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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>A multi-strategy percolation framework for road network robustness under projected sea-level rise</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680047</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climate change, particularly sea-level rise (SLR), poses a significant long-term threat to transportation networks, necessitating their robustness as an essential part of long-term resilience. This study utilizes different percolation strategies (random, proximity-guided, and targeted) to evaluate and compare road network robustness under various SLR scenarios. Applied to Qatar's road network, the analysis reveals strong baseline robustness as evidenced by the need to remove over 23% of edges to meet the established threshold of reducing the Giant Weakly Connected Component (GWCC) to 50%. Meanwhile, in targeted percolation, Node Strength (NS) outperformed betweenness-based strategies in identifying critical elements, reinforcing its utility for prioritizing protective interventions. Proximity-guided removal showed that Qatar's road network can maintain structural cohesion even under considerable SLR scenarios. The decline in robustness exceeds the direct impact of inundated roads, implying that SLR weakens the network beyond the apparently water-logged areas. The framework's flexibility supports diverse applications, from gradual SLR scenarios to comparative assessments across geographic scales, from individual cities to entire nations. Actionable outputs include ranked critical segments and scenario-based robustness benchmarks to guide targeted upgrades (e.g., protection/elevation, redundancy), maintenance prioritization, and coastal adaptation planning. This transferable methodology provides policymakers, engineers, and researchers with a practical tool for benchmarking infrastructure resilience strategies and climate-adaptive planning in coastal regions and beyond.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 09:05:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680047</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Segment and OD demand from Europe to the UAE and Qatar: Trends and potentially underserved markets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665827</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air transport in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar has experienced rapid growth. From a European perspective, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, or Doha are primarily perceived as transfer hubs for long-haul traffic to and from the “Eastern Hemisphere”. Yet both countries are increasingly emerging as significant destinations and points of origin in their own right. Despite this, limited research has addressed the development of origin-destination (OD) passenger flows from and to these Gulf states. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of (1) the evolution of segment and OD passenger numbers from Europe to the UAE and Qatar, and (2) major OD flows that seem under- or unserved, which could hence represent potential opportunities for new or additional direct air services. The analysis is based on ‘Sabre MI’ data at both segment (“leg”) and OD levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665827</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Determinants of Personal Protective Gear Use and Adherence to Safety Standards among Motorcyclists: A Case Study in Qatar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of safety gear by motorcyclists is critical in reducing injury severity in the event of a crash. This paper examines the influence of rider characteristics on their selection of safety gear and adherence to safety gear standards. This study employed discrete choice models to investigate factors influencing the use of standard safety gear by motorcyclists. Moreover, variations in risky riding characteristics and non-mandated safety gear usage rates based on rider characteristics have been explored. The data was collected using an online survey questionnaire in Qatar from 439 riders. Results show that only half of the riders used standard safety gear. Despite the relatively high rate of helmet use, the overall uptake of non-mandated protective gear remains low. It is observed that the age group of 23–30 years is the low-risk group compared to other age groups, and the highly educated riders tend to be more risk-taking. Riders’ perceived sense of safety and past crash experience significantly interact; those who reported feeling safe while riding, despite having a history of crashes, were more likely to wear standard safety equipment. The study suggests that interventions based on immersive experiences, such as simulator training and accounts from injured riders, could play a key role in shifting how riders perceive risk and safety. Additionally, locally tailored awareness campaigns are necessary to improve both the understanding and use of standard safety gear among motorcyclists in Qatar.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 09:45:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>E-scooters in Qatar: Public perception, adoption intentions, and implications for urban mobility policy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite growing global interest in e-scooters as micromobility solutions, limited research has explored factors influencing their adoption in car-dependent, high-income contexts with extreme summer climates. This study addresses this gap through nationwide web-based survey in Qatar, where high private vehicle dependency, summer temperatures exceeding 45 °C, and limited cycling infrastructure as well as limited cycling culture create unique challenges for micromobility integration. The final sample consisted of 2736 respondents (339 e-scooter users and 2397 non-users), capturing usage patterns, demographic information, and non-users’ perceptions of public acceptance and intention to use e-scooters. Among current users, e-scooters were predominantly used for leisure and commuting, with males and notably, individuals without driving licenses using them frequently. Usage patterns differed between ownership types, with shared/rental users predominantly using e-scooters for leisure, while owned e-scooter users primarily used them for commuting. To examine non-users’ perspectives, structural equation modeling was used to assess influence of different factors on usage intention and perceived public acceptance. Findings revealed that regulatory and infrastructure support, along with social influence and preference, were the most significant predictors, while cost and service quality barriers negatively influenced usage intention. Importantly, perceived public acceptance strongly influenced personal intention to use, demonstrating that social legitimacy substantially shapes adoption even in car-oriented contexts. Sociodemographic analysis revealed that car ownership and higher income negatively predicted adoption, while non-license holders, non-Arab residents, and employed individuals showed significantly higher adoption potential. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners in developing targeted interventions to promote safe and sustainable integration of e-scooters. Such interventions include improved infrastructure, effective regulations, competitive pricing, enhanced service quality, and community engagement initiatives. While grounded in Qatar’s context, these findings can be generalized to urban environments globally characterized by high motorization rates, cultural preferences for private vehicles, challenging climatic conditions, and infrastructure limitations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 16:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable Urban Mobility in Qatar: Transforming Doha’s Built Environment through Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automobile dependence has long shaped mobility patterns across urban and suburban landscapes, resulting in congestion, social fragmentation, and economic inefficiencies. In response to climate change, rising greenhouse gas emissions, and volatile oil prices, cities worldwide are turning to public transit as a sustainable alternative. Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) are increasingly recognized as a policy tool to reshape mobility, urban form, and urban livability.Middle Eastern cities, historically reliant on private vehicles, are now making significant investments in transit infrastructure. Doha, the capital of Qatar, has undergone rapid economic and demographic expansion over the past two decades, largely driven by the hydrocarbon sector. To manage urban growth and enhance mobility, the city is implementing an integrated public transport system including the Doha Metro, Lusail LRT, and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT).This study investigates three interrelated dimensions: (1) the integration of transit infrastructure with land use as part of Doha’s urban transformation, (2) the development trajectory of the Lusail LRT system, and (3) the policy relevance and livability impacts of TODs in Doha. The methodology combines spatial analysis of land use and transit networks with policy review and stakeholder perspectives, allowing for qualitative assessment of TOD opportunities, challenges, and impacts on urban quality of life.The findings reveal that TODs can inform policy interventions aimed at reducing car dependence, enhancing accessibility, promoting mixed-use development, and fostering walkable, socially cohesive communities. Furthermore, they provide a transferable framework for developing socio-culturally contextualized TOD strategies in rapidly urbanizing, car-dependent settings. These insights extend beyond Doha, offering guidance for other Gulf cities seeking to balance modernization with sustainable and culturally sensitive urban development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622203</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A business model for inclusive mobility as a service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626162</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has received a growing global interest; however limited research has been conducted on business models that address the challenges of car-centric cities characterised by socio-economic disparities and underutilized public transport systems. This paper aims to develop an inclusive business model for MaaS in Doha, Qatar, a city that shares these attributes. Considering the city's unique socio-economic, cultural, and urban characteristics, and using data collected from a stakeholder workshop and an end users' survey, this research applies the value proposition, value creation and delivery, and value capture framework to identify important components for implementing an inclusive MaaS in Doha. Our results reveal the key mobility services that should be involved in MaaS to offer inclusive options for all individuals, including residents and tourists, of diverse gender, age, occupational status, income, and mobility impairments. To address the needs of these diverse population groups, public transport is recognised as the key mobility service for MaaS, while the valuable contribution of other services such as ride hailing, car rental and taxi is also highly acknowledged. The role of Qatari government is identified as significant by the stakeholders, who see the Ministry of Transport as the potential MaaS operator, while also expecting from the government to provide subsidies which will ensure the financial viability of MaaS, as well as support the continuous enhancement of public transport in Doha.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2025 08:49:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2626162</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reshaping transit-oriented development to enhance sociocultural harmonization in the context of Qatar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564046</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The widespread adoption of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) often presents a one-size-fits-all approach that utilizes Western planning concepts, which questions its compatibility for diverse sociocultural and climatic contexts. While Peter Calthorpe formally introduced the TOD model in the early 1990s, many of its core principles have long existed in what is known as the "Traditional City Model." Though, the relationship between these two approaches has not been investigated. This study examines the adaptability of TOD principles in Doha, the capital city of Qatar, a rapidly urbanized city suffering from significant challenges, such as heavy car dependence, limited pedestrian access, and lack of public transportation and land use integration. In addition to the "last mile" issue, it is showing difficulties for residents to reach their final destinations from transit hubs. The paper utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods including: (I) comparative analysis of traditional city and TOD model elements, (II) neighborhood perceptions and travel preferences survey, and (II) spatial analysis of TOD potential. Data were gathered from the Qatar Ministry of Transport (MOT), the Qatar Ministry of Municipality (MME), and Qatar Rail. Finaly, this paper proposed an area specific TOD policy that suits the Qatari context and consider the climatic resilience.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Sep 2025 13:50:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564046</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unlocking Multimodality: E-Scooters as First/Last Mile Connectors and Multimodal Hub Exploration in Doha</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567086</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Overcoming Doha's "first/last-mile" gap is critical if its new metro is to win riders in a car-oriented, hot-climate city. The authors therefore combined over 44,000 anonymised e-scooter GPS traces collected between December 2020 and August 2021 with hourly metro-gate counts and network-based walksheds around every station. Descriptive statistics, correlation tests and travel behaviour-centred user segmentation revealed how the two modes interact in space and time. Fifty-seven per cent of scooter trips began or ended within a short walk of a metro entrance, indicating significant spatial proximity between micromobility usage and transit infrastructure. Five distinct rider groups emerged: "frequent commuters" concentrate at central business-district stations, while "infrequent weekend riders" cluster at leisure destinations. Temporal analysis revealed strong integration potential across diverse station types: 8 out of 10 stations demonstrated temporal alignment between scooter activity and metro ridership, including business districts, cultural destinations, and residential areas. This alignment typically followed a logical pattern with ridership peaks, followed by scooter activity peaks consistent with multimodal trip-making. Only stations with minimal scooter activity showed patterns inconsistent with transit connectivity. These findings demonstrate that successful multimodal integration extends beyond business districts to include diverse urban contexts when supported by appropriate infrastructure. The Doha case shows that even in extreme heat climates, spatiotemporal analysis can guide effective micromobility policies that enhance both transit connectivity and broader urban accessibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2025 10:26:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2567086</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrating Hyperspectral Imaging and the Spectral Angle Mapper Algorithm for Sustainable Biofouling Management Along the Qatar Coast</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Globally, non-indigenous biofouling organisms are recognized as serious threats to biodiversity, economy, and human health. The authors' recent study confirmed that biofouling organisms associated with marine structures and litter along the Qatar coast pose significant ecological and economic concerns. Effective management of biofouling requires detection and classification methods. In this context, this study integrates hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and spectral angle mapper (SAM) algorithm to address marine biofouling issues sustainably. HSI provides a non-invasive, high-resolution approach to capture the spectral signatures of various biofouling organisms, while the SAM algorithm enables accurate classification by comparing spectral similarities. Sampling of biofouling organisms associated with marine structures and litter along the Qatar coast was conducted during December 2024. The hyperspectral images of the collected samples were captured using a VNIR (400–1000nm) hyperspectral camera. Atmospheric correction, noise reduction, and normalization were applied to account for varying illumination conditions. The SAM algorithm applied to the HSI classified each pixel based on the angle between its spectral vector and reference spectra of known biofouling species. Classification results were validated against ground truth data using metrics such as overall accuracy and confusion matrices. Distinct spectral signatures were identified for major biofouling types, including barnacles, mollusks, and algae. Pre-processing minimized spectral overlap between closely related species. The SAM algorithm achieved an overall accuracy exceeding 90%, with particularly high accuracy for barnacles. Its robustness was demonstrated under varying light conditions. This study highlights the effectiveness of interesting HSI and SAM algorithm for detecting and classifying biofouling monitoring, contributing to sustainable coastal management. Future work will focus on incorporating machine learning classifiers to enhance discrimination between closely related species.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Aug 2025 12:00:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Qatar’s road network under sea-level-rise scenarios using traffic simulation and graph theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sea-level rise (SLR) threatens every dimension of sustainable development, testing infrastructure resilience and adaptation. This research develops a multi-stage framework to evaluate road network vulnerability under varying SLR scenarios through geospatial analysis, traffic simulation, and graph theory. High-resolution maps derived from IPCC-AR6 and NOAA projections show that without adaptation measures, SLR may affect approximately 3–11% of land and 2–17% of roads in Qatar, potentially increasing trip durations up to 15 times. Importantly, the estimated impacts are indicative trends rather than definitive outcomes linked to specific emissions scenarios. In parallel, the paper examines the effectiveness of several graph metrics in evaluating road network performance under SLR-induced disruptions. The goal of this exercise is to identify metrics that strongly correlate with severity levels and simulation outcomes, supporting their utility in resilience assessment. Finally, the paper outlines a practical roadmap to advance SLR risk simulation and support the development of effective adaptation strategies to enhance Qatar’s resilience. The adaptability of the proposed framework and roadmap also enables their application to other geographical contexts, with minimal refinement and appropriate localization. Future research may extend this work by incorporating localized and temporal dynamics and analyzing additional critical infrastructure systems​.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Aug 2025 15:02:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Vehicle Breakdown Conditions of Motorcycle Food Delivery Riders with Demographics and Work Characteristics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motorcycle food delivery riders (MFDRs) in Qatar often maximize their income by completing more rides and disregarding regular maintenance of vehicles. This could result in motorcycle breakdowns that could affect the safety of riders and other road users. This study examines the relationship between self-reported breakdowns among motorcycle food delivery riders and their work trip characteristics and demographics. Results from this study indicate that vehicle breakdown occurs mainly from malfunction of engines, tires, and brakes. Riders with more experience, crashes, and violations were significantly associated with motorcycle breakdowns. Moreover, riders who used all the required safety gears faced fewer breakdowns, which could be attributed to the more cautious and risk-averse characteristics of these riders. To address these issues, training sessions should be provided to endorse the preventive maintenance culture amongst the riders. Furthermore, technological solutions, such as intelligent maintenance notification systems and incentives for regular maintenance may also be effective, particularly for low-income riders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2025 15:54:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543747</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the impact of perceived in-vehicle distractions on crashes and violations: investigating the mediating effects of inside-vehicle activities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543687</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inside-vehicle distractions have a profound impact on road safety by substantially increasing the risk of crashes and near-crash incidents. These distractions result in visual, manual, and cognitive impairments, which divert the driver’s attention from the critical task of driving. Consequently, this reduction in focus undermines the safety performance margin, heightening the potential for crashes. This study investigates the impact of perceived inside-vehicle distractions and actual inside-vehicle activities on traffic crashes and violations in the State of Qatar. Data was collected through questionnaire surveys targeting individuals with a valid Qatari license. Key distractions examined include mobile phone use (both hands-free and handheld), as well as eating or drinking while driving. The study also considers perceived inside-vehicle distractions, the frequency of actual in-vehicle activities, and their relationship to reported crashes and violations. The study used structural equation modeling to analyze how perceived distractions relate to crashes and violations, focusing on the mediating role of actual in-vehicle activities. The results reveal that perceived distractions from activities like driving and dining (perceived_DD), mobile phone hand-free use (perceived_HF), and mobile phone handheld use (perceived_HH) significantly influence driving behaviors. While drivers tend to reduce these behaviors when they perceive them as distracting, increased frequency of actual_DD, actual_HF, and actual_HH activities is associated with higher crash and violation rates. Indirect effects show that distraction frequency strongly predicts crash and violation risk, even if perceived distraction reduces occurrence. These findings emphasize the need to address both the perception and frequency of in-vehicle distractions, especially mobile phone use and eating, to enhance road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 17:00:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543687</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the Prevalence and Sources of Outside-Vehicle Distraction in Qatar: A Self-Reported Questionnaire Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driver distraction is one of the major contributors to road safety problems around the world. This research focuses on outside-vehicle distractions in Qatar, considering socio-demographic, road infrastructure, and traffic condition-related factors. The external sources of distractions studied include roadside advertisements, road signs, vegetation, construction areas, and traffic conditions (e.g., crash scenes, tailgating, and congestion). Data was collected through a self-report questionnaire specifically developed for this research, informed by existing literature, and tailored to reflect Qatar’s unique driving environment. 1740 valid responses were collected from drivers in Qatar. Tailgating lights was identified as the most distracting factor, followed closely by construction zones and digital billboards. These distractions posed significant challenges to maintaining focus on driving. Younger drivers reported higher perceived distraction from sources like advertisements and traffic conditions, while males were less concerned with external factors compared to females. Socio-economic features, such as income and education, also significantly influenced the perceived severity of distractions. The study suggests targeted interventions, including stricter regulations on roadside billboards and signage, improved traffic flow management, and enhanced safety measures at construction sites. Awareness campaigns tailored to specific demographic groups and enforcement of safe following distances are also recommended to mitigate distraction-related crashes and enhance road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2025 17:00:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2543667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban Microcirculation Traffic Network Planning Method Based on Fast Search Random Tree Algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unbalanced urban development causes complex and diverse urban traffic conditions, which complicates microcirculation traffic network planning. To address this, a method based on fast search random tree algorithm is proposed. An urban microcirculation traffic network is constructed using directed graphs, and road network interference intensity and capacity are calculated. The interpolation collision detection method is used to determine the shortest path while considering constraint conditions. By incorporating target gravity into the RRT algorithm, a growth guidance function is obtained, optimising the planned path and completing urban microcirculation traffic network planning. Experimental results demonstrate accurate shortest path calculation with up to 11% delay reduction compared to existing methods. Energy consumption during planning is lower than 10 k𝖩, ensuring fair resource distribution within the urban microcirculation transportation network. These advantages highlight the practicality and effectiveness of this research method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2025 16:59:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534124</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Governance as Success Factor for Implementing MaaS in Countries with High Share of Expatriates: Qatar's Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility as a Service, also known as (MaaS) represents a shift from traditional ownership-based modes of transportation towards access-based services. The success of MaaS, similar to any other service, depends on being user-centric. Still, due involvement of many stakeholders with different objectives necessitates establishing efficient governance to achieve the ultimate strategic goals for a sustainable transportation system. This study aims to shed light on stakeholders’ views on the success factors for implementing MaaS and how governance affects the development of MaaS in countries with a high share of expatriates, where Qatar was chosen as a case study. A model of the MaaS ecosystem for Qatar was established considering the core business among the data providers, transport operators, and users (MaaS customers). The extended enterprise and the business ecosystem were also identified to establish MaaS in Qatar as a case study. A workshop with different transportation stakeholders was held to brainstorm and discuss MaaS governance for the possible implementation of a MaaS system in Qatar, followed by a post-meeting questionnaire to evaluate MaaS stakeholder perception about their role in MaaS implementation and development. Although most stakeholders in the workshop thought MaaS could enhance the environment, sustainability, accessibility, efficiency, safety, and financial stability; many did not view data sharing positively. Improvement of physical infrastructure was considered an essential requirement for the success of MaaS. Subsequently, 50% of attendees agreed that Qatar's transport regulator(s) must run the MaaS system for at least the first period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 2025 11:47:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493245</guid>
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