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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7UHVtaWNlJnF1b3Q7IiBvcmlnaW5hbF92YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7UHVtaWNlJnF1b3Q7IiAvPjwvZmlsdGVycz48cmFuZ2VzIC8+PHNvcnRzPjxzb3J0IGZpZWxkPSJwdWJsaXNoZWQiIG9yZGVyPSJkZXNjIiAvPjwvc29ydHM+PHBlcnNpc3RzPjxwZXJzaXN0IG5hbWU9InJhbmdldHlwZSIgdmFsdWU9InB1Ymxpc2hlZGRhdGUiIC8+PC9wZXJzaXN0cz48L3NlYXJjaD4=" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of pumice and lime on the durability of concrete pavements against shrinkage and freeze-thaw cycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the enhancement of concrete mechanical properties and durability through the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials, specifically hydrated lime and pumice. The research evaluated control concrete (CC), 15 % lime powder replacement (L15), and a mixture containing 15 % pumice and lime replacement (LP15) to address early-age deficiencies in concrete pavements subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and de-icing salt exposure. Mechanical strength, shrinkage behavior, durability properties, and cracking propensity were assessed under standard curing and combined freeze-thaw/salt exposure, complemented by XRD and SEM-EDS microstructural analysis. Results demonstrate that the LP15 exhibited superior long-term performance, achieving 52 % higher compressive strength (59.8 MPa) and 53 % higher flexural (7.5 Mpa) strength than CC at 365 days. LP15 showed exceptional durability, reducing mass loss after 55 freeze-thaw cycles by 93 % compared to CC and 96 % to L15. It also exhibited the lowest autogenous shrinkage (818.6 µm versus for CC: 920.6 µm) after 150 days and significantly delayed shrinkage cracking initiation (6.6 days versus for CC: 3.6 days). The final crack width measurements at 120 days revealed LP15 superior performance (0.92 µm) compare to CC (1.41 µm). Microstructural analysis revealed that pumice incorporation promoted C-S-H formation through pozzolanic activity, resulting in a denser microstructure with enhanced resistance to freeze-thaw degradation. The synergistic effect of lime and pumice presents a viable strategy for concrete pavement applications, offering substantial improvements in durability and service life under harsh environmental conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Jul 2025 11:31:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569256</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Robust prediction models for flow and compressive strength of sustainable cement grouts for grouted macadam pavement using RSM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2429775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the utilization of pumice stone ash in cementitious grouts for grouted macadam pavement, aiming to enhance flowability and compressive strength. Partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with varying percentages (5–20 %) of powdered pumice stone (PPS) ash was explored, alongside adjustments in water-to-cement (w/c) ratios. Experimental assessments, including flowability tests and compressive strength evaluations, were conducted on fresh and hardened grouts. Response surface methodology (RSM) and ANOVA analysis were employed to analyze the relationship between pumice stone ash content, w/c ratio, flow, and compressive strength. The results show that increasing the PPS content from 0 % to 20 % led to an increase in flow time from 23.6 to 34 seconds at a 0.3 w/c ratio, from 9 to 19 seconds at a 0.35 w/c ratio, and from 7 to 14 seconds at a 0.40 w/c ratio: indicating reduced flowability of the grouts. The 7-day compressive strength increased by approximately 2–17 % when 5–15 % of the cement was replaced with PPS, but a reduction occurred at 20 % PPS. Similarly, the 28-day compressive strength increased by about 4–23 % with 5–15 % PPS, while 20 % PPS led to a decrease in strength. The results highlight specific combinations of pumice stone ash content and w/c ratios, particularly 10 % PPS at 0.35 w/c and 15 % PPS at both 0.35 and 0.40 w/c, that meet grouted macadam standards, balancing flowability and strength. Fit statistics demonstrate the reliability of the predictive model. Optimization aims to maximize pumice stone ash content and w/c ratio, with graphical representation indicating an optimal composition at 17.25 % PPS and 0.35 w/c ratio for efficient grouted macadam construction. Additionally, Significant contribution towards sustainability can be achieved by replacing cement with pumice stone ash in pavement construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2024 16:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2429775</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of performance of asphalt binders containing capric acid based form-stable phase change materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are functional and promising materials due to their tailored properties designed for various applications. Considering the wide range of applications, the use of PCMs with asphalt binders has also attracted attention in recent years. This study focuses on the effect of the adding fatty acid-based shape-stabilized composite PCM prepared by solvent-assisted impregnation to asphalt binders. For this purpose, a favorable material, capric acid (CA) was used. In addition, pumice (PUM), a natural and abundant material also known as lightweight aggregate, was preferred as the support material. The features of the prepared composite PCM was named CA-PUM, were examined by conducting the well-known methods, namely Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The latent heat of melting of CA-PUM was found to be as 46.58 J/g with the incorporation ratio as 34.96 wt%, while the melting peak temperature was determined as 30.93°C. The performance of modified asphalt binders with 0.5%-2.0% (wt/wt) CA-PUM were evaluated by penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) tests. Based on the performance test results, the modified asphalt binder included 1.0 wt% CA-PUM demonstrated distinguishable properties in terms of increased resistance to deformations, the highest softening point and viscosity values besides to highest rutting performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 2024 09:41:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Properties of pervious concretes partially incorporating acidic pumice as coarse aggregate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2135384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using pervious concrete (PC) as a pavement material in low-volume road applications has gained great importance since its positive environmental benefits. The paper presented herein addresses the prospective use of acidic pumice aggregate in pervious concrete. At a constant water/cement ratio of 0.30, two control concretes were produced with only crushed stone aggregates with cement contents of 300 and 420 kg/m3, respectively. Thereafter, the acidic pumice were replaced with the crushed stone at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively by total aggregate volume. A total of 12 pervious concretes (PC) were produced and tested for the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths as well as the total void ratio and permeability at 28 and 90 days. Additionally, the surface abrasion resistances of PCs incorporating pumice were tested at 90-day. Test results have revealed that the PCs incorporating pumice had better water permeability and surface abrasion resistance, irrespective of the replacement level. However, the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths of PCs decreased with increasing the replacement level of pumice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Mar 2023 09:32:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2135384</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of workload required for removal of drifting pumice after a volcanic disaster as an aspect of a port business continuity plan: A case study of Kagoshima Port, Japan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1873460</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For most major ports in Japan, a business continuity plan (Port-BCP) has been developed to cope with potential functional disorder in port operations caused by natural disasters. The objectives of a Port-BCP are to maintain the minimum vital activities, such as transportation of emergency supplies, under critical conditions, and to enable resumption of normal operations within a reasonable period. However, Japan's existing Port-BCP plans focus only on earthquake and/or tsunami disasters and do not consider volcanic events. This study assessed the impact of pumice fallout in the Kagoshima Port area following a supposed large-scale eruption of the adjacent volcano, Sakurajima. To estimate the potential volume and mass of pumice deposited in Kagoshima Bay, numerical simulations were conducted using a tephra transport model with varying wind parameters. Based on the results, the duration of the work required to remove the deposited pumice from the port area and navigation channels was estimated. Then, analysis of tidal circulations under surface wind stress was conducted using a 3D ocean model to clarify the characteristics of the currents in Kagoshima Bay. On the basis of the calculations of both pumice fallout and tidal currents, the surface drift of the floating pumice was analyzed. The total mass of floating pumice, as the object for removal, is presumed to decrease with time. Therefore, the temporal variation of the total mass of floating pumice was investigated by considering several physical mechanisms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Sep 2021 11:30:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1873460</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating fresh state, hardened State, thermal expansion and bond properties of geopolymers for the repairing of concrete pavements under restrained conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1852656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, slag-based geopolymer concretes, including partial dosages of pumice and silica fume, are employed as repair materials for deteriorated concrete pavements. Pumice and Silica fume were used to improve the fresh properties of geopolymer concrete, specifically the setting time. In this regard, a series of mixtures were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacements of pumice and silica fume by weight of total binder in slag-based geopolymers concrete, while maintaining the percentage of other parameters. Then, the characteristics of fresh and hardened states of concretes constructed using these geopolymers were investigated. The parameters studied include setting time, slump, fresh density, mechanical strength (compressive, tensile, and flexural), bonding behavior, drying shrinkage (free and restrained), coefficient of thermal expansion, water absorption, and porosity. In addition, the effect of the roughness of the substrate layer on the shrinkage of the repair layer was evaluated. The results showed that the addition of pumice and silica fume increased the setting time and workability of fresh concrete, reduced the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, and maintained the bond strength with no significant effect. It also increased the thermal expansion coefficient and shrinkage. Moreover, water absorption and porosity increased due to the increase in the amount of pumice and silica fume. Finally, the results confirmed that the roughness of the substrate layer has a significant effect on the shrinkage cracking of the repair layer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jun 2021 16:42:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1852656</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Role of Nanosilica on the Early-Age Performance of Natural Pozzolan-Based Blended Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This investigation focused on the microstructural, workability, mechanical, and hydration evolution of blended cements composed of natural pozzolan with nanosilica (NS). In Turkey, the most common supplementary cementitious materials are natural pozzolans of volcanic origin. Volcanic pumice is a natural pozzolan produced by the release of gases during the cooling and solidification of lava. In this study, pumice powders with two different levels of fineness were used to replace ordinary portland cement (OPC) at 15%, 30%, and 45% by weight. Seven mixtures were proposed with different levels of pumice fineness and OPC replacement rates, as well as an additional control mixture without pumice powder. Companion mixtures were also produced by adding 3% NS (by total weight of cementitious materials) into the proposed mixtures for a total of 14 different mixtures. Fresh properties measured by flow test and mechanical performance validated by microstructural analyses show that in the presence of NS, up to 30% pumice powder can be replaced with OPC without risking workability and 2-day strength measurements. In cases where the early-age strength is necessary after the first 7 days, the same level of replacement can be increased up to 45%. The successful outcomes of this study may compensate for the drawbacks of OPC use in concrete mixtures and popularize the use of natural pozzolans in locations where they are more commonly available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2019 09:24:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Durability of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Pumice and Zeolite Against Acid Attack, Carbonation and Marine Environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1505006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to their fluidity and simplicity of use, self-compacting concretes (SCCs) have undeniable advantages. Since the study on the behavior of SCC containing pumice or zeolite with respect to aggressive media as acid attack and carbonation is very rare in literature, the purpose of this study is to focus on this subject. In this study, the influence of the partial substitution of 10% and 15% of Portland cement by pumice and zeolite admixtures on the fresh state, compressive strength of self-compacting concrete (SCC) is investigated. For durability, resistance to acid attack, carbonation and marine environment is studied. The results show different behaviors depending on the nature of the pozzolan. SCCs containing pumice exhibit a compressive strength at least equal to that of control concrete at early ages and higher than the ones of the control mix at long term ages. In contrast, SCC based on zeolite has a lower resistance compared to the control concrete due to the presence of a large porosity formed during the preparation of the mixture. This study shows and quantifies the positive effect of the partial substitution of Portland cement by 10% and 15% of pumice and 15% of zeolite on improving chemical resistance in acid attack. The carbonation study showed a lower resistance of SCCs containing pozzolan, this effect is more important for SCC with zeolite. Additional studies on the formulation and the properties at the fresh state of concrete containing zeolite in order to improve the mechanical strength will surely make it possible to obtain better performance and thus better profits from this natural pozzolan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2018 16:05:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1505006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementation of a Testing Protocol for Approving Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs): Natural Minerals and Reclaimed and Remediated Fly Ashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) provide many benefits to concrete mixtures in terms of cost, -strength, and durability. Class F fly ash is the most widely used SCM in Texas, but its availability is dwindling while demand is increasing. Given the importance of Class F fly ash as a means to improve concrete durability, it is important to find alternative materials that can maintain the high quality and durability of concrete required in Texas. TxDOT Project 0-6717: Investigation of Alternative Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs), completed in August 2014, identified sources of Class F fly ash alternatives that can be used in Texas concrete and developed best practices for testing these materials. Lower cost sources of materials have been identified since the completion of that project and may present better opportunities for Class F fly ash replacement than those initially tested. These materials include natural mineral byproducts of other industries, reclaimed fly ashes, and remediated fly ashes. The experimental protocols developed in Project 0-6717 were performed on these new sources of materials to determine their suitability for use in Texas concrete. The materials were chemically and physically characterized, and their performance in cement paste, mortar, and concrete mixtures was tested. It was determined that some of the natural minerals were inert; thus, they are not recommended for use in concrete. Natural pumicite performed well as an SCM, including a pumicite that is quarry overburden and could be procured at a relatively low cost. This overburden pumice, however, did not perform as well as expected in testing for sulfate resistance and merits further investigation. It is possible that the overburden pumicite would perform better if used as at a higher replacement level of cement. The reclaimed and remediated fly ashes performed very well, proving their ability to be used as substitutes for “production” Class F fly ash based on the criteria established in this project. In the cases where reduced performance was seen in fly ashes, the problems should be easily managed through the addition of chemical admixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Mar 2018 10:12:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Engineered Soils in Canada</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343581</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The document will identify the three types of engineered soils currently used in Canada including cement modified soils, cement treated bases and full depth reclamation with cement. It will also identify the difference between cement modified material and cement stabilized material. The fine fraction improvement will also be discussed including: Cation exchange, Particle restructuring, Cementitous hydration and Pozzolanic reaction. The purpose of utilizing the three technologies will be presented, as well as, the type of material each process is best suited for and the amount of cement typically used in the procedure. The benefits of utilizing these technologies will also be discussed. The construction procedure will be presented along with quality control procedures followed. The final portion of the paper will identify some Canadian sites where the procedures have been used. Comments will also be provided on how well the various installations are performing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Feb 2015 16:29:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1343581</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Hybrid Polypropylene-Steel Fiber Addition on Some Hardened Properties of Lightweight Concrete with Pumice Breccia Aggregate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1252382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lightweight concrete application in construction field is growing rapidly in these recent years due to its advantages over ordinary concrete. In this paper, pumice breccia which can be found abundantly in Indonesia is proposed to be utilized as the coarse aggregate. In spite of its benefits, lightweight concrete exhibits more brittle characteristics and lower tensile strength compared with normal concrete. On the other hand, fiber addition into concrete has become widely used to improve its tensile properties. Furthermore, the utilization of hybrid fiber in a suitable combination may potentially improve the mechanical properties of concrete. This paper experimentally examines the effects of hybrid polypropylene-steel fiber addition on some hardened properties of pumice breccia aggregate lightweight concrete. Five groups of test specimens with fixed volume fraction of polypropylene fiber combined with different amounts of steel fiber were added in concrete to investigate the density, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength, and the modulus of rupture of the concrete mixtures. Test results indicate that hybrid fiber addition leads to significant improvement to the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, splitting tensile strength, and the modulus of rupture of the pumice breccia lightweight aggregate concrete and meet the specification for structural purposes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jun 2013 11:09:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1252382</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utilization of Pumice Waste for Clayey Subgrade of Pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1132098</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study examined the potential of pumice waste of the Isparta-Gelincik region, which has been categorized under the lightweight aggregate class as a stabilizing additive to problematic clayey subgrade of pavements. The physical properties of lightweight aggregate material were analyzed. In earlier research, few experiments have been carried out by using experimental samples to test for properties such as stability when frozen, solidity, strength, Atterberg limits, California bearing ratio (CBR), and dynamic repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests. The utilization of Gelincik pumice waste as a stabilizer was determined for the clayey subgrade. Pumice waste of the Isparta-Gelincik region and high plasticity clay were mixed in varying proportions to improve the engineering properties of the clayey soil. The CBR experiment was also performed to observe the change of strength through the use of waste material. In addition, RLT testing was performed by using mixed materials to observe the changes in the resilient moduli values of the mixtures. The results of the experimental research showed that Gelincik pumice waste can be used as a stabilizer for problematic clayey subgrades when constructing roads. This research is the first example of a stabilization approach for problematic clayey subgrade of pavements by using pumice waste.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Mar 2012 11:11:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1132098</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Pozzolanic Reaction Degree in Calcined Coal Gangue--Ca (OH)2-H2O System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1086004</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The pozzolanic reaction degrees for different calcined coal gangue-Ca£¨OH£©2- H2O systems was studied by determining the content of Ca£¨OH£©2 in the samples with different curing periods. The results show that the consumed content of Ca£¨OH£©2 in pozzolanic reaction in the system without admixture is related to the initiative content of Ca£¨OH£©2 in the system. An optimistic initiative content of Ca£¨OH£©2 is found. The pozzolanic reaction degrees may improve sharply in short curing periods with a suitable content of Na2SO4 being added into the system. The pozzolanic reaction degree in the system with standard curing is higher than that with water curing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Jan 2011 09:48:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1086004</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REACTIVE SURKHI (BURNT CLAY POZZOLANA) AND LIME-REACTIVE SURKHI MIXTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1081960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS EXTRACT OF THE CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE ACTIVITY REPORT FOR 1966/1967 DEALS WITH (1) THE HARDENING CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND AND REACTIVE  SURKHI MORTAR WITH LIME ADDED, (2) THE ADHESIVENESS BETWEEN THE REACTIVE  SURKHI-LIME MIXTURE AND VARIOUS MINERALS, (3) THE EFFECT OF STORAGE ON THE QUALITY OF THE SURKHI-LIME MIXTURE, (4) A PILOT MIXING PLANT FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF REACTIVE SURKHI-LIME MIXTURES, (5) THE DEVELOPMENT IN THE POZZOLAN INDUSTRY, (6) THE EVOLUTION IN THE STRENGTH OF SAND-LIME-POZZOLAN MIXTURES, OF LIME-POZZOLAN CONCRETE USED AS BINDER AND ROADBASE UNDER FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENTS, AND IN CEMENT-POZZOLAN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 18:56:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1081960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDRAULIC AND POZZOLANIC BINDERS FOR PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1081150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AUTHORS RECALL THAT HYDRAULIC AND POZZOLANIC BINDERS COMPRISE MAINLY CEMENT, HYDRAULIC LIME, GRANULATED BLAST-FURNACE SLAG, AND FLY-ASH TO WHICH LIME OR CEMENT HAS BEEN ADDED. THE MANUFACTURE AND THE ORIGIN OF THESE VARIOUS TYPES OF BINDERS ARE BRIEFLY REVIEWED, AND THE SETTING OF EACH AND ITS USE AS BINDER ARE DISCUSSED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 18:28:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1081150</guid>
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