerical experiments are also carried out using the mechanistic-empirical design framework of the MeDiNa software package. As a base material, the mixtures showed plastic creep responses at the highest stress level (higher permanent strain of 1.2 % at σ3/σd = 360/120 kPa) and negligible expansion. The California bearing ratio (higher than 130 % for both IGM and FGM) and resilient modulus (average of 224 and 130 MPa for IGM and FGM, respectively) greatly exceeded the minimum requirement of Brazilian standards. As asphalt mixtures, both IAM and FAM met the minimum limit of tensile strength, but IAM showed greater stiffness. According to the stress–strain analysis of the MeDiNa software, granular and asphalt mixtures incorporating quartzite waste fulfilled the fatigue crack area and rut depth criteria, falling within the allowed thickness ranges for road pavements subjected to up to 5×106 repetitions (medium heavy traffic). This study provides support for the transformation of quartzite waste into a valuable byproduct.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2024 09:46:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2362602</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chemical Treatment of Quartzite Aggregates and Its Effect on Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mix</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2319694</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quartzite aggregates have poor adhesion with asphalt binder due to the higher silica content present in the mineral composition. Apart from conventional asphalt mixture testing methods, the surface free energy (SFE)-based adhesion evaluation method is most widely used in recent times to predict compatibility between aggregate and asphalt binder and moisture susceptibility in asphalt mixtures. This study tried to improve quartzite aggregates’ adhesion properties by modifying the aggregates’ surface with a nano-organosilicon (NOS), and two silane coupling agents (SCA) were used in modifying the aggregates’ surface. Results showed that surface modifications by chemical treatments reduced the aggregate’s SFE by increasing the aggregate nonpolar components to make a better bond with asphalt binder, which is also a non-polar material. From tensile strength ratio (TSR) results, it is found that the asphalt mixtures prepared with surface-modified aggregates showed better resistance to moisture damage with a 12%–15% increase in TSR. SFE indices like adhesion energy and energy ratio (ER) also showed significant improvement in adhesion between aggregates and asphalt binder, even in the presence of moisture. The ER values were above acceptable limits after surface treatments and showed a 100% increase compared with control mixes. SCA-1 and SCA-2 treatments effectively improved moisture damage in hot-mix asphalt with quartzite aggregates. One-way ANOVA was used to predict the effect of treatment methods and aggregate types on conventional TSR values and advanced SFE indices. The statistical results proved significant improvements in TSR and ER after the treatment of aggregates, but aggregate types do not make significant changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2319694</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Moisture susceptibility of chemically treated quartzite aggregates in hot mix asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quartzite aggregates are widely available siliceous aggregates that are weak in adhesion with asphalt binder. This study focused on improving the moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using chemical treatments to quartzite aggregates. Hydrated lime (HL), nano-organosilane additive (NOS), and two silane coupling agents (SCA) were used to treat aggregates. Moisture susceptibility was investigated using different tests such as retained stability, indirect tensile strength (ITS), and fracture energy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was conducted to identify surface modifications and the treatment mechanisms, it was observed that HL treatment forms the rough surface over the aggregate by precipitating CaCO3, on the other hand, SCA treatments make perfect hydrophobic nano-layer over the surface of the aggregates. After the boil test, Coating retention was quantified with image processing, and coating retention was increased to greater than 95 percent compared to control mixes (i.e. 40–45 percent). The tensile strength ratio (TSR) of HMA with treated aggregates was increased by 20–25 percent to control mixes. HL and SCA-1 showed better TSR and fracture energy ratio (FER). Based upon the study results, it was concluded that chemical treatment methods can able to reduce the moisture induce damage of HMA with quartzite aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Feb 2024 10:36:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2310595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Potential of Quartzitic Rock for Use as Coarse Aggregates in Asphaltic Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphaltic concrete material continues to be a much-preferred road surfacing material in Ghana, because of its benefits like lower cost, good resistance to high traffic volume, lower noise, and easy maintenance. The mix is commonly produced using bitumen as a binding agent, crushed rock aggregates, natural sand, and sometimes active fillers such as cement or hydrated lime or limestone. Because crushed aggregates from granite and gneiss have over the years yielded good wearing and binder courses, they have become the default aggregates used for asphaltic concrete production in Ghana. However, these two key rock formations do not cover the whole country, and in some parts of the country, they are unavailable thereby making asphaltic road construction relatively uneconomical in these parts of the country. This study seeks to evaluate the potential of rocks derived from quartzitic rock formation which exists in huge deposits in some parts of the country, for use as crushed aggregates for asphaltic concrete material. This is a comparative laboratory study of the characteristics of asphaltic concrete prepared using granitic and quartzitic rocks. The index properties of aggregates obtained from granitic and quartzitic rocks were determined. Then, a mix design by the Marshall method was carried out on mixes consisting of crushed quartzites as aggregates and AC 20 as binder with different percentages of active fillers of cement, hydrated lime, and limestone ranging from zero to 2.5%. An identical set of mixes consisting of crushed granite was also made. Then the briquettes of the various mix proportions were evaluated for their Marshall properties of stability and flow. The results from the sets of mixes and the index properties are analyzed and discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jun 2023 17:09:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of causes of damage to single-layer concrete highway pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2043519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Premature damage to the concrete pavement of a trunk road section after 15 years of its service life was noticed. The damage manifested itself in cracking along transverse joints and in the corners of slabs. Diagnostic investigations, covering a petrographic analysis of concrete and mineral aggregates by means of optical and scanning microscopy, an evaluation of the elastic properties, the degree of cracking and air-void parameters and an identification of the alkali-silica reaction products, were carried out on core samples. Multiple cracks in coarse quartzite aggregate particles and in cement matrix were found. A significant presence of microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz in quartzite particles was detected. Typical alkali-silica reaction products were unambiguously identified. The considerable cracking and the substantial decrease in the modulus of elasticity were correlated with the presence of reactive quartz in the quartzite aggregate and the alkali-silica reaction was found to be the main cause of the damage. Additional damaging factors, such as heavy traffic loads and frost aggression, are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2022 14:07:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2043519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rehabilitation of eroded trails and gullies on quartzite rock outcrops with native species in a high-altitude grassland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2065037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The quartzite rock outcrops and the native vegetation of grasslands located at the Serra da Calçada Mountain in Minas Gerais State (Brazil) have been severely degraded by extreme sports activities such as motocross and off-road vehicles, greatly damaging the abundant headwaters. The main consequences thereof were hilly and gully erosion processes with soil loss and the deviation of the water from its original paths. However, currently, there is no report of successful restoration efforts in severely eroded outcrops in Brazilian high-altitude grasslands (campo rupestre). Through the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), the authors found a high general erosion rate in the study site (669.91 t·ha⁻¹·year⁻¹), and the specific soil loss provoked by off-road vehicles on trails was significantly greater (49 m³ per 100 m²) than that caused by mountain bikes and trekking (5.8 m³ per 100 m²). The authors performed the physical reconstruction of eroded outcrops and surface water flow paths by allocating locally available quartzite rocks. These rocks were inoculated with different species of bryophytes and planted with native species under two treatments: un-inoculated and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores of the Rhizophagus irregularis species. After 2 years, the bryophyte communities showed a similar pattern to the preserved site, and the AMF inoculation favoured plant establishment of most species, especially of the Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Orchidaceae and Poaceae families. The AMF also improved the soil fertility, highlighting soil P, SOM, CEC, NH₄+-N as well as soil water content and water retention capacity. Poaceae family species showed an outstanding occupation, which was considered a functional indicator of rehabilitation success, functioning as a “hydraulic carpet” for water exportation, conduction and drainage across the outcrops. This study provides an eco-technology to restore severely eroded outcrops over headwaters using native species in the Brazilian high-altitude grasslands.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Dec 2022 09:41:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2065037</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Building the cooling roads with high thermal conductivity pavements to relieve urban heat island effect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1999698</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to propose a new highly thermally conductive pavement (HTCP) structure and evaluate the cooling effect of the structural layers and near-surface air. The HTCP consisted of coarse quartzite aggregates with high thermal conductivity instead of limestone. The HTCP and conventional asphalt pavement layers were placed in the environmental chamber. The incandescent lamp was used to simulate solar radiation to analyze the air temperature changes of the structural layers and near-surface air. The test results show that quartzite improves the thermal inertia of asphalt pavement layers. And the HTCP effectively transfers the heat accumulated in the upper layer and reduces the daily temperature of structure layers and near-surface air. However, HTCP releases more sensible heat at night, negatively impacting the urban heat island effect. This research contributes to the improvement of HTCP from an aggregate perspective and provides new ideas for mitigating the UHI effect.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2022 14:33:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1999698</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diagnosis of ASR damage in highway pavement after 15 years of service in wet-freeze climate region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1981824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Diagnostic tests were carried out on specimens drilled from a section of jointed, unreinforced highway pavement after 15 years of service. The section of highway was exposed to heavy road traffic, environmental actions of wet-freeze climate zone and associated winter maintenance including application of deicing salt. Premature pavement damage was manifested by visible cracking, mostly along transverse joints and in slab corners. Tests performed on core specimens included petrographic analysis of concrete and its components, using optical and scanning electron microscopy, also evaluation of elastic and transport properties, expansion potential, cracks and air void system. Numerous cracks in the grains of coarse quartzite aggregate were found. Reactive forms of quartz in quartzite aggregate - microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz - were abundant. The gel-like products in cracks in quartzite grains and in surrounding cement paste were identified as alkali-silica reaction products. Expansion of specimens exposed to an alkali-silica reaction-promoting environment indicated the potential for further development of such reaction. Substantial cracking and reduction of modulus of elasticity was correlated with the presence of reactive quartz in quartzite aggregate. The role of additional destructive factors, such as the impact of heavy vehicles traffic and freeze-thaw aggression was indicated by greater cracks in the slow traffic lane compared than in the emergency lane, associated with local marginal air entrainment of concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 11:30:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1981824</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of the physical characteristics and stormwater effluent quality of permeable pavement systems containing recycled materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper evaluates the physical characteristics of two recycled materials and the pollutant removal efficiencies of four 0.2 m² tanked permeable pavement rigs in the laboratory, that contained either natural aggregates or these recycled materials in the sub-base. The selected recycled materials were Crushed Concrete Aggregates (CCA) and Cement-bounded Expanded Polystyrene beads (C-EPS) whilst the natural aggregates were basalt and quartzite. Natural stormwater runoff was used as influent. Effluent was collected for analysis after 7–10 mins of discharge. Influent and effluent were analysed for pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electroconductivity (EC), turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO₃-N), reactive phosphorous (PO³₄−) and sulphates (SO²₄−). Both CCA and C-EPS had suitable physical properties for use as sub-base materials in PPS. However, C-EPS is recommended for use in pavements with light to no traffic because of its relatively low compressive strength. In terms of pollutant removal efficiencies, significant differences (p < 0.01) were found in pH, EC, TDS, DO, PO³₄− and SO²₄− across all rigs whereas no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found with respect to TSS, turbidity, COD and NO₃ -N. Effluent from rigs containing CCA and C-EPS saw significant increases in pH, EC and TDS measurements whilst improvements in DO, TSS, turbidity, COD, PO³₄− and SO²₄− were observed. All mean values except pH were, however, within the Maximum Permissible Levels (MPLs) of water pollutants discharged into the environment according to the Trinidad and Tobago Environmental Management Authority (EMA) or the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). In this regard, the CCA and C-EPS performed satisfactorily as sub-base materials in the permeable pavement rigs. It is noted, however, that further analysis is recommended through leaching tests on the recycled materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 May 2021 15:10:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1844106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Novel Asphalt-Mix Design with High Thermal Diffusivity for Alleviating the Urban Heat Island</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1729730</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ Excessive surface temperature of asphalt pavement in summer is one of the main causes of urban heat islands (UHIs), so reducing pavement temperature is a potential research perspective for alleviating the UHI effect. This paper proposes a new type of asphalt-mix design. The thermal diffusivity of asphalt pavement is effectively enhanced by replacing the limestone coarse aggregate (LCA) of traditional asphalt mixture with quartzite coarse aggregate (QCA) with high thermal conductivity, which accelerates the heat diffusion of pavements to reduce the pavement temperature and the air temperature near the ground. By designing the material composition of high thermal diffusivity asphalt concrete (HTD-AC) with different replacement ratios of QCA, the asphalt concrete achieves a higher thermal diffusivity than traditional asphalt concrete. In addition, the mechanical properties of QCA and its adhesion to asphalt were tested. It was proved that the QCA meets road requirements, and QCA can be used in the preparation of HTD-AC. Moreover, asphalt pavement with high thermal diffusivity was verified to have good service performance, which effectively guarantees the quality and safety of urban traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2020 17:53:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1729730</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating the condition number approach to select probe liquids for evaluating surface free energy of bitumen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672835</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Application of condition number (CN) approach is critical in selecting appropriate combination of probe liquids for evaluating the surface free energy (SFE) of bitumen. The CN approach recommends use of probe liquids with CN<10, however, several researchers have used probe liquid combinations having CN>10 without considering its adverse effects on the SFE of bitumen. Inappropriate choice of probe liquids may result in incorrect SFE values of bitumen, thereby influencing its compatibility with aggregates. Therefore, the present study is strongly motivated to exhibit the application of CN approach for selecting appropriate probe liquids. Further investigating the impact of CN on aggregate-bitumen compatibility, the present research work also aims at validating CN approach. A polymer modified bitumen (i.e., PMB40) and two types of aggregates namely, quartzite and basalt aggregates were selected in this study. Five probe liquids namely, water, formamide, diiodomethane, ethylene glycol and glycerol were selected, which formed ten different combinations of probe liquid triplets. The CN of probe liquid triplets was calculated based on singular value decomposition (SVD) method. Thereafter, using the SFE of aggregates and bitumen, compatibility of basalt-PMB40 and quartzite-PMB40 was evaluated using compatibility ratio (CR) parameter. Results revealed that except for probe liquid triplets with CN<10, the aggregate-bitumen compatibility was highly inconsistent when evaluated using probe liquid triplets having CN>10. Therefore, the present study addresses the adverse effect of inappropriate selection of probe liquids on aggregate-bitumen compatibility and also validates the CN approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Dec 2019 12:03:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1672835</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of coarse aggregate performance based on the modified Micro Deval abrasion test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The anti-abrasion property of aggregate significantly affects the performance of the pavement. In this research, the quartzite and gneiss which were produced in Lincheng County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province were selected as test samples. According to the American Society for Testing and Materials standard, the Micro-Deval abrasion test was taken every 1000 rotation times until 20,000 times, and the change trend of the Micro-Deval abrasion value was obtained. Results showed that the abrasion values were in the exponential growth rate rather than linear rate. Their R-Square coefficient was 0.99142 and 0.99916 respectively. The gravel information such as area, roundness, diameter, perimeter and so on were calculated and analyzed by Image-Pro Plus software, which provided a rapid way for the 2D morphology characteristics analysis of the coarse aggregate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Mar 2018 10:46:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A digital image analysis of gravel aggregate using CT scanning technique</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502620</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Particle shape is one of the most important factors which affects the gravel aggregate’s properties. It is also one of the important factors that directly affects the performance of asphalt pavements. In this paper, the gravel aggregate of quartzite was studied by using the industrial computed tomography (CT) instrument. MATLAB was used to capture the aggregate slice properties including reverse color, median filtering, noise reduction, binarization and so on. The three-dimensional (3D) aggregate model was reconstructed by using the software of MIMICS. The 3D model of the aggregate was further optimized. The best fitting cuboid, cylinder, cone and sphere information of the aggregate were obtained by using the characteristics analysis function.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Mar 2018 10:46:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502620</guid>
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