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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Driving in sync? Applying the Normative Conflict Model to driver behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aggressive driving is a known risk to road safety and can arise when friction occurs between how drivers perceive and respond to different road behaviors. The Normative Conflict Model (NCM) suggests group identity and normative conflict influences whether group members obey/challenge expected behaviors. NCM outcomes (represented by high or low group identity and normative conflict, respectively) may be beneficial for explaining driver behavior (group members) on the road network, and whether expected behaviors (e.g., following road rules) are obeyed/challenged.   The relationships between NCM outcomes and driving behaviors (aggressive and positive driving), as well as individual (antisocial traits) and environmental (perceived traffic climate) factors were explored in a survey (n = 391).   MANOVAs revealed drivers with low normative conflict and high group identity more frequently engaged in positive driving, less frequently in aggressive driving, and scored higher on perceived functionality of their traffic climate compared to other NCM outcomes. Drivers with high normative conflict and high group identity more frequently engaged in aggressive driving, scored higher on antisocial traits (only Machiavellianism and narcissism) and perceived external affective demands of their traffic climate compared to other NCM outcomes. Correlations identified group identity had positive relationships with positive driving but negative relationships with antisocial traits, negative perceptions of traffic climate, and aggressive driving. Normative conflict had inverse relationships with these variables. The SEM indicated antisocial traits and perceived traffic climate indirectly predicted driving behaviors via the effects they had on norm-identity alignment.   The NCM provided understanding into driving behavior, including insights into why drivers may follow and/or deviate from road rules and the potential contribution of individual and environmental influences on NCM constructs.  Positive driving could be promoted by reducing normative conflict through the transparent communication of road rule rationales or by encouraging positive social norms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 15:12:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697039</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Does work-family conflict mediate the influence of commuting on mental health? A multilevel perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573289</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examined the contribution of commuting time and mode to mental health, measured by psychological distress, and the mediating role of work-family conflict while taking account of work, non-work and individual factors based on the multilevel determinants of workers’ mental health model. Multilevel path analyses were performed on the ELOSMET Study (Cycle 1) carried out in 2019–2020 over a sample of 1830 employees nested in 65 workplaces. In a model that included several variables related to work, non-work and individual factors, an increase in commuting time was significantly associated with more psychological distress through work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. Compared to car commuting, commuting by public transport was also indirectly associated with more psychological distress through more family-to-work conflict. Active commuting was directly associated to more psychological distress, but not with either direction of work-family conflict. The results of this study suggest adopting a broader perspective of commuting, occupational mental health and work and family issues to fully recognize the complexity of commuting on employees' health and wellbeing. Understanding this complexity could promote sustainable development, including workplace interventions aimed at preventing work-family issues and mental health problems by improving worker mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Aug 2025 15:00:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573289</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Breakdowns in team resilience during aircraft landing due to mental model disconnects as identified through machine learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2170645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Landing system in aviation is a representative sociotechnical system; such systems often require seamless teamwork among experts. Resilience is critical for the ability of a team to adapt to sudden changes, overcome challenges, and return to normalcy. However, team heterogeneity can result in cognitive misalignment, known as mental model disconnects (MMDs). MMDs can cause interaction conflicts, which compromise team resilience. This study aimed to use machine learning to identify breakdowns in team resilience during aircraft landing. The results showed that the MMDs in the terminal area had the greatest influence on missed approaches; in particular, the late intervention of air traffic controllers’ (ATCOs) in an improper landing state was the major breakdown identified. This result highlights the importance of ATCO initiative in preventing landing incidents. The mechanism was determined to be ineffective information dissemination in nonroutine scenarios, which unravels the necessity for improving future information systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 09:49:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2170645</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bus passengers’ anger scale and expression in anger-provoking situations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2137527</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the scale and expression of passengers’ anger arising from disputes between drivers and passengers, and between passengers, by surveying a sample of 757 undergraduate students. The bus passengers’ anger scale and expression inventory (BPASX), a newly-designed questionnaire battery, is used to analyse the anger levels and resulting behaviour expression of passengers in 6-item anger-provoking situations. The analysis shows that a positive correlation exists between the frequency or duration of bus rides and anger levels/external anger expression, while self-adaptive expression is only correlated with frequency. Gender differs only in the violent external expression, where males display a greater preference. Meanwhile, the correlations of anger levels between anger-provoking situations are significantly positive. Moreover, anger expression patterns gradually shift from self-adaptation to external expression as anger levels grow in general, but the variation rules of expression frequency are different. Overall, this study provides a newly effective tool to explore characteristics of the anger expression of bus passengers in different anger-provoking scenarios and demonstrates its variation features when anger levels change.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2023 10:12:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2137527</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strategies of Behavior in the Conflict of Students of the Technical School of Transport and Entrepreneurship with Different Group Roles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article is devoted to the study of behavioral strategies in the conflict of students of the technical school of transport and entrepreneurship with different group roles. It has been determined that one of the leading problems of modern education is the lack of interest among students in the personality of another, the unwillingness and inability to experience his inner world, manifested in the emergence of conflict interaction between students of a technical school. The results of the study show that certain strategies can be a component of the active life position of the student's personality, awareness of one's social status and the role behavior associated with it as a form of realization of individual capabilities. The problem of effective ways of interpersonal interaction in a group of students of the technical school of transport and entrepreneurship is being solved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Apr 2023 15:12:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2119484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anger between bus drivers and passengers or among passengers: Development of a bus passenger anger scale (BPAS) and a bus driver anger scale (BDAS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2087838</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In China, numerous fatal accidents have occurred due to anger caused by conflicts between the driver and passengers or among passengers on buses. Nonetheless, based on existing knowledge, there is no tool available to measure the anger experience of passengers and drivers. The existing driving anger scale (DAS) can be applied only to assess a driver’s tendency to experience driving anger in driving-related scenarios, such as traffic obstruction, others’ illegal driving and pedestrians illegally crossing, which often happen outside the vehicle. This study developed a bus passenger anger scale (BPAS) and a bus driver anger scale (BDAS) for measuring the anger experience of drivers and passengers in various conflict situations that occur on buses. The results of two independent surveys involving 384 passengers and 414 drivers indicate that the BPAS measures four dimensions of bus passenger anger, including drivers' or passengers' rude behavior, mutual hostility, unintentional behavior, and passengers' violations, and that the BDAS measures four dimensions of driver anger, including passengers' rude behavior, hostility between the driver and passengers, passengers' extreme behavior, and drivers' violations. Through exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) and reliability analysis, two reliable scales that can be used to measure drivers’ or passengers’ experiences of anger were constructed. The BPAS contains 22 items and 4 factors, and the BDAS contains 21 items and 4 factors. Data analysis revealed that, compared to the level of driving anger provoked by stimulators outside the vehicle, which has been extensively studied by previous researchers, the level of bus driver anger caused by passenger-driver conflicts was higher. Furthermore, bus passenger anger was more inclined to be triggered by mutual hostility and other persons’ rude behaviors. Passengers’ extreme behaviors elicited the highest driver anger rating from drivers. Finally, a correlation analysis indicated that older passengers and older drivers were less inclined to become angry when encountering anger-provoking situations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2023 13:43:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2087838</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Conflicts between bus drivers and passengers in Changsha, China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bus safety represents an important topic for injury prevention. When drivers experience conflict with their passengers, it likely distracts them from the driving task, both physically and mentally, and jeopardizes the safety of all passengers. However, detailed information concerning the frequency and type of conflicts between bus drivers and passengers is unavailable. The authors conducted a driver-reported cross-sectional survey to investigate the characteristics of driver-passenger conflict in the past month. The survey was completed in Changsha city, China in August 2019. In total, 779 bus drivers were surveyed. Of 732 drivers who completed the questionnaire, 635 (86.7%; 95% confidence interval: 84.3–89.1%) drivers reported experiencing at least one conflict with passengers in the past month. After adjusting for other demographic variables, drivers who were male, younger, less educated, less experienced as a bus driver, and with a comparatively high self-reported work intensity were more likely to report experiencing conflicts. Of the reported conflicts, verbal quarrels and abuses were most common, followed by “passengers attacked driver with physical objects like sticks or knives” and “passengers spat on or threw objects toward the driver”. Most drivers reported that they had experienced only conflicts causing no physical injury or financial loss in the past month, but a small portion experienced conflicts causing injuries to themselves. The most frequent reasons for driver-passenger conflicts were “passenger refused to pay fare”, “passenger requested to get off the bus at a location that was not a bus stop”, and “passenger was drunk or deliriously attacked the driver”. Bus drivers responded to some of the passengers’ verbal or physical attacks, but not all. Some preventive measures were adopted frequently by bus companies (e.g., bus alarms, protective shields for drivers) but others were not. Least often adopted were efforts to offer safety training for drivers (46.6%) and to offer psychological counseling services for drivers (39.1%). The authors conclude that bus driver-passenger conflicts are common in Changsha city, China. The conflicts impose a substantial threat to the safety of both drivers and passengers. The authors recommend multiple preventive actions to reduce driver-passenger conflicts and improve bus safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Mar 2022 09:58:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determination and Utilization of Dilemma Zone Length and Location for Safety Assessment of Rural High-Speed Signalized Intersections</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1693085</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of the present study is to see how the dilemma zone length and location are related to intersection safety at rural high-speed signalized intersections. For that, dilemma zones at 30 rural signalized intersection approaches where similar traffic operations and land-use conditions are present were identified, and traffic conflicts associated with the dilemma zones were investigated. Drivers’ stop or go behaviors as well as vehicle dynamics (e.g., vehicle speeds and locations) during the yellow and red clearance intervals were collected and analyzed to determine the dilemma zone length and location of each site. Red-light running violations and vehicles’ abrupt stops were also collected to investigate the relationship between such conflicts and dilemma zone length and location. As a result, two dilemma zone conflict models were developed. The analysis results show that the conflict models are accurate enough to predict the safety level of high-speed signalized intersections using the two dilemma zone variables. Results show that the chance of intersection angle conflicts increases if the dilemma zone is located farther from the intersection stop bar. Results also show that there would be a high chance of rear-end conflicts if the dilemma zone length is longer. The models were validated with additional datasets, and acceptable root means square error and mean absolute percentage error values were obtained as a result.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2020 10:08:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1693085</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Association between Psychiatric Disorders and Work-related Problems Among Subway Drivers in Korea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1345720</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to find the prevalence and occupational risk factors for major psychiatric disorders among subway drivers in South Korea. Of all 998 current subway drivers, 995 participated in this study. The Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI 2.1) was administered by trained interviewers to diagnose psychiatric disorders in all participants. The questions on socio-demographic characteristics and working conditions included some questions related to a person under train (PUT) experience and work-related problems. One-year prevalence and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic disorder were diagnosed through the interview. The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) of these three disorders were calculated in the sample of subway drivers using the 2011 Korean National Epidemiologic Survey data as a basis. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between work-related factors and the prevalence of the psychiatric disorders. The standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) for a 1-year prevalence of MDD and PTSD among subway drivers were 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.7) and 5.6 (95% CI 3.1-8.8), respectively. Conflict with passengers was significantly associated with an increased risk for both MDD and PTSD in 1-year and in lifetime prevalence. Experiencing a sudden stop due to an emergency bell increased the risk of the lifetime prevalence of MDD (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.14-6.97) and PTSD (OR 7.53, 95% CI 1.77-32.02). The risk of PTSD significantly increased among drivers who once experienced a near accident in terms of both the 1-year prevalence (OR 8.81, 95% CI 1.96-39.3) and the lifetime prevalence (OR 6.36, 95% CI 2.40-16.90).  PTSD and panic disorder were more prevalent among subway drivers than in the general population. The authors found that having a conflict with passengers, a near accident, and a breakdown while driving can be risk factors for psychiatric disorders among subway drivers. Therefore, a prompt and sensitive approach should be introduced for these high risk groups within the subway company.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2015 15:09:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1345720</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Petri net-based modelling of human–automation conflicts in aviation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303746</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Analyses of aviation safety reports reveal that human–machine conflicts induced by poor automation design are remarkable precursors of accidents. A review of different crew–automation conflicting scenarios shows that they have a common denominator: the autopilot behaviour interferes with the pilot's goal regarding the flight guidance via ‘hidden’ mode transitions. Considering both the human operator and the machine (i.e. the autopilot or the decision functions) as agents, the authors propose a Petri net model of those conflicting interactions, which allows them to be detected as deadlocks in the Petri net. In order to test the authors' Petri net model, they designed an autoflight system that was formally analysed to detect conflicting situations. The authors identified three conflicting situations that were integrated in an experimental scenario in a flight simulator with 10 general aviation pilots. The results showed that the conflicts that the authors had a-priori identified as critical had impacted the pilots' performance. Indeed, the first conflict remained unnoticed by eight participants and led to a potential collision with another aircraft. The second conflict was detected by all the participants but three of them did not manage the situation correctly. The last conflict was also detected by all the participants but provoked typical automation surprise situation as only one declared that he had understood the autopilot behaviour. These behavioural results are discussed in terms of workload and number of fired ‘hidden’ transitions. Eventually, this study reveals that both formal and experimental approaches are complementary to identify and assess the criticality of human–automation conflicts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Apr 2014 11:58:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303746</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Delay Modeling of Ped-Veh System Based on Pedestrian Crossing at Signalized Intersection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1267586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The different conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles induce traffic delay and decrease the efficiency of urban road traffic to a certain extent. Few researchers focus on the pedestrian and vehicle conflict system as whole. Based on characteristics and conflict scenes analysis of pedestrian and vehicle behaviors at isolated signalized intersections, four types of pedestrian and vehicle behavior rules are described, the ped-veh inference courses by once and twice pedestrian crossing are expatiated, then three delay models of ped-veh system are established. Finally, taking advantage of VISSIM software and using a big intersection in Beijing as example, a simulation case is calculated. Data shows that: due to twice pedestrian crossing, the system delays are 14.3% and 7.4% less than once one at a.m. and p.m. peak time separately.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Dec 2013 09:32:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1267586</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Origin and taxonomy of conflicts in seaports: Towards a research agenda</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1266385</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growing complexity of transport chains with the development of the macro-economic context have imposed a growing pressure on ports as critical nodes inserted in global supply chains. Port activities have an important social, economic and environmental impact on neighboring regions. Ports definitely generate added value and employment. However, at the same time, local populations increasingly perceive them as factors of negative externalities such as environmental pollution, security risks and traffic congestion. Their complex role in transport networks as well as in local territories inevitably makes seaports a great source of “conflicts”. Various authors have already approached this topic adopting a stakeholder view, but only in relation to specific contexts and case studies and from a mono-disciplinary perspective.  The aim of the paper is to investigate the nature and the dynamics of the major conflicts arising in ports. The manuscript, indeed, sets out the various types of port conflicts (e.g., social, institutional, operational, land use, etc.) and the diverse conflict processes impacting on port management.  This study shows the results of preliminary fieldwork carried out in some selected ports in France and Italy. The outcomes result from interviews, press articles as well as from a critical analysis of the existing literature. The discussion leads to the definition of a typology of port conflicts, an analysis of conflict mechanisms and the set up of an agenda for further research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Dec 2013 09:29:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1266385</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Close encounters: Interracial contact and conflict on Detroit's public transit in World War II</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1246630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During World War II, most blacks and whites lived and worked in racially segregated spaces in the USA's urban north. Sites of interracial contact between these segregated realms were provided by public transit vehicles. It is shown in the case of Detroit that under crowded wartime conditions existing racial tensions were exacerbated by contact between blacks and whites on public transit. Many white Detroiters acted upon their fears of losing spatial control of public transit vehicles, as black passengers and vehicle operators became a more visible presence during the war. This paper explores white riders' attempts to thwart blacks' claims to equal access on public transportation, using police reports of daily incidents, newspapers, letters and rumours.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 13:15:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1246630</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improved Bicycle Cellular Automata Model Considering the Socio-Psychological Force</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Establishing a simulation model to study the microscopic characteristics of bicycle-flow, is often effective in understanding urban mixed traffic flow issues. While the bicycle cellular automaton model evolves, it shows that usually two or more bicycles choose the same unoccupied destination cell for bicycle flow's snaking and interweaving characteristics. Recent bicycle cellular automaton models have solved this problem using equal random probability to decide which bicycle to update the destination cell, which does not reflect the rider's psychological impact. The socio-psychological force is introduced to improve the bicycle cellular automaton model here, and to get the rejection probability to resolve the problem stated above. By running models improved and not, results show the improved model describes the track of bicycle-flow better by reducing the unreasonable “go and stop” phenomenon. This new model is more suitable for rejection probability than equal random probability because it responds to the rider's conflict characteristics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Oct 2012 09:23:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115388</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Velocity versus safety: Impact of goal conflict and task difficulty on drivers' behaviour, feelings of anxiety, and electrodermal responses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1138009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a goal conflict model that links drivers’ conflicting motivations for fast and safe driving with an emotional state of anxiety. It is proposed that this linkage is mediated by a behavioural inhibition system (Gray & McNaughton, 2000) affecting drivers’ mood, physiological responses and choice of speed. The model was tested with 24 male participants, each of whom undertook 18 runs of a simple driving simulation. On each run, the goal conflict was induced by time pressure and the advance warning of a possible encounter with a deer. The conflict’s intensity varied depending on the magnitude of the equally sized gain and loss assigned to early arrival and collision, respectively. Results show that the larger the conflict, the more slowly the participants drove. In addition, they rated themselves as being more anxious, attentive, and aroused. An increase in task difficulty induced by low visibility resulted in an additional speed reduction and increase in self-reported anxiety but did not lead to a further increase in self-assessed attention and arousal. Overall, the number of electrodermal responses depended neither on conflict nor on task difficulty, but increased linearly with conflict during low visibility. Implications for the incorporation of goal conflict into theories on driving behaviour and conclusions for traffic safety policies are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jun 2012 08:46:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1138009</guid>
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