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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Prevalence of Rear Seat Belt Use Among Pregnant Women in a Suburban Area of Japan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1542483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate the prevalence of rear seat belt use among pregnant women in a suburban area of Japan.  The authors fielded a survey of pregnant women who visited obstetrics clinics and hospitals for prenatal checkups in a three-month period in 2013 (n = 1,546).  A total of 1,494 pregnant women (96.6%) agreed to participate in this study and completed the questionnaire.  The results found that less than 20% of the rear-seat passengers stated that they 'always' used seat belts before and during pregnancy, and a third of the respondents 'never' used a seat belt before or during pregnancy. There was no reported significant decrease in seat belt use by rear-seat passengers during pregnancy compared to before pregnancy. The authors’ analysis found four factors that were associated with rear seat belt use during pregnancy: the woman’s age, knowledge of how to use a seat belt during pregnancy, belief in the compulsory use of a rear seat belt, and driver behavioral characteristics. The authors discuss the difference between a self-reported survey and an observational study of this behavior. The authors conclude by recommending better provision of information regarding proper seat belt use and its role in protecting the fetus.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Oct 2018 12:24:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1542483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prevalence of Drink-Driving Among Adults in China: A Nationally Representative Survey in 2010</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1484768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors examined the prevalence of and characteristics associated with drink-driving in China. The authors compared this study's drink-driving findings with those from the United States to explore how effective traffic safety interventions from Western cultures might be adapted for use in China.  Data from the 2010 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Survey were analyzed to describe the prevalence and characteristics associated with drink-driving in China.  Overall, 1.5% of Chinese adults reported drink-driving in the past 30 days—3% of males and 0.1% of females. However, among males who had driven a vehicle in the past 30 days and consumed at least one alcoholic beverage in the past 30 days, 19% reported drink-driving during the 30-day period. Excessive drinking, binge drinking, nonuse of seat belts, and having been injured in a road traffic crash in the past year were most strongly associated with drink-driving among males. Drink-driving is prevalent among male drivers in China. Although large differences exist between China and the United States in the proportion of adults who drive, the proportion who consume alcohol, and some of the personal characteristics of those who drink and drive, similarities between the 2 countries are present in patterns of risk behaviors among drink-driving. To reduce injuries and deaths from drink-driving, effective interventions from Western cultures need to be tailored for adoption in China.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2017 09:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1484768</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mobile Phone Use while Driving-Literary Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1469602</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper analysis published results of the research into the connection between mobile phone use while driving and traffic safety. Ever since the introduction of the first mobile phones, the authors have been examining the risks associated with its use in traffic, namely: prevalence or frequency of mobile phone use while driving, characteristics of drivers who make more frequent use of mobile phones, the connection between mobile phone use while driving and a car crash risk, a link between mobile phone use while driving and perception of risk, effects on driving performance of using various modes of mobile phones while driving (“hands-free” or “hand-held”), psychological factors influencing driver's decision to use a mobile phone while driving, etc. It is important to point out that the results of some studies indicate that using a hands-free mobile phone while driving does not provide greater safety as compared to the use of hand-held mobile phones while driving. Generally speaking, younger male drivers tend to use mobile phones more often while driving than women and older males. This paper analyses the results of studies which were published in 60 papers from 1994 to 2013. The analysis of the papers selected for research confirms detrimental effects of mobile phone use while driving. Also, four phases in the process of understanding the issue of mobile phone use impacts while driving have been established or identified. The first phase gives the analysis of the prevalence or frequency of mobile phone use while driving. The second phase identifies the characteristics of drivers who tend to use mobile phones more frequently while driving. The third phase concerns research into impacts of using different modes of mobile phones while driving on driving performance (“hands-free” or “hand-held”). Finally, the fourth phase deals with research into risks of mobile phone use while driving (“hands-free” or “hand-held”). The importance of this paper is reflected in that it can help traffic safety policy makers, on the basis of better understanding of the issue of mobile phone use impact while driving, to develop effective strategies aimed at reducing the extent of mobile phone use while driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Jun 2017 09:34:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1469602</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Prevalence and predictors of bicycle helmet use in a southeastern, US city</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1425833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatalities and head injuries from bicycle-related crashes remain a concern in the United States. Despite legislation in many states, helmet use remains low. This observational study examined the helmet use and related factors in a North Carolina city. The sample consisted of 2088 observations of bicyclists. The objectives were to (1) determine helmet use; (2) describe other safe bicycling practices; and (3) examine the relationship of demographic variables and safe riding practices with helmet use. Helmet use was observed for 25% of the sample. Demographic factors related to helmet use were being female (OR = 1.32), 26 years old or older (OR = 4.94), and White (OR = 2.17). Bicyclists riding on the road with traffic were more likely to wear a helmet than bicyclists riding on the sidewalk (OR = 2.04). Findings indicate that helmet use remains low in the city. Research to monitor, better understand, and promote helmet use is needed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2016 16:32:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1425833</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids in blood samples from Norwegian drivers suspected of impaired driving during a seven weeks period</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1286771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[From early year 2000 different herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids (SC) have appeared on the drug market all over the world, and new substances are frequently introduced. The prevalence of SC use in different populations is however still mainly unknown, also in Norway. This information is difficult to obtain, but studies of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID), might provide important information.  The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in drivers suspected of being under the influence of drugs in Norway, and investigate if SCs impair driving performance.  For two periods of three and four weeks all blood samples from drivers suspected of DUID in Norway were analyzed for the presence of 12 and 18 different SCs, respectively. A new ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed.  A total of 726 cases were analyzed during the study period, and SCs were detected in 16 cases (2.2%) in total. The mean age of these drivers was 29.6 years. High concentrations of other psychoactive drugs were detected in all the blood samples where a SC was found. AM-2201 and JWH-018 were the most frequently detected SCs, each found in five cases. In addition RSC-4, JWH-122, JWH-081 and JWH-250 were detected. None of the drivers had reported using SCs prior to driving.  Despite the limited number of SCs investigated in this 7 week study period, a considerable percent of the cases were positive. Other psychoactive drugs of abuse were always found concomitant with the SCs, and the age of these drivers indicates that experienced drug users also ingest SCs. Since other drugs were found in all the samples, the psychomotor impairment caused by the SCs is difficult to estimate. The study shows the importance of screening analyses of biological samples from different populations to assess the prevalence of drug use, since self-reporting might be encumbered with significant under-reporting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2014 09:15:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1286771</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transport, The Environment And Public Health: Classic Papers On Non-Motorised Travel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1237152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book presents a number of ground breaking articles, on non-motorized transportation, that were published in the past twelve years.  Interdisciplinary in nature, it brings together papers from various facets of non-motorized transportation.  It includes such topics as health risks and benefits, evaluation and forecasting procedures, prevalence and correlates, and policies designed to increase non-motorized transportation.  Twenty-eight articles are contributed by a number of well regarded authors, as follows:  PART I. PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT -  1. Ann Forsyth, Kevin J. Krziek and Daniel A. Rodriguez (2009), ‘Chapter 3. Non-motorised Travel Research and Contemporary Planning Initiatives’;  2. John Pucher and Lewis Dijkstra (2003), ‘Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons from The Netherlands and Germany’;  3. Brian E. Saelens and Susan L. Handy (2008), ‘Built Environment Correlates of Walking: A Review’;  4. Xinyu Cao, Susan L. Handy and Patricia L. Mokhtarian (2006), ‘The Influences of the Built Environment and Residential Self-Selection on Pedestrian Behavior: Evidence from Austin, TX’;  5. Eva Heinen, Bert van Wee and Kees Maat (2010), ‘Commuting by Bicycle: An Overview of the Literature’;  6. Benjamin Gardner and Charles Abraham (2008), ‘Psychological Correlates of Car Use: A Meta-analysis’;  7. Jenna Rachel Panter and Andy Jones (2010), ‘Attitudes and the Environment as Determinants of Active Travel in Adults: What Do and Don’t We Know?’;  8. David Berrigan, Richard P. Troiano, Timothy McNeel, Charles DiSogra and Rachel Ballard-Barbash (2006), ‘Active Transportation Increases Adherence to Activity Recommendations’;  PART II. HEALTH BENEFITS OF NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT -  9. Charles E. Matthews, Adriana L. Jurj, Xiao-ou Shu, Hong-Lan Li, Gong Yang, Qi Li, Yu-Tang Gao and Wei Zheng (2007), ‘Influence of Exercise, Walking, Cycling, and Overall Nonexercise Physical Activity on Mortality in Chinese Women’;  10. John Pucher, Ralph Buehler, David R. Bassett and Andrew L. Dannenberg (2010), ‘Walking and Cycling to Health: A Comparative Analysis of City, State and International Data’;  11. Mark Hamer and Yoichi Chida (2008), ‘Active Commuting and Cardiovascular Risk: A Meta-analytic Review’;  12. Paul Joseph Tranter (2010), ‘Speed Kills: The Complex Links Between Transport, Lack of Time and Urban Health’;  PART III. HEALTH RISKS AND NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT -  13. Kristiann C. Heesch, Shannon Sahlqvist and Jan Garrard (2011), ‘Cyclists' Experiences of Harassment from Motorists: Findings from a Survey of Cyclists in Queensland, Australia’;  14. Rune Elvik (2009), ‘The Non-linearity of Risk and the Promotion of Environmentally Sustainable Transport’;  15. Rajiv Bhatia and Megan Wier (2011), ‘”Safety in Numbers” Re-examined: Can We Make Valid or Practical Inferences from Available Evidence?’;  16. Diane C. Thompson, Fred P. Rivara and Robert Thompson (2009), ‘Helmets for Preventing Head and Facial Injuries in Bicyclists (Review)’;  17. S. Kaur, M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen and R.N. Colvile (2007), ‘Fine Particulate Matter and Carbon Monoxide Exposure Concentrations in Urban Street Transport Microenvironments’;  18. Luc Int Panis, Bas de Geus, Gregory Vandenbulcke, Hanny Willems, Bart Degraeuwe, Nico Bleux, Vinit Mishra, Isabelle Thomas and Romain Meeusen (2010), ‘Exposure to Particulate Matter in Traffic: A Comparison of Cyclists and Car Passengers’;  19. Jeroen Johan de Hartog, Hanna Boogaard, Hans Nijland and Gerard Hoek (2010), ‘Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks?’;  PART IV. FORECASTING AND EVALUATION METHODS FOR NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT -  20. Christopher Porter, John Suhrbier and William L. Schwartz (1999), ‘Forecasting Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel: State of the Practice and Research Needs’;  21. J.D. Hunt and J.E. Abraham (2006), ‘Influences on Bicycle Use’;  22. Nebiyou Y. Tilahun, David M. Levinson and Kevin J. Krizek (2007), ‘Trails, Lanes, or Traffic: Valuing Bicycle Facilities with an Adaptive Stated Preference Survey’;  23. John Parkin, Mark Wardman and Matthew Page (2008) ‘Estimation of the Determinants of Bicycle Mode Share for the Journey to Work using Census Data’;  24. Todd Alexander Litman (2003), ‘Economic Value of Walkability’;  25. Sonja Kahlmeier, Francesca Racioppi, Nick Cavill, Harry Rutter and Pekka Oja (2010), ‘“Health in all Policies” in Practice: Guidance and Tools to Quantifying the Health Effects of Cycling and Walking’;  PART V. POLICY INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT -  26. John Pucher, Jennifer Dill and Susan Handy (2010), ‘Infrastructure, Programs and Policies to Increase Bicycling: An International Review’;  27. Kevin J. Krizek and Eric W. Stonebraker (2010), ‘Bicycling and Transit: A Marriage Unrealized’;  28. Susan A. Shaheen, Stacey Guzman and Hua Zhang (2010), ‘Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia: Past, Present, and Future’.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2013 10:17:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1237152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prevalence and Correlates of Street Racing Among Ontario High School Students</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1123991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examined the prevalence and correlates of street racing among adolescents derived from the 2009 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS), an epidemiological survey of students in Ontario, Canada. The key response variable, self-reported street racing in past year, was examined in relation to grade level, rural/urban, school marks, cannabis use, drinking and driving, cannabis use and driving, and property, physical, drugs, and weapons delinquencies. All survey estimates were weighted, and variance and statistical tests were corrected for the complex sampling design.  Of the 3053 9th- to 12th-graders (66% response rate), 5.6 percent of high-schoolers (an estimated 42,000 in the province), including 20.4% of grade 11 and 12 students with an advanced-level or full license, reported driving a car, truck, or sport utility vehicle (SUV) in a street race in the 12 months before the survey. Logistic regression analysis of the advanced-level or fully licensed students in grades 11 and 12 found that males compared to females and students in grade 11 compared to students in grade 12 had significantly higher adjusted odds of street racing. Supportive of problem behavior theory, students who reported property and drug delinquencies compared to students not engaging in these delinquencies also had significantly higher adjusted odds of street racing. This first population-based study in North America suggested that the prevalence of street racing at 1 in 5 of advanced or fully licensed high-schoolers in grades 11 and 12 poses significant public health concerns, especially related to the potential for unintentional injury.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2011 07:24:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1123991</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prescription Medication Usage and Crash Culpability in a Population of Injured Drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1122631</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper, from a conference on crash injury control, reports on a study undertaken to describe the prevalence of prescription drug use among injured trauma patients and to determine the association between classes of drugs and crash culpability (used as a surrogate measure of crash risk).  The authors linked patient records to police crash reports, in order to determine crash culpability.  The patient records included chronic medication usage, for all drivers admitted to a trauma center following a traffic collision in 2008 (n = 1,558).  Analyses explored the association between medication use and crash responsibility among non-drinking drivers, focusing on the use of central nervous system (CNS)-acting medications (single and multiple). The data showed that 61.5% of all drivers were using any medications and usage increased with age, as did numbers of prescriptions per driver. Additional analyses revealed that drivers who used CNS medications had an increased risk of culpability; those on more than one such medication had a crude (unadjusted) odds ratio of 2.16 for having caused the crash. Among drivers younger than 45 years old, CNS medications did not significantly increase the risk of crash culpability. However, among drivers aged 45 or greater, the odds ratios for one, two, or 2+ CNS medications vs. none increased dramatically from 1.89 to 4.23 to 7.99, respectively. The authors conclude by calling for special attention and concern given to older drivers using two or more CNS-acting agents.  They note that despite the facts from this study and other research about the prevalence of prescription drug use, awareness of the risks of driving associated with the drugs is low and warnings about these medications are rarely provided by health care workers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2011 13:44:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1122631</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Japanese Public Transportation Drivers Engaged in Shiftwork</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to explore the actual condition of sleep disorders underlying subjective excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) among train and bus drivers engaged in shiftwork.  The study included 3,109 public transportation drivers.  Clinical diagnoses were made based on 147 drivers who claimed to have subjective EDS, and 285 drivers who were judged to have obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), based on the screening process.  The authors found that, among these subjects, the prevalence of OSAS was 3.7% and that of shiftwork disorder (SWD) was 1.5%. SWD was common among drivers who had EDS (32.7% of drivers with EDS), and their EDS severity was higher than that of OSAS drivers. The drivers with SWD were mostly young and neither obese nor hypertensive; the authors compare their findings to those of earlier studies that showed an interrelationship between long-term shiftwork and obesity.  The authors conclude with a discussion of the benefits of encouraging awareness of SWD and OSAS to prevent sleepiness-related accidents, particularly among occupational drivers engaged in a shiftwork schedule.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2011 07:14:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1115912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Mandatory Alcohol Testing Programs in Reducing Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Motor Carrier Crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1102805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the effectiveness of mandatory alcohol testing programs in reducing alcohol involvement in fatal motor carrier crashes.  These testing programs were implemented in the United States in 1995 but have not yet been adequately evaluated. The mandatory alcohol testing programs for commercial drivers include pre-employment testing, random testing, reasonable suspicion testing, and post-accident testing.  Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) during 1982–2006, the authors assessed 69,295 motor carrier drivers and 83,436 non–motor-carrier (primarily automobile) drivers who were involved in 66,138 fatal multivehicle crashes. Overall, 2.7% of the motor carrier drivers and 19.4% of the non–motor-carrier drivers had positive blood alcohol concentrations. During the study period, the prevalence of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes decreased by 80% among motor carrier drivers and 41% among non–motor-carrier drivers. With adjustment for driver age, sex, history of driving while intoxicated, and survival status, implementation of the mandatory alcohol testing programs was found to be associated with a 23% reduced risk of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes by motor carrier drivers. The estimated safety benefit of the mandatory alcohol testing programs is consistent across age groups and between sexes.  The authors conclude that their results provide compelling evidence that  mandatory alcohol testing programs have significantly reduced alcohol involvement in fatal motor carrier crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 May 2011 13:08:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1102805</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prevalence rates of helmet use among motorcycle riders in a developed region in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1083868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of helmet use, and of correct helmet use (chinstrap firmly fastened) among motorcycle riders and their passengers in Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China. A cross-sectional survey involving direct observation of motorcycle riders was conducted at 20 randomly selected intersections. A total of 13,410 motorcycles were observed during a 10-day period in February 2009. The overall prevalence of helmet use was 72.6% (95% CI: 71.8-73.3%) among drivers and 34.1% (95% CI: 32.7-35.5%) among pillion passengers. The prevalence of correct use was 43.2% (95% CI: 42.4-44.0%) and 20.9% (95% CI: 19.8-22.1%) for drivers and passengers respectively. The helmet wearing rate on city streets was almost 95%, however city riders were more likely than rural riders to wear non-motorcycle helmets while riding. In multivariate analyses, factors associated with increased helmet use included riding on city streets, male gender, being a driver, carrying less passengers and riding a registered motorcycle. The results indicated enforcement and education activities need to be strengthened with respect to both helmet use and helmet quality, especially in rural areas, in order to improve wearing rates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Dec 2010 11:34:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1083868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Relationship of Whiplash Injury and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Narrative Literature Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/925029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this article is to offer a narrative review and discuss the possible relationship between temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and whiplash injuries. Databases from 1966 to present were searched including PubMed; Manual, Alternative, and Natural Therapy Index System; and Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Search terms used included whiplash injury, temporomandibular disorders and craniomandibular disorders. Inclusion criteria consisted of studies on orofacial pain of a musculoskeletal origin addressing the following topics: posttraumatic temporomandibular disorder (pTMD) incidence and prevalence, mechanism of injury, clinical findings and characteristics, prognosis (including psychologic factors). Excluded were studies of orofacial pain from nontraumatic origin, as well as nonmusculoskeletal causes including neurologic, vascular, neoplastic, or infectious disease. Thirty-two studies describing the effects of whiplash on TMD were reviewed based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The best evidence from prospective studies indicates a low to moderate incidence and prevalence. Only 3 studies addressed mechanism of injury theories. Most studies focusing on clinical findings and characteristics suggest significant differences when comparing pTMD to idiopathic/nontraumatic patients. Regarding prognosis, most studies suggest a significant difference when comparing pTMD to idiopathic/nontraumatic TMD patients, with pTMD having a poorer prognosis.  There is conflicting evidence regarding the effects of whiplash on the development of TMD. Furthermore, because of lack of homogeneity in the study populations and lack of standardization of data collection procedures and outcomes measured, this review cannot conclusively resolve the controversies that exist concerning this relationship. This review of the literature is provided to clarify the issues and to provide useful clinical information for health care providers managing TMD such as doctors of chiropractic, physical therapists, dentists, and medical doctors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Aug 2010 07:05:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/925029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prevalence of Alcohol and Drugs in Urine of Patients Involved in Road Accidents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/890943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to estimate the prevalence of drug and/or alcohol use in subjects admitted for road traffic accidents to an Emergency Department.  The study was conducted between January and April 2006, and included 100 patients of both sexes (age 18-65) who were examined after being involved in a road traffic accident.  Assessments included a commercial rapid urine test that was administered in the emergency department to detect drugs and serology tests conducted in the central laboratory for blood alcohol levels.  The data showed that most of the patients were drivers under 35 years of age.  More than 67 of the 100 road traffic accidents occurred on weekend days (Friday-Sunday), with nearly 60% during the overnight hours (24:00-09:00 hrs).  On non-weekend days, about 80% of road traffic accidents were recorded between 14:00-24:00 hrs (2:00pm and midnight).  Blood and urine tests showed 43 of the 100 patients with either a single or multiple positivity. Alcohol and drug presence is particularly relevant during the weekend (37/43 cases), in contrast with non weekend (6/43 cases). Alcohol was the most frequently detected abuse substance (72%), followed by benzodiazepines (42%), tetrahydrocannabinol (21%) and cocaine (14%).  The authors conclude that the high incidence of alcohol and/or drug abuse may have caused physical and/or psychological problems, therefore the high number of road traffic accidents, especially if taken in combination.  They remind readers that the rapid urine test used in the emergency department cannot represent a diagnosis, and requires a confirmation blood test.  However, the urine tests can be used for medical purposes to support a preliminary response, enabling faster diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2009 07:43:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/890943</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Street Racing: A Neglected Research Area?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/889076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study objective was to review: (1) the extent and frequency of street racing and its consequences; (2) the characteristics of street racers; (3) explanatory theories for street racing; (4) the legal issues; and (5) the best methods of preventing street racing. Methodology consisted of review of academic and other literature. Very limited official statistics are available on street racing offenses and related collisions, in part because of the different jurisdictional operational definitions of street racing and the ability of police to determine whether street racing was a contributing factor. Some data on prevalence of street racing have been captured through social surveys and they found that between 18.8 and 69.0 percent of young male drivers from various international jurisdictions have reported street racing. Moreover, street racing is found to be associated with other risky behaviors, substance abuse, and delinquent activities. The limited evidence available on street racing suggests that it has increased in the last decade. Street racing is a neglected research area and the time has come to examine the prevalence and causes of street racing and the effectiveness of various street racing countermeasures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2009 07:42:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/889076</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characteristics of Back Pain Among Commercial Drivers and Motorcyclists in Lagos, Nigeria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/888949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to determine and compare the prevalence of back pain among commercial motor drivers (CMDs) and commercial motorcyclists (CMCs) in Lagos, Nigeria.  The authors note that it has been reported that a high number of CMDs suffer from low back pain (LBP) with loss of working hours. However, little is known about the prevalence of back pain among  motorcyclists particularly among CMCs.  The study features a structured questionnaire that was administered to CMDs (n = 400) and CMCs (n = 400). The questionnaire covered demographic items, working hours/day, associated back pain and location, pain severity and knowledge of preventive measures.  The study analyses were conducted on 599 returned questionnaires.  The results showed a prevalence of back pain as 193 (64.5%) and 180 (60%) among the CMDs and CMCs respectively.  Of those respondents who reported back pain, low back pain was noted in 178 CMDs (59.3%) and in 129 (43%) CMCs.  The occurrence of upper back/neck pain was higher in the CMCs (n = 41 or 13.7%) than the CMDs (n = 5  or 1.7%). Very few respondents (7% of CMDs and 1.3% of CMCs) were aware of backpain preventive measures and none of the CMCs had formal ergonomics instructions at workplace. The authors conclude by supporting efforts to prevent the occupational injury associated with driving/riding by emphasizing good sitting posture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 May 2009 08:37:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/888949</guid>
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