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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic characterisation of damage characteristic curve of asphalt concrete mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to its efficiency, viscoelastic continuum damage mechanics has been used for modelling asphalt concrete behaviour widely. In this approach, viscoelastic and damage response are used to obtain a damage characteristic curve. Under ideal conditions, these damage characteristic curves obtained under different loading conditions should collapse to a unique curve. Due to inherent variations during specimen fabrication and testing, significant scatter is found in damage characteristic curves even under well-controlled laboratory conditions. Owing to deterministic nature, present day viscoelastic continuum damage models fail to account for this scatter in damage characteristic curves. This paper presents a probabilistic approach to describe the scatter in damage characteristic curves. Several specimens were tested for their viscoelastic properties and damage response. These test results were used to construct damage characteristic curves. The damage parameter values obtained at a particular normalised pseudostiffness value were fitted with normal, lognormal and Weibull distribution. It was observed that damage parameter values (at a particular normalised pseudostiffness) could be best described using Weibull distribution when compared to lognormal and normal distribution. Due to its flexibility, three-parameter Weibull distribution was found to fit better than two-parameter Weibull distribution. Further, significant differences were found between probabilistic damage characteristic curves developed in this research and conventional approach. The proposed methodology combines advantages of continuum damage mechanics as well as probabilistic approaches. These probabilistic fatigue curves can be conveniently used for reliability-based pavement design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2019 13:06:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1599316</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Construction Sequence Analysis of Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1529211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In cantilever construction of long-span cable-stayed bridges the stressing sequence of stays is fundamental for establishing the final configuration of the bridge. The structural behaviour of these bridges is usually evaluated through a forward staged construction analysis, in which the values of the prestressing forces to be applied to stays are the main unknowns. A unified procedure for determining the initial cable forces and for analyzing the entire sequence is presented here, considering the geometric nonlinearity of stays through the Dischinger equivalent elastic modulus. The target is the simultaneous determination of the initial cable forces with the simulation of the construction stages in the forward analysis, taking into account the cable-sag effect, in order to achieve the required geometric configuration at the end of the sequence together with an advantageous state of stress for deck and pylon. Furthermore, a probabilistic approach is proposed for the evaluation of the effects that uncertainties of stay forces, occurring in the actual stressing sequences on site, have on the bridge behaviour. With this purpose probable errors during the real work operations on site are considered here in addition to the theoretical analysis of construction stages. Finally, the evaluation of the reliability of the proposed procedure is tested on a case-study of a long-span cable-stayed bridge, considering the influence of the deck typology on the stressing sequence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2018 17:19:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1529211</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Tunnel Support Requirements Using Deterministic and Probabilistic Approaches in Average Quality Rock Mass</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The support design for rock tunnels involves a complex problem because of the various types of uncertainties present in rock mass properties; therefore, probabilistic approaches are used to consider these uncertainties systematically in the presented analysis. In earlier studies, uncertainties in peak strength parameters and deformation modulus were considered while uncertainty in residual strength parameters was neglected. Another important factor is the assumption regarding the postpeak behavior of the rock mass, which depends on the rock mass quality in the field. An average quality rock mass generally shows strain-softening behavior in a range from peak to residual strength, which generally has been neglected because of the assumption that the rock mass is elastic-perfectly plastic. However, it was observed that the yield zone depth and displacements around the tunnel are highly sensitive to residual strength parameters, and residual strength parameters can considerably influence the estimation of the support requirements of a tunnel. In this paper, a new computational approach, based on the Geological Strength Index (GSI) and the use of deterministic and probabilistic methods, is described for the reinforcement design of a tunnel in an average quality rock mass. This approach considers the variability in residual strength parameters along with peak strength parameters and the deformation modulus. Moreover, the strength drop in the stress-strain behavior of the rock mass is also considered in the analysis. An underground powerhouse cavern from the Himalayan region of India is taken as the case study to show the methodology used in the research. The study brings out the advantages of the probabilistic over the deterministic approach for the support design of a tunnel. Another important conclusion from the study is that the support requirements for the tunnel are greatly influenced by residual strength parameters, and therefore, uncertainty and strength drop in the residual strength parameters should be properly considered when designing support for tunnels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2018 16:04:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Further Evaluations of Skid Resistance Characteristics of Carbonate Rock Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1499651</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to poor skid resistance characteristics, in 1975 carbonate coarse aggregate was prohibited from use in the bituminous surfacings of New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) maintained highways. Proposals for less restrictive use criteria have since been made by the carbonate aggregate industry. The status of the Department's evaluations of those proposals is documented in this report. The principal recommendation by industry has been to adopt the PennDOT SRL (Skid Resistance Level) aggregate classification system. With the SRL system, an aggregate can be used in all roadways having traffic volumes up to some limiting average daily traffic (ADT), established from its ADT vs Skid Number relationship. The SRL system proved to be inappropriate for Department needs, however , the existence of a definable relationship between skid number and traffic volume was verified. It was also established that roadway speed limit has a significant effect on skid number values. Based on these findings, a probabilistic procedure was formulated for determining the speed limit and ADT conditions which permit a given carbonate aggregate to be used without causing inordinately low pavement skid resistance. Application of this procedure established that aggregate from two ledger dolomite quarries can be used in bituminous pavements with speed limits up to 50 mph, and with design traffic volumes up to 4,000 vpd.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2018 20:51:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1499651</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prediction of Inelastic Mechanisms Leading to Seismic Failure of Interior Reinforced Concrete Beam–Column Connections</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216336</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Inelastic mechanisms leading to failure in interior reinforced concrete beam–column (RCBC) connections, designed on the concept of strong column–weak beam philosophy, primarily result from failure of the joint region and yielding of longitudinal reinforcement in beams. In this manuscript, two novel easy-to-use probabilistic methodologies have been developed that can determine with sufficient accuracy the occurrence of either of these inelastic mechanisms leading to failure, given the geometric, material and loading parameters of an experimental investigation. One model was developed by using the relevance vector machine method, a machine learning methodology that uses a Bayesian formulation, and results in a sparse representation. Another model was binomial logistic regression, which can relate the qualitative event of inelastic mechanism resulting in failure initiation with several experimentally obtained independent parameters. It can also quantify the relative importance of each of these independent parameters. Both methods show good predictive efficiency and can be utilized by a designer, engineer, or researcher to obtain a preliminary probabilistic estimate of inelastic mechanisms that lead to failure of interior RCBC connections. This manuscript also presents comparative evaluations of utilizing these two models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 17:13:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1216336</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic Situation Assessment for Intelligent Transportation Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118659</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The perception of traffic situations is a crucial requirement for Intelligent Transportation Systems. Information about the existence, position, and dynamic parameters of traffic participants can be obtained by different sensors or via Vehicle-To-X-communication. For sophisticated applications, the perceived entities have to be put in relation to each other in order to obtain an understanding of the current traffic situations. In this paper, the probabilistic handling of this situation assessment task is discussed on the example of a lane change recommendation system. The aim is to develop a unified approach for handling uncertainties from the sensor to the application level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 11:03:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118659</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic Analysis of Pressurized Tunnels against Face Stability Using Collocation-Based Stochastic Response Surface Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1111136</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A probabilistic analysis of the face stability of a tunnel driven by a compressed-air pressurized shield is presented. The collocation-based stochastic response surface methodology (CSRSM) is used. The deterministic model employed in the probabilistic analysis is analytical. A translational multiblock collapse mechanism in the framework of the kinematic theorem of limit analysis forms the basis of the analysis. The soil friction angle and cohesion are considered as random variables. CSRSM was first validated by the comparison of the results obtained from the original analytical deterministic model. Then, the influence of the probabilistic characteristics of the uncertain variables was studied. Contrary to the correlation between c and φ and the coefficients of variation of these variables, which have a significant effect on the variability of the critical collapse pressure, the nonnormality of the distributions of the random variables was shown not to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the output.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Aug 2011 14:44:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1111136</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic evaluation of initiation time in RC bridge beams with load-induced cracks exposed to de-icing salts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1097892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, a reliability-based method for predicting the initiation time of reinforced concrete bridge beams with load-induced cracks exposed to de-icing salts is presented. A practical model for predicting the diffusion coefficient of chloride ingress into load-induced cracked concrete is proposed. Probabilistic information about uncertainties related to the surface chloride content and the threshold chloride concentration has been estimated from a wide review of previous experimental or statistical studies. Probabilistic analysis to estimate the time to corrosion initiation with/without considering the effect of the load-induced cracks on the chloride ingress into concrete has been carried out. Results of the analysis demonstrate the importance of considering the effect of the load-induced cracks for correct prediction of corrosion initiation in RC bridge beams exposed to chlorides.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2011 12:25:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1097892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Use of the City in Space and Time as a New Social Approach for Prioritising Transport Corridors in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (Spain)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1094961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The benefits products by the reduction in traveler journey time is the principal consideration in traditional transportation project evaluation, but a specific reduction is not the same for a work-related journey and a shopping -related journey, or for a one-hour trip and a 20-minute trip. The study purpose is constructing a pattern of social behavior in city use (time and space), specifically in travel time pattern use, to prioritize different transportation corridors under a social equity approach in the Barcelona metropolitan area in journey time. A trip chain analysis (similar to activity-based models) is applied over the travel survey in the Barcelona metropolitan area (2001). Analysis of results is performed in a probabilistic dimension of Hagerstrand's time-geography approach. The result is a new access indicator known as functional probability, derived from how people move in the city. This "willingness to spend time on travel" was used in outlier travel time identification as a social equity factor in city use. To identify inequitable travel (with different purposes and traveler social class), the threshold of 10% of greater travel time was used. Finally, inequity trip assignment shows transportation corridors with different spatial specialization. The research's main conclusion is that taking a social view of travels, with regard given to their different social classes and purposes, in how they use the city in terms of space and time, is a more realistic criterion in transportation corridor prioritization, since it carries out the analysis of who uses different corridors, for what reason, and for how long.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Mar 2011 14:13:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1094961</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic Numerical Simulation of Pavement Performance using MEPDG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/924988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is widely acknowledged that accurate simulation of complex engineering systems, such as nuclear power reactors, modern weapon systems, and aircraft, requires probabilistic analysis due to inherent uncertainties in their models' parameters. The demand for and complexity of probabilistic analysis prompted Sandia National Laboratories to develop a versatile software toolkit, DAKOTA, adaptable to various engineering applications. Pavements are another example of a complex engineering system requiring probabilistic modeling due to the uncertain nature of most of the pavement performance models parameters, including traffic, climate, material properties, and pavement structure. The deterministic pavement performance models vary from simplistic empirical relationships to complex mechanistic-empirical computational algorithms. Due to DAKOTA's independence of choice of analysis tool, it is a natural candidate to perform probabilistic aspects of pavement performance prediction. The paper presents a software framework for probabilistic modeling of pavement performance, which combines deterministic performance prediction models from the MEPDG and probabilistic analysis tools from DAKOTA. The power of this approach is demonstrated by analyzing the effect of variability in the asphalt concrete AC mix design on the variability of the pavement performance prediction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Aug 2010 11:16:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/924988</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Methodology for Assessing Transportation Network Terrorism Risk with Attacker and Defender Interactions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/921521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an adversarial setting, a transport network's capacity is influenced by both the defender's protective measures and the attacker's actions, which include substituting targets and attack methods in response to security measures. Decisionmakers need a methodology that can capture the complex attacker-defender interactions and help them understand the overall effects on the transport system, as well as the consequences of asset failure. This article presents such a methodology, which uses probabilities of target-attack method combinations that are degree-of-belief based and updated using Bayes' Theorem after evidence of the attack is obtained. Monte Carlo simulation generates the probability of link capacity effects by sampling from distributions of capacity reductions due to pre-event security measures, substitutions, target failure, and post-event security measures. The average capacity reduction for a particular target-attack method combination serves as an input to the traffic assignment-simulation package DYNASMART-P to determine travel time effects. The methodology is applied to a sample network based on the northern Virginia area. Results based on national data indicated that pre-event security measures reduced attack probabilities, but in some cases increased the mobility consequences. Thus, decisionmakers must carefully evaluate the effects of their decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Jul 2010 11:36:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/921521</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Bayesian Probabilistic Approach for Crack Characterization in Plate Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/919989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article explores the possibility of using a Bayesian probabilistic approach for detection of cracks in thin plate structures, utilizing measured dynamic responses at only a few points on the plate. Existing laser scanning or shearography based crack detection methods are applicable only when measurement at the region near the defect is possible. These types of techniques are important in providing information, in addition to that obtained through visual inspection, for the purpose of structural health monitoring. Because of the global nature of the vibration characteristics of structural systems, this article puts forward a crack detection approach that can be applicable with only a few sensors and when the sensor locations are not close to the crack. This kind of method is particularly valuable as it can be applied when visual inspection is not possible (e.g., part of the plate is obstructed and is not assessable by inspectors). Owing to the problems of measurement noise and incomplete measurement (i.e., only a limited number of measurement points are employed and high-mode information is lost because of the digitization of the signal and measurement noise), the results of crack detection as an inverse problem contain uncertainties. To explicitly handle such uncertainty, the proposed crack detection method follows the Bayesian statistical system identification framework. Rather than pinpointing the crack parameters (i.e., the crack location, length, and depth), the posterior probability density function (PDF) of the crack parameters is calculated to quantify the confidence level of the identified results, which is extremely important for engineers when they make judgments about remedial works. This article reports the theoretical development of the modeling of a cracked plate and a crack detection method together with numerical verification of the proposed method. The case study results are very encouraging, and indicate that the proposed method is feasible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Jun 2010 07:06:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/919989</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliability-Based Design Approach for Differential Settlement of Footings on Cohesionless Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/911796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A probabilistic method is presented to estimate the differential settlements of footings on cohesionless soils, considering the uncertainties in both the load and capacity sides of the design equation. A random field approach is employed to characterize the inherent soil variability. This method is first compared to typical limit values from the literature to denote critical combinations of design parameters that can lead to exceedance of tolerable differential settlements. Then, reliability-based design equations are developed for the serviceability limit state (SLS) design of footings on cohesionless soils. The key parameters controlling the SLS are the allowable angular distortion, site variability, and footing spacing. The results are given in a straightforward design format and indicate that currently suggested deformation factors (resistance factors for SLS) equal to 1.0 are likely to be unconservative for most design situations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Feb 2010 10:59:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/911796</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Data, , Analysis, and Evaluation 2009, Volume 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/904333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These 15 papers are concerned with safety data, analysis and evaluation. Specific topics discussed include the following: a naturalistic driving experiment to determine driving performance, alignment consistency and road safety; predicting segment-intersection crashes; safety screening of road networks; urban arterial accident prediction models; effects of road geometry and cross-section variables on traffic accidents; injury severity at freeway diverge areas; hot spot identification using accident severity and vehicle occupancy; effects of street patterns on injury risks in crashes; identifying secondary crashes; probabilistic determination of crash locations using imperfect data; single-vehicle crash injury severity on horizontal curves on rural two-lane highways; statistical versus simulation models in safety; use of expert panels in highway safety; analysis of transit safety at signalized intersections; and safety performance functions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Nov 2009 11:20:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/904333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probabilistic Structural Health Monitoring Method Applied to the Bridge Health Monitoring Benchmark Problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/882390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A probabilistic structural health monitoring (SHM) method was identified to detect global damage in a highway bridge while accounting for the variability associated in calculating the desired damage measure. The proposed vibration-based monitoring method is applied to the bridge health monitoring benchmark problem. The benchmark structure is a scaled laboratory model of a typical highway bridge. The associated finite element model of this structure is excited with a simulated traffic excitation. The proposed SHM method is intended to meet the practical requirements of using a small number of sensors and detection of damage in a global sense. As such, accelerations are measured at a single location on the bridge. The bridge natural frequencies for a healthy state and a variety of damaged states are considered to help quantify and detect the potential damage. The natural frequencies are determined from the peaks in the power spectral density functions of the measured acceleration response. These natural frequencies are observed to be random variables with a normal distribution. The probability that the current natural frequency is greater than the previously measured healthy natural frequency can then be calculated from the assumed probability density functions and is used to predict, in a global sense, whether damage has occurred on the bridge structure. The results of this simulation-based study were used to extend and apply this method to actual highway bridges in Connecticut.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2009 07:38:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/882390</guid>
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