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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Do determinants of EV purchase intent vary across the spectrum? Evidence from Bayesian analysis of US survey data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While electric vehicle (EV) adoption has been widely studied, most research focuses on the average effects of predictors on purchase intent, overlooking variation across the distribution of EV purchase intent. This paper makes a threefold contribution by analyzing four unique explanatory variables, leveraging large-scale US survey data from 2021 to 2023, and employing Bayesian ordinal probit and Bayesian ordinal quantile modeling to evaluate the effects of these variables—while controlling for other commonly used covariates—on EV purchase intent, both on average and across its full distribution. By modeling purchase intent as an ordered outcome—from “not at all likely” to “very likely”—we reveal how covariate effects differ across levels of interest. This is the first application of ordinal quantile modeling in the EV adoption literature, uncovering heterogeneity in how potential buyers respond to key factors. For instance, confidence in development of charging infrastructure and belief in environmental benefits are linked not only to higher interest among respondents likely to adopt EVs, but also to reduced resistance among more skeptical respondents. Notably, we identify a gap between the prevalence and influence of key predictors: although few respondents report strong infrastructure confidence or frequent EV information exposure, both factors are strongly associated with increased intent across the spectrum. These findings suggest clear opportunities for targeted communication and outreach, alongside infrastructure investment, to support widespread EV adoption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 17:02:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2685540</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Improving the Uptake of Climate Change Adaptation in the Decision-Making Processes of Road Authorities; Output of the ICARUS Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671836</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of climate change and resilience considerations into the decision-making processes of National Road Administrations (NRAs) represents a delicate balancing act between ambition and pragmatism. A critical question is how to establish and execute a decision case for resilience through adaptation, finding equilibrium between service level requirements for the road network and the costs and benefits associated with enhancing resilience. The ICARUS project, funded by the Conference of European Directors of Roads (CEDR) emphasizes the importance of striking the right balance between service levels and costs, analogous to the mythologic figure Icarus flying neither too high nor too low. While European NRAs acknowledge the impact of climate change on their assets and operations, the full integration of adaptation strategies remains a formidable challenge. The ICARUS project aims to bridge this gap by advancing the state of the art in climate change resilience assessments, impact evaluation, cost-benefit assessments, and the implementation of nature-based solutions, while providing practical guidance on how to use these methods for building the decision case and use in the daily processes of road authorities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671836</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Government effectiveness and logistics performance: evidence from a cross-country supply chain perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678086</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We study national logistics performance using a biennial panel of 138 countries over the period 2007–2018, linking the World Bank’s LPI to macroeconomic, financial, and institutional covariates. Prior results show several positives, but we prioritize Government Effectiveness as the key predictor on theoretical and empirical grounds: it maps directly to customs capability, project execution, and service quality, and remains strongly positive across generalized estimating equations (population-averaged), fixed-effects with Driscoll–Kraay errors, and an equally spaced AR(1) robustness subset. In Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) with year effects, Government Effectiveness is a stable, policy-salient correlate of higher LPI, while trade openness, control of corruption, human capital, employment, remittances, and domestic credit enter as controls and retain expected signs. Findings suggest that strengthening state capability yields meaningful gains in logistics performance beyond income and trade levels. Our findings underscore that state capability is not only an institutional asset but also a critical enabler of supply chain reliability and resilience in international trade.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 13:22:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2678086</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From Selection to Design: Diverse Perspectives of Human Factors Issues in Unmanned Aerial Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) serve many roles in the broader defense space with mission sets like reconnaissance, remote delivery, and supporting other aircraft operations. In the future of UASs, human factors professionals serve a broad role in advocating for the users in the design process. This discussion panel will involve individuals with different experiences working with UAS technologies and its introduction to the end user. The panel will consist of the following topics: capturing user feedback, control station design for supervisory control, selection of operators as this technology grows, and broad issues in public policy. The panelists with a variety of civilian and military experience will highlight their day-to-day role as well as what they see as upcoming topics worth researching in this domain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 May 2026 15:47:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2680849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Urban logistics facilities and storytelling. Stakeholder engagement, participatory policy-planning and co-creation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[City Logistics demand increase has relevant implications for vehicle movements and the environment. This depends not only on fleet composition and delivery strategies, but also on the positioning of logistics facilities currently characterised by two contrasting tendences: ‘proximity logistics’ and ‘logistics sprawl’. When stakeholders evaluate logistics facilities, they typically use three evaluation categories: economic, resource endowment, and policies regulations. This paper illustrates the use of storytelling as a stakeholder management tool for logistics facilities participatory planning, where it has never been used before. Storytelling promotes behavioural change since stories generate a sense of identity and community, thanks to their intrinsic transformative capabilities. This paper reports the case-study of the Metropolitan City of Rome where L-3D, a purposed built software, was used to develop a storytelling strategy with the intent of promoting stakeholder participation, fostering a better understanding, knowledge-sharing, and effective cooperation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655779</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>“Stakeholderism” in urban transport planning in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area: a reality or glorified mantra?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Involving persons to whom transport services are affected in the design and management of transport infrastructure should not be viewed as a privilege but as a right-based approach that ensures successful implementation of transport policies. However, in some Low and Medium Income Countries (LMICs), this social accountability principle in public policy is often neglected as public projects are devoid of genuine social concerns. This study assessed how stakeholder engagements across organizations (state-private) and within organizations (private-private) affect transport policies and services in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) of Ghana. Data for the study were obtained through interviews with officials of public transport agencies, private transport service operators and supplemented by observation of peak hour transport activities on selected roadways. The results reveal a master-servant relationship in which city officials give information to transport service operators without any opportunity to obtain feedback from operators. This relationship breeds apathy among transport service operators and consequently brings untoward delays to commuters. There is the need to strengthen stakeholder engagement among public and private actors involved in transport infrastructure management from planning stages through to implementation stages. This will ensure inclusive local governance and accelerate spatial planning for improved mobility in GAMA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nordic certification system for road marking materials : results of performance measurements in 2025</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Nordic certification system NordicCert aims at testing and certifying road marking materials with respect to the durability of the products. Product certification is based on monitored and documented performance measurements of material samples applied on test fields on public roads. The materials are certified in relation to the number of wheel passages they will stand, with maintained performance. The certification system includes road marking materials for longitudinal and transverse road markings in categories with respect to colour (white or yellow), type (type I, type II, type II inlaid, antiskid, hand application, non-reflective with enhanced durability, and temporary) and thickness (0.4, 0.6, 1.5, 3 and 5 mm).  The present report documents the follow-up performance measurements that were carried out at the test fields in 2025, i.e., one-year follow-up measurements for materials applied in 2024 and two-years follow-up measurements for materials applied in 2023. The performance parameters include the coefficient of retroreflected luminance ( R L ) under dry and wet conditions, the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination ( Qd ), the skid resistance, the chromaticity in daylight, and the chromaticity of retroreflected light (yellow materials only).  Out of the 31 materials applied at the Finnish-Icelandic-Norwegian-Swedish test site in 2024, 21fulfilled the performance requirements in at least one roll-over class P0-P4 after one year. Out of the 36 materials applied in 2023, 1 fulfilled the performance requirements in roll-over class P5 after two years. Out of the 14 materials applied at the Danish test site in 2024, 6 fulfilled the performance requirements in at least one roll-over class P0-P5 after one year. Out of the 23 materials applied in 2023, none fulfilled the performance requirements in roll-over classes P5.5-P6 after two years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>North American Carsharing: A Ten-Year Retrospective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628210</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Carsharing (or short-term auto use) organizations provide members access to a fleet of shared vehicles on an hourly basis, reducing the need for private vehicle ownership. This paper reflects a ten-year retrospective of carsharing in Canada and the United States (U.S.), including results from a 2008 operator survey. Since 1994, a total of 50 carsharing programs have been deployed in North America - 33 are operational and 17 are defunct. As of July 1, 2008, there are 14 active programs in Canada and 19 in the U.S., with approximately 319,000 carsharing members sharing over 7,500 vehicles in North America. Another six programs are planned to launch in North America by January 2009. The four largest providers in the U.S. and Canada support 99% and 95.2% of total membership, respectively. In this ten-year retrospective, the authors examine North America's carsharing evolution from initial market entry and experimentation (1994 to mid-2002) to growth and market diversification (mid-2002 to late-2007) to commercial mainstreaming (late-2007 to present). This evolution includes increased competition, new market entrants, program consolidation, increased market diversification, capital investment, technological advancement, and greater inter-operator collaboration. Ongoing growth and competition are forecasted. Rising fuel costs and increased climate change awareness will likely facilitate this expansion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Dec 2025 16:15:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628210</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Governing shared mobility: a comparison of the public policy goals being pursued in three cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2561634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shared mobility services such as shared scooters, bikes, and ridehailing services have transformed the urban mobility landscape in recent years. In this paper we identify the goals that local governments are pursuing when regulating these private services. We also analyse the circumstances and motivations that led to the pursuit of these goals. For this, we carried out three in-depth case studies of cities where private companies had deployed shared mobility services: Bogotá, Colombia; Paris, France; and Los Angeles, USA. We found that there is a wide range of goals (34 distinct goals) that the governments of these cities are pursuing when attempting to regulate shared mobility services. However, only between three and four of these goals tend to dominate most of their actions. We also identified a mix of motivations for the pursuit of these goals: from the public interest of redressing past inequities, to circumstantial motivations such as appeasing the incumbents that have seen their businesses endangered by these new technologies. The academic literature converges on sustainability and equitable access being two of the primary goals to be pursued in transport policy, but our findings suggest that practitioners and policymakers are pursuing a range of other goals that do not fit neatly into these two theoretical categories.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 09:01:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2561634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Boosting eco-route uptake with digital nudging elements in green information systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2500022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from road transport is essential to limit global warming. Public policy often relies on costly and time-consuming mechanisms to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, such as subsidies for zero-emission vehicles. The authors study digital nudges in green information systems as a more cost-effective and faster-to-implement alternative that leverages technology-based just-in-time information to encourage environmental route choice. Using discrete choice experiments that mimic the real-world user experience of Google Maps’ eco-route implementation, the authors show how different presentations of just-in-time information lead to stark differences in eco-route adoption and consumers’ willingness to incur longer travel times to save emissions. The authors' analyses illustrate that optimizing Google Maps’ implementation may lead to carbon dioxide emissions savings equivalent to taking 58,000 cars off the road for one year.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 May 2025 14:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2500022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nordic certification system for road marking materials : results of performance measurements in 2024</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Nordic certification system NordicCert aims at testing and certifying road marking materials with respect to the durability of the products. The materials are certified in relation to the number of wheel passages they will stand, with maintained performance.  The certification system includes road marking materials for longitudinal and transverse road markings in categories with respect to colour (white or yellow), type (type I, type II, type II inlaid, antiskid, hand application, non-reflective with enhanced durability, and temporary) and thickness (0.4, 0.6, 1.5, 3 and 5 mm).  The present report documents the follow-up performance measurements that were carried out at the test fields in 2024, i.e., one-year follow-up measurements for materials applied in 2023 and two-years follow-up measurements for materials applied in 2022. The report also includes results of the performance measurement of materials intended for temporary road markings that were applied in 2024. The performance parameters include the coefficient of retroreflected luminance (RL) under dry and wet conditions, the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination (Qd), the skid resistance, the chromaticity in daylight, and the chromaticity of retroreflected light (yellow materials, only).  Out of the 36 materials applied at the Finnish-Icelandic-Norwegian-Swedish test site in 2023, 24 fulfilled the performance requirements in at least one roll-over class P0-P4 after one year. Out of the 42 materials applied in 2022, 3 fulfilled the performance requirements in roll-over class P5 after two years. One material intended for temporary road markings was applied in 2024 and fulfilled the performance requirements in at least one roll-over class T0-T2.  Out of the 23 materials applied at the Danish test site in 2023, 16 fulfilled the performance requirements in at least one roll-over class P0-P5 after one year. Out of the 10 materials applied in 2022, none fulfilled the performance requirements in roll-over classes P5.5-P6 after two years.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>No sooner said than done: A qualitative study examining equity considerations in pandemic street reallocation initiatives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic brought large-scale shifts in public policy, including around the use of public space. Within urban planning practice these policy shifts sparked heightened attention to equity. This paper investigates the pandemic-time street reallocations in the Canadian metropolitan regions of Vancouver, Toronto, and Montréal, with a focus on equity. In this study, street reallocations include new bike lanes, motor vehicle lane closures, and quiet streets. In 2022, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with municipal practitioners who were involved in active transportation decision-making during the pandemic (Vancouver: n = 5; Toronto: n = 10; Montréal: n = 5). Participants reflected on lessons learned through street reallocation implementation two years following the initial pandemic onset. The authors asked about equity considerations and used framework analysis to look at common themes across the study areas. The findings suggest that the pandemic impacted equity in active transportation planning in three main ways, by: (1) Broadening the view on equity; (2) Disrupting conventional engagement processes; and (3) Reinforcing pre-existing plans and professional expertise. Participants spoke to a changing policy landscape where traditional methods of assessing equity and conducting public engagement did not serve all population groups well. The pandemic urgency put a spotlight on the importance of communication with residents affected by infrastructure change. The pandemic also accelerated timelines of implementation, which impacted the information used to make decisions; some municipalities found pre-existing planning documents to be helpful and others relied on professional expertise. Cities are facing pressures to rethink public spaces again, in light of the climate emergency and growing social issues. As municipal practitioners decide to remove temporary street reallocations or make them permanent, this study offers insights into equity and public engagement learnings for future urban and transportation policy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 10:25:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2512676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tailoring bus rapid transit to the complex realities of African Cities: Critical issues and public policy planning approaches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2506506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Paratransit services in African cities, characterized by reckless driving, unscheduled operations, ageing and small vehicles, tax avoidance, lack of social protection, and irregular worker earnings, account for a significant share of daily trips. To address these challenges, some cities have turned to bus rapid transit (BRT) systems as a more affordable and efficient public transit solution. While 191 cities globally have implemented BRT, only six are in Africa. These African BRT implementations have often been fraught with difficulties, including delays, cost overruns, and operational challenges, while several projects have failed to materialize despite significant public investment. This raises a critical question: why is BRT adoption limited in African cities, despite rapid urbanization and the inadequacies of paratransit systems? In response to this question, this paper examines three public policy planning concepts commonly applied to BRT projects: rationalist, disjointed incremental, and step-by-step, evaluating their effectiveness and limitations in the African context. Based on this analysis, the authors propose an approach that aligns more closely with African cities’ unique socioeconomic and transport dynamics. Additionally, the authors provide strategies for addressing key implementation challenges, such as integrating BRT with existing transport systems, managing stakeholder resistance, and ensuring financial and institutional sustainability. Grounded in a comprehensive review of three BRT case studies and public policy frameworks, this paper offers actionable recommendations to strengthen BRT as a viable solution to urban transport challenges in African cities. The authors recommend adopting a step-by-step approach that emphasizes institutional and legislative restructuring, management of competing transit modes, stepwise implementation of BRT components, and innovative infrastructure funding strategies to ensure the new service’s successful implementation, operation and sustainability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Feb 2025 17:05:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2506506</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nordic certification system for road marking materials : version 10:2024</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Nordic certification system for road marking materials was introduced in 2015. The system is based on documented performance measurements of material samples applied on test fields on public roads. The certification system includes both flat (type I) and structured/profiled (type II) markings, antiskid materials (materials with enhanced friction), temporary markings, inlaid markings (Norway only), materials for hand application and materials with enhanced durability for illuminated high-traffic urban areas.  Material tests are carried out at two test sites: one in Norway and one in Denmark. The test fields are situated on public roads and the tested materials are thus exposed to real traffic conditions and to weather conditions representative for the Nordic countries. The materials are followed up by performance measurements for one or two years. The certification includes requirements on coefficient of retroreflected luminance RL under dry and wet conditions, luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd, friction and chromaticity coordinates. The number of wheel passages is measured at the test sites annually. The certification system includes material identification, to verify that the manufacturer's declaration of constituents agrees with the material applied on the test field.  The certification system is based on the European standards EN 1824 Road marking materials - Road trials, EN 1436 Road marking materials - Road marking performance for road users, EN 12802 Road marking materials - Laboratory methods for identification, and EN 1423 Road marking materials - Drop on materials - Glass beads, antiskid aggregates and mixtures of the two.  This document constitutes the guidelines for the Nordic certification system. The document describes the certification procedure, what type of products that are included in the system and the requirements for certification. Furthermore, the procedures and methods used for application of materials, performance measurement and identification analysis are described. The document also gives specifications and practical information regarding the test sites and regarding registration and application of products for certification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:17:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Independent assessment in trials with automated vehicles : Drive Sweden policy lab case 6</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of case 6 of the Drive Sweden Policy Lab 2023-25 is to examine the scope of an independent assessment in trials with automated road vehicles. The Swedish Transport Agency's regulations and general advice on permission to conduct trials with automated vehicles have recently been amended by adding a general advice that the applicant´s risk assessment should in certain cases be supplemented with a statement from an independent assessor regarding traffic safety (TSFS 2021:4, last amended by TSFS 2022:82.. The regulation enables trials with automated vehicles in Sweden since 2017 and clarifies the circumstances under which it is reasonable safe to conduct trials with such vehicles. In the beginning of 2023, a policy lab was initiated with Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Austrian actors, which acts as a platform for collaborative policy development by relevant actors facing a common policy related challenge. Vehicle manufacturers, transport providers and operators, authorities, potential assessors, and applied research examine together the scope of independent assessments for trials with automated vehicles. The policy lab generates guidelines for independent assessments by clarifying and exemplifying the application and scope of such assessments in trials with automated vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:16:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491203</guid>
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