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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Moisture susceptibility evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: combined effect of traffic and moisture</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628156</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To date, most of the studies to evaluate moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt have been carried out by quantifying the degradation of the mix properties due to conditioning that simulates the action of moisture in the field. There is a need for research on the identification of moisture susceptible mixes which show the material loss in the wheel-path under the combined action of traffic and moisture. The objective of this study was to simulate and analyze the moisture induced material loss, and also to identify a mix with the potential of moisture induced material loss that has shown damage in the field but not under regular testing in the laboratory. The Moisture Induced Stress Tester (MIST), Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), Dynamic Modulus in Indirect tensile mode, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and Model Mobile Load Simulator (MMLS3) tests were utilized in the study. The effluent from the MIST was checked for the gradation of dislodged aggregates and the Dissolved Organic Carbon content. The results from the effluent analysis showed the loss of material and aggregate breakage from a moisture susceptible mix. A similar type of losses from the mix was also evident from MMLS3 loading under wet-hot conditions. The results of the mix mechanical properties showed that the use of MIST in combination with UPV or ITS is able to identify moisture susceptible mixes, in particular for mixes with the potential of aggregate breakage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Aug 2019 14:31:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628156</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Non-destructive evaluation of nano silica-modified roller-compacted rubbercrete using combined SonReb and response surface methodology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is being widely used in highway construction industry (for pavement applications) due to its enormous advantages over conventional concrete rigid pavement. However, the major problems related to RCC pavement are the rigidity and relative tendency to crack due to low tensile strength. To address this problem, crumb rubber (CR) can be added as partial replacement of fine aggregate. High elastic and deformation properties of CR will increase the ductility of RCC pavement to absorb the deformation and strain energy caused by traffic loads. However, incorporating CR to RCC pavement leads to a reduction in mechanical properties which needs to be addressed for proper utilisation. Therefore, in this study, roller-compacted rubbercrete (RCR) was produced by partially replacing fine aggregate with CR. Nano silica was used as an additive to cement to mitigate the loss of mechanical properties in RCR caused by incorporation of CR. The non-destructive tests, that is, rebound hammer test and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were used to evaluate the performance of RCR. Response surface methodology was then used to develop models for predicting the 28 days UPV and rebound number (RN) of RCR. Combined UPV–RN (SonReb) models for predicting the 28 days strength of RCR based on combining UPV and RN were developed using multivariable regression (double power, bilinear, and double exponential models). From the combined SonReb models formulated, it is concluded that the double exponential model has better accuracy for predicting the 28 days compressive strength of RCR compared to the double power models recommended by RILEM 43-CND for conventional concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:15:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Characterization of Recycled Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A comprehensive set of laboratory experiments are conducted to evaluate the recycled steel fiber reinforced concrete. Steel fiber produced from waste tires is mixed with concrete with varied percentages by volume. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the steel fiber was coated with certain rubber from waste tires. The density, compression and flexural test, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test up to 130 days, Wenner four-point probe test up to 56 days, non-standard freezing-thawing resistance test, and drying shrinkage test were carried out on concrete mixes containing 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% replacement of aggregates by recycled steel fiber compared to control concrete. It is found that there was negligible influence of recycled steel fiber on compressive strength and UPV results of concrete. The relationships between strength of concrete, UPV, dynamic elastic and shear modulus were empirically determined. Besides, it was also observed that the addition of 0.25-0.50% steel fiber enhanced flexural strength of concrete by 5.6% and cracking size of concrete was also significantly controlled. In the durability aspect, the use of 0.50% and 0.75% recycled steel fiber increased surface electrical resistivity of concrete, which potentially helps to improve the corrosion resistance of concrete under severe environmental conditions. Additionally, the nonstandard freezing-thawing procedures revealed the increased compressive strength of concrete under lower-temperature curing condition. Furthermore, drying shrinkage of concrete was found to be significantly reduced by utilizing recycled steel fiber.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Mar 2019 15:41:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1572312</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Emulsified RAP Cold Mixes via Non-Destructive Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558668</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Curing of emulsion in cold recycling process is one of the important factors affecting performance of the recycled mix. In the study here, the effect of curing time and temperature on emulsified Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) cold mixes is evaluated using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test. The UPV test was also employed to evaluate its effectiveness in discerning rutting potential of the mixes. A series of 100% cold milled RAP mixes were prepared with conventional emulsion and polymer modified emulsion, with and without treatment with 1% cement. The specimens were tested with UPV at curing temperatures at defined set time intervals, up to 14 days after compaction. The rutting potential of the specimens cured for three days was evaluated using the Superpave Shear Tester. Results indicate that the UPV test is able to discern and capture expected stiffness trend among the mixes with variations in temperature and curing time. Results also indicate that the UPV test, as a simple and quick method, has the ability to properly rank the rutting potential of cold mixes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 16 Dec 2018 21:39:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558668</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Testing of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures to Improve the Prediction Accuracy of Dynamic Modulus Master Curve</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Proper characterization of asphalt concrete mixtures with respect to the changes in dynamic modulus (DM) with the applied loading frequency and test temperature is a key task for pavement structural design. This phenomenon is generally described through the use of a modulus master curve, which is an important input for mechanistic empirical pavement design tools. In the current abbreviated DM testing protocol, given in AASHTO TP-79-09, the limiting maximum modulus value, estimated through Hirsch model, is used to constrain the upper portion of the modulus master curve function. However, the predicted modulus values of higher shelf region can become an artifact of the presumed upper asymptote due to any inaccuracies in estimation of the limiting maximum modulus value. In this study, DM tests were coupled with a series of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests to investigate the validity of the current limiting maximum modulus assumption. Three hot mix asphalt mixtures prepared using different binder performance grades, i.e. 52-28, 64-22, and 76-16, were investigated. Experimental program consisted of DM and UPV testing of the specimens at 4, 10, 25, and 40°C along with a series of additional UPV tests at -10°C. Polynomial shift factor function was used to construct the modulus master curves. It was concluded that the Hirsch model can result in underpredicting the actual limiting maximum modulus. Results indicate the potential advantages of using higher frequency-range nondestructive tests along with the conventional modulus tests to improve the prediction accuracy of higher shelf of modulus master curve.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 16 Dec 2018 21:39:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1558672</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Evaluation of Concrete Containing Steel Fiber/Crumb Rubber Recycled from Disposed Tires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increasing interests toward sustainable materials, strategy to beneficial use of waste materials is receiving significant attention. This study focuses on the use of recycled steel fiber and crumb rubber produced from disposed waste tires. The goal of this research is to optimize the amount of crumb rubber as partial substitute for fine aggregates in concrete mixes and use recycled steel fiber for matrix reinforcement. An experimental program was conducted where the recycled steel fiber was used at 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% of aggregates by volume. Crumb rubber was added to replace 5% and 10% of fine aggregates by volume. Combined use of recycled steel fiber (0.50% and 0.75%) and crumb rubber (5%) in concrete was also studied. The physico-mechanical properties were investigated with comprehensive experimental characterization that monitored the development of the bulk density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), flexural strength, and properties affecting its durability (i.e., the electrical resistivity and drying shrinkage). The results show that the use of recycled steel fiber slightly increased the bulk density and compressive strength, enhanced flexural strength, slightly decreased UPV, considerably reduced drying shrinkage, and increased electrical resistivity. The use of crumb rubber reduced density, flexural strength, UPV and drying shrinkage, and increased compressive strength and electrical resistivity. An optimum mix is found with the combination of 0.50% reinforcement with recycled steel fiber and 5% replacement of fine aggregates with crumb rubber.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Mar 2017 16:05:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1438841</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Elastic properties of cement-stabilised mixes with steel slag</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1407281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the authors evaluated the elastic and mechanical properties of a new type of cement-stabilised material made with steel slag, varying the content of cement and steel slag. To study the elastic properties of these mixes, the authors measured their density, compressive strength and ultrasound pulse velocity at curing ages of 7, 28 and 90 days. The aggregate type and curing age greatly affected the elastic properties and varied much depending on the cement content. The Poisson's ratio chosen in analyses had little influence on the dynamic modulus. Various expressions given by building codes were used to predict the elastic properties of the mixtures. These codes generated very different values of the static modulus of elasticity, making most of them unsuitable for predicting the elastic properties of cement-stabilised materials. Using their experimental data, the authors provide the best combination of existing equations to predict elastic properties, and they conclude that measuring the ultrasound pulse velocity is a suitable way to predict the mechanic and elastic properties of cement-stabilised materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2016 19:04:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1407281</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk-Based Quantification of Loss of Pavement Life of Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavements due to Use of Moisture-Susceptible Mixes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is the most commonly used manufactured construction material for roadway and airport pavements. Moisture damage of HMA leads to premature deterioration of pavements and results in a significant amount of spending for road repair and rehabilitation. A significant improvement in pavement life can be achieved if moisture susceptible mixes could be screened during mix design. In spite of significant advancements in the understanding of damage mechanism and fundamental characterization of moisture susceptibility of mixes, there exists a need for a unified approach that combines a test, a conditioning process, and analysis method that can help identify moisture susceptible mixes and quantify the risk of using one, on a regular basis during mix design. This paper presents such an approach, combining a nondestructive test, the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity method, the moisture induced stress tester (MIST) and a Monte Carlo based analysis method. Tests were carried out using two mixes containing moisture susceptible and non-moisture susceptible aggregates. Pre and post MIST conditioning tests were carried out with ultrasonic pulse velocity method, and the results were utilized in Monte Carlo simulations estimating the pavements lives (and life cycle cost) for these mixes. The results show that the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is capable of detecting changes in moduli due to moisture damage in HMA samples, the results of modulus tests could be used, along with Monte Carlo analysis to predict distribution of fatigue life before and after moisture damage, and that a significant loss in fatigue life can be expected for mixes with poor quality aggregates due to moisture damage. A framework of testing and analyses is suggested for regular use for proper detection and quantification of moisture damage in HMA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jan 2016 12:41:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392969</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Setting Time Measured Using Ultrasonic Wave Propagation With Saw-Cutting Times on Pavements in Iowa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1300203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete setting behavior strongly influences scheduling of construction operations, such as surfacing, trowelling, jointing, and saw-cutting. To conduct pavement sawing activities effectively, it is useful for contractors to know when a concrete mixture is going to reach initial set, or when the sawing window will open. Monitoring the set time of a fresh mixture also provides a tool to assess the uniformity between material and concrete batches. The aim of this project was to confirm that initial set could be measured using an ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) approach, and to assess whether there was a relationship between initial set and sawing time for pavement concrete in the field. Eight construction sites were visited in Iowa over a single summer/fall period. At each site, initial set was determined using a p-wave propagation technique with a commercial device. It was also determined on mortar samples in accordance with ASTM C 403. Calorimetric data were collected using a commercial semi-adiabatic device on some of the sites.  The data collected to date revealed the following: UPV approaches appear to be able to report initial set times and Early entry sawing time can be predicted for the range of mixtures tested here.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Feb 2014 13:32:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1300203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity to Predict Properties and Performance of Pervious Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1288152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pervious concrete is a type of porous portland cement concrete with interconnected voids.  This material has been increasingly used to reduce the amount of stormwater runoff from paved areas.  It has also been shown to improve the water quality near low volume and low speed pavements as well as in parking lots. Due to the low compressive strength of pervious concrete associated with the high void content, it currently is not used in highway structures except perhaps as an overlay for conventional concrete pavement. The large, open pore structure of this material resulting from the use of gap-graded coarse aggregates and little or no fine aggregate allows water to pass through its structure, thereby helping to reduce the deleterious effects of storm-water runoff.  The pore structure features such as pore volume and sizes, specific surface areas, and interconnectivity dictate the properties of porous materials.  Since pervious concrete is a relatively new type of material, standard methods for testing its performance characteristics are currently being developed.  As with many other construction materials, control of density is important.  If pervious concrete is too dense, with less than approximately 15% voids, the voids will not be interconnected and the pavement will not drain.  On the other hand, if the void percentage is too high, the pervious concrete will lack the strength and durability to support traffic.  As a result, it is important to assess in place density.  At present, this is generally accomplished by removing cores, which of course damages the pavement.  Therefore, for this research, it was desired to related void ratio, density, and hydraulic conductivity to Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV).  For this purpose, a total of 42 pervious concrete cylinders removed from different field installations in the United States were collected and studied.  Density, void ratio, hydraulic conductivity (falling head method) of pervious specimens was evaluated. UPV tests were conducted on all specimens and the results were compared to develop the use of UPV to estimate the properties and performance of pervious concrete. Results indicate that the 76 UPV through pervious concrete may be related to density and void ratio values.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2014 15:16:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1288152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nondestructive Testing of Cementitiously Stabilized Materials Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289619</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, non-destructive testing of cementitiously stabilized materials (CSM) was studied using ultrasonic pulse velocity techniques. Flexural strength and flexural modulus tests were conducted on CSMs (gravel-cement, sand-cement, clay-cement, silt-cement, gravel-class C fly ash, sand-class C fly ash, silt-class C fly ash, clay-lime, and silt-lime-class F fly ash) and their P-wave velocity and constrained modulus were recorded. The effect of compaction, curing time, and binder content is reported and analyzed. For the materials tested, P-wave velocity decreased with decrease in specimen density, whereas P-wave velocity increased with increase in curing time and binder content. A strong relationship was found between the P-wave velocity and flexural strength (R2 = 0.90) and flexural modulus (R2 = 0.70 at 30% stress level). Because the change in density does not significantly change the fit, P-wave velocity is proposed to compute flexural strength. This study indicates that the ultrasonic pulse velocity technique is a suitable method for determining the flexural properties of CSMs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2014 15:16:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289619</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pulse Velocity Measurements in Fly Ash Blended Cementitious Systems Containing 43 Grade Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Investigations on the different supplementary cementitious materials based on the hardening properties and the optimized dosage in cementitious systems find the right choice of pozzolanic material. It is essential to combine various additive/admixtures in concrete in proper proportions to maximize the benefits resulting in cost savings in construction. In the recent years, production technology and composition of hydraulic cements affect the setting and early age behavior of cementitious material. The addition of fly ash in cement is one viable technology to derive maximum benefits in terms of the economy and improved pozzolanic reaction. Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing is a feasible method for evaluating the hardening properties of cementitious materials. In this study, an attempt was made to derive the engineering basis for understanding the development of hardness during hydration of fly ash (FA) based cementitious systems. The tests conducted using pulse velocity technique proved to be an effective method for characterizing the early strength gain properties of different cementitious systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Sep 2013 09:54:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Compactability and thermal sensitivity of cement–bitumen-treated materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1225549</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Full-depth reclamation is one of the most used rehabilitation methods for subbase courses in high-traffic roads. The use of both cement and bituminous binders as binding agents for reclaimed pavement materials can lead to mixtures having high bearing capacity and resistance to permanent deformation, avoiding premature cracking due to shrinkage. This article focuses on two main topics: compactability and thermal sensitivity of cement–bitumen-treated materials (CBTMs). The dosage of liquids in CBTMs is a key parameter in order to obtain an effective compaction. The volumetric characteristics and the optimum liquid content of CBTMs were studied by means of two compaction methods: Proctor and Shear Gyratory Compactor. The temperature susceptibility of CBTMs can be a valuable factor in both design and construction quality control. The influence of temperature on the stiffness modulus of CBTMs was investigated using two testing methods: indirect tensile stiffness modulus and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). While ITSM provided reference modulus values at strain levels and rates typical of traffic loads, UPV was used to estimate Young's modulus at very low strain levels and high frequencies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jan 2013 13:49:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1225549</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting Concrete Compressive Strength Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Rebound Number</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1113042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper shows how, as a general index of concrete strength, the compressive strength of concrete f(c) is important in the performance assessment of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The paper shows how many nondestructive testing methods have been developed to estimate the in-place value of f(c). In particular, the combination of rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, known as SonReb, is frequently used. With the SonReb measurements, regression models are commonly applied to predict f(c). The available regression models are not sufficiently valid, however, because of the limited range of data used for their calibration. This paper proposes a probabilistic multivariable linear regression model to predict f(c) using SonReb measurements and additional concrete properties. The Bayesian updating rule and the all possible subsets model selection are used to develop the proposed model based on the collected data with a wide range of concrete properties. The proposed model is compared with currently available regression models, concluding that the proposed model gives, on average, a more accurate prediction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Aug 2011 08:49:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1113042</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HSC with Expanded Perlite Aggregate at Wet and Dry Curing Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1084267</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High-strength concrete (HSC) has undergone many developments based on the studies of influence of cement type and cement dosages, type and proportions of mineral admixtures, type of superplasticizer, and the mineralogical composition of coarse aggregates. Most studies were carried out using natural sand. In practice, lightweight aggregates from various sources are frequently used in concrete. In the study, concrete mixtures with varying expanded perlite aggregate (EPA) ratios were subjected to dry and wet curing conditions. The variables for the mixtures were 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% EPA ratios, in replacement of fine aggregate, in dry and wet curing conditions. The 28-day compressive strengths varied from 40 to 57 and 54 to 81 MPa for dry and wet curing conditions, respectively. The research results show that both EPA ratios and dry curing condition induced the reductions in compressive strength. The reductions due to the dry curing condition were 30, 33, 35, 40, and 26% for 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% EPA ratios, respectively. EPA ratios of 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% also reduced compressive strengths of 11, 12, 17, and 33% for wet cured samples. The results also show for the mixtures developed in the study that up to a total EPA content of 30% is able to provide HSC for wet curing condition and only 7.5% EPA is also adequate to achieve the HSC threshold, 50 MPa, in dry curing condition. In addition, ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV), thermal conductivity, and oven dry density of samples at both wet and dry curing conditions were determined, and relationship between thermal conductivity and oven dry density, compressive strength, and UPV were exponential for both wet and dry curing conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2010 07:30:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1084267</guid>
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