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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Environmental corporate social responsibility and port privatization in a mixed port supply chain competition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604722</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) in a mixed port supply chain competition, wherein shipping lines, served by public or private ports, offer differentiated services. We explore the strategic interaction between the shipping lines' ECSR under freight rate competition and the government's port privatization policy. We find that adopting ECSR benefits shipping lines served by public ports but harms those served by private ports. This reduces port industry profitability while enhancing environmental and social performance. We also demonstrate that port privatization consistently decreases the ECSR levels of shipping lines served by privatized ports but increases them for those not served by such ports. The overall welfare effect crucially depends on the degree of substitutability between shipping services. Our findings suggest that when shipping services are highly substitutable, privatizing a public port can yield environmentally and socially desirable outcomes, though it may adversely affect the shipping industry and shippers under strategic ECSR conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604722</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving the Sustainability of Individual, Motorised Transport by Implementing E-Government System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Present day's world is dominated by a set of problems that affect almost all aspects of people's lives (e.g. energy crisis, labor shortages, inflation, etc.). These challenges also have a major impact on transport through its institutional-economic-social interactions. The institutional environment also has a significant impact on the transport system, due to the two-way nature of the systemic interactions. This makes it particularly important to examine the transport aspect of the digitalization of procedures in public administration institutions. The research develops a methodology to quantify the transport energy savings and to increase the sustainability of mobility by developing SMART solutions already applied in public administration, which is presented through a case study in Hungary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2025 10:32:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610767</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Understanding the role of the policy advocacy elite in bureaucratic realms and policy diffusion: Insights from vehicle electrification initiatives in New Jersey (USA)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[How do policy advocates participate in the policy diffusion process via interface with the constellation of policy-making systems and actors? This paper brings together geographies of policy diffusion and public administration theory of bureaucratic culture to analyze 17 interviews conducted with elites who advocate for vehicle electrification within the State of New Jersey, as well as 103 responses from household surveys in 3 communities. The authors advance several points. They conceptualize the policy advocacy elite, which exists outside of the bureaucracy but within its surrounding policy realm. Their existence in this liminal space situates them to disrupt organizational culture and traps that might otherwise stymie policy innovation. Through their interactions with a constellation of bureaucratic and community-based policy actors, the policy advocate elite have potential to both disrupt organizational traps emanating from the bureaucracy but also to produce reverse traps that originate in the communities. In both instances, an ontology of place may ground advocacy in disruptive potential.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573593</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Key factors influencing the efficiency and competitiveness of Brazilian public ports: The role of a costing system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to analyze the key factors affecting the efficiency and competitiveness of Brazilian public ports and the potential contribution of a costing system to enhance them. To achieve this objective, a qualitative-exploratory study on Brazilian public ports was conducted. The research was operationalized through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders of the Brazilian port sector, who were intentionally selected based on their profiles and experience in the industry. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and submitted to content analysis procedures. The findings suggest two main complementary approaches to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of Brazilian public ports: sectoral and managerial. In the sectoral approach, three aspects must be considered: legal framework, planning and integration between governmental bodies. In the managerial approach, the results led to a recommendation toward the implementation of a costing system that integrates with other management tools and databases to generate strategic information supporting the decision-making process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jul 2025 09:57:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548032</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The transportation policy elite and their ladder of citizen participation: Problems and prospects around communication methods in New Jersey</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2309380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper advances theories of public administration, geographies of policy, and transportation planning via an analysis of 17 in-depth interviews conducted with transportation policy elites in the State of New Jersey (USA). In the case studied, these elites sought to facilitate the public's transition to electric vehicles, reflecting a policy change initiated by the state government. However, they were affected by organizational traps that existed beyond the bureaucratic institution in a constellation of related field activities. Using qualitative analysis techniques, the data revealed that organizational traps diffuse alongside policy actors as they themselves sought to diffuse policy. The result revealed barriers that kept public engagement relatively circumscribed, even as elite policy makers believed they were achieving their policy goals via participation of the communities that they intended to serve.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2024 09:18:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2309380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A new approach to transport-related social exclusion in rural Hungary</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314580</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accessibility to central settlements is a key issue in rural areas and, in terms of public transport services, both space and time are crucial dimensions. As part of the author's PhD research, this analysis aims to apply the Zimpel index to evaluate settlement accessibility in rural Hungary. This method is based on a dataset including public transport supply (no. of services in a working day, average journey times) between rural settlements and their microregion centers. The outcome of this analysis is the assessment of how public transport networks adjust to administrative boundaries. Findings may pave the way for a list of policy recommendations for service improvement, the establishment of demand responsive services to increase accessibility in (micro)regions that face unacceptable level of transport related social exclusion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2024 13:27:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314580</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beyond the dikes: an institutional perspective on governing flood resilience at the Port of Rotterdam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seaports, infrastructural nodes in global supply chains and production processes, are vulnerable to flood risks: they are crisis-prone critical infrastructure (CI) systems. However, the governance of their flood resilience involves many different private and public actors in a complex institutional environment and there is no scholarly consensus about how resilience can be successfully governed. We investigate the governance of flood resilience at the Port of Rotterdam (PoR) from an institutional perspective, by studying institutional arrangements for flood resilience within and across vertical, horizontal and territorial dimensions to elucidate the strengths and ongoing challenges of shaping the port’s flood resilience. We conducted semi-structured expert interviews (n = 17) and an analysis of policy documents and legislation (n = 33) relating to flood risk management and CI protection. We find that the institutional design for flood resilience in the Netherlands consists of a complex matrix of responsibilities, capacities and plans. While coordination is visible in the shared visions and strategies for flood resilience developed at different policy levels and domains, we find fragmentation and persisting institutional challenges, including siloed governance approaches, knowledge gaps and blurred distribution of responsibilities; these are significant barriers to enhancing flood resilience for CIs and port–city relationships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jul 2023 08:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201888</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Administrative and legal forms and methods of combating corruption in the field of public administration of the transport complex</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presented article examines the concept, content and main types of administrative and legal forms and methods used to combat corruption in the field of public administration of the transport complex, used on the territory of the Russian Federation. The research is carried out within the framework of state assignment No. 075-00998-21-00 dated December 22, 2020. To Methods of administrative and legal regulation are also important in the sphere of functioning of executive authorities. Based on the analysis of the methods of public administration used by them, it is possible to understand how effectively or inefficiently they exercise their powers. The study of administrative and legal methods allows the authors to provide answers to many questions related to the practical implementation of executive power in the Russian Federation. Corruption causes enormous damage to public authorities and dramatically reduces the effectiveness of public administration. It is necessary to fight corruption manifestations using the most modern and effective administrative and legal forms and methods. They together form the content of administrative anti-corruption.pic number: FSMW-2020-0030 "Transformation of Russian law in the face of great challenges: theoretical and applied foundations"]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Aug 2022 09:33:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993692</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COVID–19 in transport industry: the case of Kazakhstan: government measures and public reaction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is devoted to identifying the potential for assessing public opinion through the development of assessment tools, in the context of instability of global processes. The transport and logistics system turned out to be one of the most affected areas as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The negative consequences are based on various factors: the closure of state borders, the introduction of restrictions on the movement of people and goods, the disruption of supply chains, a decrease in demand and purchasing power. Now, during the coronovirus pandemic, much attention is paid to recording and monitoring new cases of the disease, however, the review of the literature shows that there is a lack of research on the development of tools that allow using clear criteria for assessing the current situation. In the article, for the analysis and interpretation of public opinion survey data, modeling tools are used, based on the results of which management decisions can be made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2022 09:23:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Value Capture In Situ: Participation, Evaluation, and Signaling in Kansas City, MO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1936656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper provides a qualitative examination of the implementation of a value capture–funded streetcar investment in Kansas City, MO. Using semi-structured interviews, I show that the local benefits of value capture financing go beyond revenue-raising. Local officials used value capture to limit the public approval process to residents who supported enhanced transit and to redefine the metrics of a successful transport investment in terms of land development impacts. This strategic, and unexpected, use of value capture underwrites property-led economic development that uses infrastructure investments to signal public-sector priorities, in terms of both geography and populations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2022 15:36:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1936656</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MARAD Has Made Progress in Addressing NAPA Recommendations Related to Mission Focus, Program Alignment, and Ability To Meet Objectives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In response to a request from the Maritime Administration (MARAD), the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) reviewed MARAD’s core functions, including its role within the Department of Transportation and its contributions to the Nation. NAPA’s 2017 report included 27 recommendations to address weaknesses it identified in MARAD’s ability to articulate and meet its mission. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 directed the Office of Inspector General (OIG) to audit MARAD’s actions to address 16 of NAPA’s 27 recommendations—related to the Agency’s program alignment, training mission, and other issues. Accordingly, the objective of this audit was to assess MARAD’s actions to address the 16 recommendations from NAPA’s 2017 report specified by Congress. MARAD took action on 15 of the 16 recommendations OIG reviewed. It completed 5 of 10 recommendations related to overarching issues impacting its effectiveness, and 2 of 6 recommendations that focused on its ability to provide adequate qualified merchant mariners to meet commercial and national security needs. Nine recommendations had not been completed at the time of the audit. MARAD partially completed eight and decided not to take action on the ninth— determining that the costs outweighed the benefits. Five recommendations were partially completed because they were dependent on coordination with MARAD’s stakeholders. The other three were partially completed for a variety of reasons, including MARAD’s need to finalize policies and procedures. MARAD has indicated that it plans to take action on all of the partially completed recommendations. However, the Agency lacks updated milestones for completion or an ongoing process for tracking implementation that will place it in a better position to fulfill its mission and meet the Nation’s commercial and security needs. OIG made two recommendations to facilitate MARAD’s further progress in addressing the NAPA recommendations. MARAD concurred with both recommendations and proposed appropriate actions and completion dates. Accordingly, OIG considers both recommendations as resolved but open pending completion of the planned actions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Aug 2021 16:57:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867284</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Cable Car as a Cost-Effective Transport Mode for Freetown</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freetown City Council is promoting a Cable Car as a mass transit system along the Freetown peninsular in order to address some of the cities most significant urban challenges. The project is to develop a Mass Transit Cable Car (MTCC) system in Freetown consisting of three stages: 1) Stage 1: 9 km route from Eastern Freetown to Central Business District 2) Stage 2: 5 km route from West Freetown to Central Business District 3) Stage 3: 4 km route linking the Eastern and the Western route via the hillsides around Freetown The proposal is to deliver part of Stage 1 (3.5 km) as a pilot line with an estimated capital cost of $35m. The pilot line will start in Kissy Ferry Junction, and will cross Mountain Cut/Upper Eastern Street and Kissy Road Market before finishing in the Central Business District. The key benefits of the MTCC project are: • Addressing climate change through reducing CO2 emissions and other forms of pollution associated with traffic congestion caused by low passenger occupancy public transport; • Reducing social isolation and improve community cohesion through better connectivity between informal communities and more established settlement and businesses. For example, in Medellin previously unsafe areas were significantly improved through increased activity and higher numbers of visitor to the area. • Providing integration with other public transport systems, such as the proposals for introducing a rapid but transit corridor along the main highway network in Freetown by creating hub and transit points with other modes such as the ferry port. • Increasing employee productivity by significantly reducing travel time in commuting for communities in hard to reach areas. The preliminary economic case for the Mass Transit Cable Car is predicated on improvements in journey time and accident reduction of the cable car line operating on eastern side of Freetown, which current locates many of the more deprived communities. The justification for the MTCC project over other mode options is to address the very high level of traffic congestion along the eastern corridor of the City of Freetown. The current and planned improvements to the road network are unable to adequately address the rate of urban growth. A recent study by the World Bank found that with urbanisation rate forecast to continue along the eastern corridor, by 2030 the corridor is forecast to have a max Passenger Per Hour Per Demand (PPHPD) of over 14,000 and at this level of demand would warrant mass transit solution to address the transport needs of the city. Other mass transits are outside the affordable envelope of FCC due to the level of capital investment and could cause extensive disruption to an already overbuilt city.   Presentation at Conference The Paper to be presented at the conference will highlight the process being undertaken by the Freetown City Council in engaging key stakeholders and gaining support and funding for the project. This will entail: • The Preliminary appraisal of the route choices undertaken with the support of a major cable car manufacturer. • Engaging with public authorities and other stakeholder groups in gaining support for the Cable Car project. • Identifying sites for the Cable Car station and seeking to maximise the cable car proposals by creating Transit Oriented Development and regenrating the CBD. • Exploring options for Public Private Finance for the Cable Car System. • Implementing a system for site and route alignment safe-guarding within the existing legislative framework in Sierra Leone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Mar 2021 17:47:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1770727</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The moral work of timing mobilities: ‘limited insight’ and truncated worth in municipal traffic management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1747482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Timing urban traffic is moral work. In this paper, the author shows how the moral work that goes into timing traffic lights addresses both industrial, civic, and domestic worth in ways that cut generalization short. Relying upon ethnographic fieldwork, this paper focuses on how municipal traffic engineering maintains traffic lights and handles complaints about them. Steeped in moral ambiguity, the paper argues, municipal traffic engineering resorts to singularizing complaints, truncating worth, and working with careful dedication from one contestable compromise to the next. With this argument, the paper contributes to an understanding of the temporal and moral orderings at stake in adjusting and justifying urban mobilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2020 11:15:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1747482</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Bi objective uncapacitated multiple allocation p-hub median problem in public administration considering economies of scales</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1728717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses uncapacitated multiple allocation p-hub median problems, which deals with both the constructors' and the users' objectives in order to obtain an economically sustainable system. One objective is maximizing the overall investment return in road and hub construction and the users' satisfaction is translated by minimization of the overall usage cost. The problem is formulated in a way that can cover three possible policies as: Governmental requirement, constructor's break-even point and predefined make span. To make these models more pragmatic, variable discount factors are used in preference to fixed ones. Accordingly, a comprehensive discussion about discount factors and their components has been included to justify the use of variable discount factors. Then some meta-heuristic algorithms like the Imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), and an enhanced variation of a well-known multi-objective genetic algorithm called nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) are developed and applied to solve the problem. The performance of algorithms is compared to each other by utilizing some indicators such as hypervolume, ε-indicator, spacing metric, and CPU time. Computational experiments emphasize the need for using stated assumptions and the variable discount factor. It also confirms the efficiency of the proposed ICA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2020 17:57:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1728717</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Will the vehicle restriction policy maintain a long-term deterrent effect?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1726994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As one of the efficient travel demand management approaches, vehicle restriction policy has been widely implemented worldwide. However, non-compliant behaviours occur and undermine such a policy. Maintaining a long-term deterrent effect on individuals is crucial. This study conducts an empirical analysis to investigate whether the vehicle restriction policy can prevent non-compliant behaviours in the long run. On the basis of a newly implemented vehicle restriction policy, i.e. odd-and-even policy in Langfang, China, compliance duration that represents the period from the beginning of the policy to the first rule-breaking behaviour of an individual is investigated by applying survival analyses. Moreover, this study proves the existence of inertia in rule-breaking behaviour. Findings reveal that a considerable proportion of vehicles would commit their first offence within a short period of time after the policy coming into force. Inertia would further increase the frequency of rule-breaking behaviour. Thus, vehicle restriction policy can hardly maintain a long-term deterrent effect. This study provides implications for understanding the deterrent effect of transportation policies and offers insights into policy improvement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Aug 2020 14:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1726994</guid>
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