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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>A Study on the Effects of Public Open Spaces on Area Image Perception and Pedestrian Walking Behavior in City Centers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To achieve to formulate a 'compact city', not only to move urban functions to a city center but also to make it more attractive space is required. To set up public open space is recently paid attention as one of the tools to make the urban space more attractive. This study aims to identify whether a public open space can improve the image of surrounding area and whether stopping at the public open space can facilitate people's walking behavior. A questionnaire survey in the neighborhood of Minami Ikebukuro Park was conducted, and the result of the analysis shows that public open space affects area image perception 'attachment of the area' and 'disaster safety', and whole area image indirectly. Also, people who dropped in the public open space visit more places and walk longer in the surrounding area.現在、コンパクトシティが人口減少時代の都市像の一つとして、その実現が求められているが、単に都市機能を駅近くに集積させただけでは、人が中心市街地に戻ってくるとは考えられず、中心市街地自身を魅力的な空間にする必要がある。その手段の一つとして、中心市街地における公共空間の設置があると考えられ、その意義を検証する必要がある。本研究は、中心市街地における公共空間の役割として、とくに周辺エリアのイメージの向上と回遊行動の助長に着目し、南池袋公園周辺においてアンケート調査を実施し、これらの効果があるかの検証を行った。分析の結果、公共空間の認知が周辺エリアへの愛着と防災の面からの安心感などの周辺エリアのイメージに対して間接的に影響を与えていること、公共空間に立ち寄ると回遊行動が助長されることが明らかになった。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:11:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1565625</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>'Lowering the threshold of effective deterrence'-Testing the effect of private security agents in public spaces on crime: A randomized controlled trial in a mass transit system.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498218</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Supplementing local police forces is a burgeoning multibillion-dollar private security industry. Millions of formal surveillance agents in public settings are tasked to act as preventative guardians, as their high visibility presence is hypothesized to create a deterrent threat to potential offenders. Yet, rigorous evidence is lacking. The authors randomly assigned all train stations in the South West of England that experienced crime into treatment and controls conditions over a six-month period. Treatment consisted of directed patrol by uniformed, unarmed security agents. Hand-held trackers on every agent yielded precise measurements of all patrol time in the stations. Count-based regression models, estimated marginal means and odds-ratios are used to assess the effect of these patrols on crimes reported to the police by victims, as well as new crimes detected by police officers. Outcomes are measured at both specified target locations to which security guards were instructed to attend, as well as at the entire station complexes. Analyses show that 41% more patrol visits and 29% more minutes spent by security agents at treatment compared to control stations led to a significant 16% reduction in victim-generated crimes at the entirety of the stations' complexes, with a 49% increase in police-generated detections at the target locations. The findings illustrate the efficacy of private policing for crime prevention theory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 2018 10:51:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1498218</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Atriums as the Urban Pedestrian and Resting Spaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487647</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is focused on atriums open to the public provided by private enterprises as a supplement to the lack of open spaces in the contemporary city. For this kind of atriums to be effectively used by city residents, attention should be paid to a disposition of pedestrian and resting spaces in the atrium as an important factor to be considered in the process of planning and design. First, atriums were classified based on the condition of disposition in the building and the form of main pedestrian path. Through the observation survey of the user's behavior, it was concluded that several physical conditions of the effective resting space were related to pedestrian paths. Tentative planning guidelines on each type of atriums were then proposed.都市の公的空間を拡大する上で重要な役割を担うアトリウムの計画指針作成のための基礎的検討として、歩行動線、滞留空間といった配置計画に関わる事項を中心に歩行・滞留空間としてのアトリウムの利用実態を分析した。歩行動線の分析からは、経路選択には経路長とともに経路幅が重要であることなどを確認した。滞留空間の分析からは、利用主体の条件に応じた計画の必要性および滞留しやすい環境の条件を論じるなど、計画の数字的条件整理に有用と思われるいくつかの知見を得た。アトリウムの公共性を踏まえた歩行・滞留空間の計画指針作成には、空間利用主体の特性と周辺環境の条件までを考慮した分析が必要であり、調査対の拡大とともに今後の課題とされる。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jan 2018 10:39:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487647</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Does improving the physical street environment create satisfactory and active streets? Evidence from Seoul’s Design Street Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1441722</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the overall interest regarding pedestrian-friendly environments grows, street-improvement projects are continually implemented. These projects aim to encourage walking activities and promote street-based social activities through the improvement of pedestrian environments; however, only a few studies have empirically evaluated the impact of street improvement on pedestrian satisfaction and pedestrian volume. The present research study examines the influence of the Design Street Project of Seoul, Korea, for which sidewalks, public spaces, and the other physical elements of streets were improved. For a difference-in-difference analysis, the pedestrian-satisfaction levels and the pedestrian volumes of the Design Streets and the matching areas from before and after the implementation of the Design Street Project are compared. Multilevel models indicate that the improvement of the street environment positively influences pedestrian-satisfaction levels, but is not effective for increasing the pedestrian volume. The results imply that the physical improvement of street environments can be effective for the elevation of pedestrian-satisfaction levels, as well as quality of life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Feb 2017 16:41:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1441722</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable Mobility, Liability, and Public Space in Historic Village Cores: Case Study of Lija, Malta</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1437417</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the 1990s the Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands has sought to guide planning in the island state of Malta to encourage socio-economic development, to promote the efficient use of land, and to help improve the environment. The early 90s also witnessed the introduction of Local Councils, representing a first step in the devolution of central state powers on the islands. Amongst their more operational functions within urban areas, the Local Councils are intended to upkeep, maintain and improve roads, to establish and maintain open public spaces, pedestrian and parking areas, and to propose changes in traffic schemes. This paper presents the case study of Lija, a historical village in Malta, and the process involved in the development of a sustainable mobility and urban environment strategy. The objectives of this paper are; (i) to describe the situation in Lija and assess the potential for improving livability, (ii) to document the development of a strategy for sustainable mobility and enhanced quality of life, (iii) to identify the challenges and gaps in the planning and regulatory framework for proposals by Local Councils. The study uses field surveys for the collection of base data and direct observation, with the authors being involved in the development of the strategy. Results show a considerable number of challenges that inhibit Councils’ abilities to be pro-active about their localities’ futures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2017 10:43:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1437417</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A study on walking pathway for elderly people focusing on the continuity of pedestrian space seen at the Shinsui Park</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427811</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Tokyo, Green network Policy has been advocated that calls for the need of public space with lush greenery. In rapid step with the aging of the population, more and more public spaces for elderly people are demanded. Shinsui park in Koto-ku has the consecutive pedestrian space, forming the excellent green network. The park has grown in great use and popularity among elderly people. This study explains the impacts on the elderly people from this unique Shinsui park in Koto-ku. The following three points were clarified. 1) The most common reason the elderly people prefer this park is that it's a car-free zone. 2) The initial opening of the park motivated the most of the elderly users. 3) The following factors expand their sphere of activities. The park is extended long-wise, the pedestrian space provides continuity environment, and there are necessary living facilities on both sides of the pathway.東京都は都市戦略目標の一つに緑のネットワーク計画を掲げており、それによる生活空間ネットワークの形成を期待している。中でも江東区にある親水公園は線的に広がる歩行空間となっており、水と緑のネットワークの形成要素になっている。また、親水公園が川の埋め立てにより形成されたことから橋の下をくぐるなど、一般道路との平面交差が少ないため歩行空間に連続性が見られる。一方で、高齢化に伴い高齢者が安心して外出することのできる歩行空間の整備も求められる。この研究では高齢者を対象に親水公園の歩行空間について調査を行う。具体的には、高齢者が親水公園を歩行空間として選択する理由や利用の目的、親水公園を利用し始めた時期、親水公園を介した高齢者の行動範囲である。それにより、江東区の特徴的な親水公園が高齢者の行動範囲に与える影響について明らかにし、高齢者の歩行空間について考察する。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427811</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Time-Spending Behavior by Pedestrians in Public Spaces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public spaces in urban area should be "third place" for gathering diverse people. It is one of solutions for a contemporary problem of disintegrated community. This article looks at Marunouchi Naka-dori Street where is located OMY district, in the central area of Tokyo. This study specially focuses on movable chairs as primary element and considers about ways of making comfortable places. It figured out time-spending and behavioral patterns by users through a field survey for actual condition of the street on November of 2015. The survey results showed that it can become a comfortable place for variety of people like neighbor of workers and multi-generation visitors.本研究の目的は、広場的利用を促進するのに有効な手段であると一般的に言われている可動椅子・可動テーブルを歩行者天国の車道部に置いた場合、「実際にどのように使われるのか」について検証し、その有効性を確認することである。本研究では、社会実験の一環として東京都千代田区丸の内仲通りの車道部に歩行者の滞留の場を設け、平日及び休日のそれぞれ各1日における歩行者の属性、滞留時間、行為について観察調査を行う。調査の結果、以下が確認された。(1)平日と休日で差がある利用者、行為に柔軟に対応できている。（2）可動性は、需要と配置されたファニチュアの数の齟齬を解決する手段として機能している。（3）可動椅子は、ベビーカーなどを利用する家族にも柔軟に対応できている。以上、人数によらず、また多様な滞留者に対応できる公共的空間の滞留の場に可動椅子・可動テーブルが適していることが確認された。特に今回のように道路空間の車道部の場合、緊急時の通行等の妨げにもならないよう、手軽に持ち上げることができるファニチュアによって広場空間として滞留の場を設けることが重要であり、本研究でその有効性を確認することができた。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:24:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PLANNING PROCESS OF “PEDESTRIAN PLAZA” IN TIMES SQUARE, NEW YORK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1418014</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, reinvention of public spaces is receiving academic and practical attentions. The purpose of this paper is to make clear the planning process of “pedestrian plaza” in Times Square as a result of collaborative efforts by Times Square Alliance, New York City-Department of Transportation (NYC-DOT) and other professional organizations. The following four facts are pointed out and discussed as lessons from the process: 1) continuous initiative by Transportation Security Administration (TSA) as an area management organization, 2) supports from the professional sector, in particular, non-profit organizations for remaking the public realm, 3) leaderships by the mayor and the commissioner, 4) connection between local pedestrianization and transformation of the city’s structure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2016 11:12:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1418014</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY ON THE PARKS DESIGN OF STREETS IN SAN FRANCISCO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1418022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ This research aims to analyze the "parklet" and "plaza" generated by the Pavement to Parks Program in U.S. San Francisco and to consider the main point in the case of planning, designing and using a street as a place for people's exchange and stationary. It become clear that the half of streets which parklet and plaza are installed have characterized by concentration of neighborhood shops and have the location which public access is easy to obtained. The design of parklet and plaza has attained pedestrian friendly and desirable amenity for people. And also it is the design as inclusive public space which people can continue to stay without interference mutually. The parklet as public space and the sidewalk seat in front of the cafe is articulated and both parklet and plaza serve as open space which includes people's various activities. In addition, sustainable design here assumes not to maintenance-free and durability of initial condition but to frequent maintenance and repair. It also become clear that the purpose of plaza project is the making people's place on the street and the purpose of parklet project are street beautification and to put the rest space. As for the plaza, the temporary one is built first and then improved in full-scale. And it is the issue that not only a control of the undesirable use such as crime prevention but also a promotion of the desirable use such as an event. As for the parklet, the maintenance issues for each cases, such as a cleaning, a burden of the repairing cost in a hardware, and so forth. It can be summarized in the problem of fund. It is considered that the pavement to parks program create a place of human-centered on the road. Seating space of parklet is designed so that many and unspecified persons may not carry out mutual interference but may continue to stay, and also to be a inclusive humane space on the street. The installer of parklet and plaza has been recognized as a host rather than maintenance administrator. Although maintenance of a parklet is managed by the shops in front, it is not use for commercial. Design and use of parklet and shops are separated. Although the parklet manual shows the guideline of its location criteria and design elements, the its design is diverse, in particular, the part of user interface. It would say that parklet create a public open space on the street in the user's point of view. In parklet and plaza design, priority seems to be given to humane and desirable amenity over the durability that assumes the repair and frequent maintenance. It is thought that this design offers comfortableness. Event use, safety, and aesthetic are contributed to comfort for people, too. The process of temporary plaza improvement promotes sympathy and agreement formation of a local community with verification of their various subjects through its experimental introduction. By trial and error, it enables the design which gives priority to atmosphere or creativity over durability. It is thought that these two points offer the process of both the publicness in a user viewpoint and the people's comfortableness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2016 11:12:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1418022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Method to Analyze Walking Environments of Historic Conservation Areas Based on PSPL Theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1362539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As walking is a main independent and connected trip mode in historic conservation areas, the improvement of walking environments is beneficial to both the sustainable development of the environment and to people’s health. Based on PSPL theory and walking characteristics of historic conservation areas, this paper puts forward an investigation system to describe the walking environment through pedestrians, their activities and quality of public space. An analysis model using the collected data was established and applied in the Confucius Temple in Nanjing, which makes great contributions to setting a target of improvement, defining the existing deficiencies and potential for improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:26:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1362539</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPATIAL RELATION BETWEEN PUBLIC STREET SPACES AND PRESENCE OF GREEN IN SANTA CROCE OF VENICE –Analysis from the perspective of spatial characteristics of boarder zones of architectures and streets–</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The distribution of greens on boarder zones of architectures and streets in Venice was surveyed in situ and mapped by use of geographic information systems (GIS). And its tendency was analyzed from the perspective of spatial characteristics on public spaces, using the logistic regression analysis and the cross tabulation. Important results are discovered through the study. The properties of public spaces like as the width of frontal lanes and the existence of Fondamenta, which are typical spatial forms in Venice, are influential for presence of green around walls. Green on gardens tends to exists beyond the walls of ends of lanes. And it is also concluded that influencing factors for each type of green differ according to their types, while they are also different from each other in different places. For instance, Campo or Campiello are key factors in one district for the presence of window side green, but in the other district they do not play an important role. Furthermore the width of frontal lane influences the emergence of window side green, but as to other types does not so. Many of such differences are able to be understood from the points of view of the history of urban development in Venice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2015 15:46:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Struggle over the Streets: Industrialization and the Fight over the Corporate Control of Street Space in Philadelphia, 1830–1860</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Between 1830 and 1860, Philadelphia's streets became the focus of a series of physical and legal disputes as new infrastructure technologies transformed the streets from a social to a corporate space. Early in the nineteenth century the city gave its residents control and responsibility for the streets creating what amounted to an urban commons. In the 1830s, city ordinances and state charters gave the companies building large infrastructure technologies like streetcar systems and telegraph lines rights to the streets. These new laws effectively made street space a corporately owned public space. Many residents of Philadelphia resisted these changes and their resistance highlights the incompatibility of residentially and corporately controlled public space.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2013 10:37:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263370</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Containment in the city : highways, boundaries, bodies, and the politics of urban space</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1221722</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Nov 2012 14:08:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1221722</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Conflux : infrastructure for a hyper-connected urbanism</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1221463</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Nov 2012 13:52:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1221463</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Re-purposing public transit : stimulating social activity in Calgary's public realm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1220664</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Nov 2012 12:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1220664</guid>
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