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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Hierarchical identification of a maneuvering model for a leisure boat utilizing open sea trial data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661697</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate maneuvering models are essential for understanding the dynamic behavior of small leisure boats, yet most existing formulations have been developed for large vessels and may not be directly applicable. This study proposes a hierarchical stepwise identification (HSI) method to derive hull force models from open sea trial data, combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) for parameter estimation. The identified models are validated through zigzag, turning, and random maneuvers. Hierarchical stepwise feature selection progressively improves prediction accuracy by eliminating redundant terms and retaining physically meaningful ones. Further refinement with PSO-based parameter optimization enhances predictive performance without altering the model structure. Compared with conventional maneuvering models, the proposed HSI + PSO formulation reproduces trajectories and velocity profiles more faithfully, demonstrating its suitability for capturing the dynamics of the target leisure boat. These findings confirm that combining HSI and PSO provides a maneuvering model tailored to small marine crafts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:57:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661697</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study to Determine the Advantages and Drawbacks of a Possible Mutual Recognition of Boating Licences for Recreational Boat Operators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625861</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The EU’s current system for recreational boating licences is fragmented and non-harmonized, creating significant challenges for boaters, businesses, and the overall waterborne sector. This lack of regulatory consistency leads to confusion, bureaucratic hurdles, and ultimately, inhibits the growth of the EU's blue economy. Boaters face uncertainty regarding licensing requirements, the recognition of foreign licences, and cross-border travel. Businesses, such as charter companies, struggle with inconsistent regulations across Member States, adding complexity and administrative burdens. The absence of a clear and comprehensive legal framework negatively impacts the free movement of persons and goods within the EU. This report examines the current state of boating licence regulation for private citizens within the EU and analyses two potential policy options to address the existing fragmentation: the adoption of the International Certificate of Competence for Operators of Pleasure Craft (ICC) Resolution No. 40 by the UNECE (ICC Resolution 40) , and the development of a harmonised EU framework on the licensing certificates. The UNECE ICC Resolution 40 provides a set of guidelines for the issue of certificates of competence. An ICC certificate issued in accordance with Resolution No.40, provides the holder with evidence of competence for the operation of a pleasure craft, in an internationally recognizable format, which can be presented to officials in foreign countries upon request.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 09:47:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625861</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Recreational Crafts Accidents – Precondition for Improvement of Safety of Navigation in the Adriatic Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610735</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The number of marine accidents involving recreational crafts on the Adriatic Sea has been increasing in recent years, especially during high season. In this paper, research on marine accidents of recreational crafts in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea was conducted. The aim of the research was to identify the main types of recreational crafts that are most frequently involved in different categories of accidents in the Adriatic Sea by presenting trends and patterns such as geographical distributions, type of recreational crafts, seasonality, time of occurrence and distribution of fatalities according to vessel type, upon which recommendations are proposed according to findings. The research is based on a retrospective review and analysis of data from a total of 2.654 archived files of marine accidents involving recreational crafts, which includes a detailed review of the chronology of individual accidents, weather reports, attached photographic evidence, port authority’s reports, and a review of correspondence between Rescue Coordination Centers, sub-centers and competent ministries. The results of the analysis for the observed period are presented according to different categories, i.e., types of accidents, with the calculated values of statistical tests, for which the statistical program SPSS and the software STATISTICA 12 were used. The findings show that the majority of overall interventions are involved with recreational crafts and that the majority of rescued persons are caused by nautical tourism activities. Based on the conducted research, recommendations were made to increase safety in the domain of nautical tourism on the Adriatic Sea in terms of better training and education, especially for boat and sailing boat skippers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Oct 2025 09:15:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610735</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Potential contribution of foreign-flagged recreational and craft vessels to the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species: A preliminary assessment for Brazil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The role of recreational boats as pathways for the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) has been regarded as a secondary concern by international regulations. Nonetheless, recent studies indicated that recreational crafts may cause up to 60 % of introductions in some regions. By keeping official records of foreign crafts transiting in its jurisdictional waters, the Brazilian Maritime Authority has a useful database. The present study combines these data with environmental parameters to map and assess the biofouling-mediated risks associated with recreational boats entering Brazilian Jurisdictional waters (BJW). Eight regional captaincies were selected as the main entry gates for BJW. Across five years (2019–2024), each route used by foreign recreational boats to reach these captaincies was mapped and had an associated NIS introduction risk calculated through a modified version of GloBallast Risk Assessment Approach (GRAA). The analysis of records identified 84 entry routes for recreational boats in BJW. The captaincies of Rio Grande do Sul (CPRS) and Rio de Janeiro had the highest connectivity, with 20 and 15 routes, respectively. In contrast, the captaincies of Maranhão and São Paulo were the least connected, each with five routes. Risk values ranged approximately from 0.1 for the route from Isle of Man to captaincy of Santa Catarina to 7.5 for the route from Buenos Aires to CPRS. The findings allow management to direct resources to higher-risk areas, reaching more effective results. Future work will involve cataloging fouling species on recreational vessels to refine risk assessments and management strategies against NIS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 09:33:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2548919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of marine accident probability prediction model for pleasure boats using ship accident database in central part of Seto Inland Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2507045</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding future marine accident risks is a critical challenge for maritime safety. Approximately 50% of marine accidents in Japan involve pleasure boats (PBs), small ships used for marine leisure. Previous studies have primarily analyzed the causes and trends of marine accidents involving larger vessels. Effective maritime safety management requires predicting future accidents and identifying conditions that contribute to these incidents. This study developed a predictive model using Light Gradient Boosting Machine to estimate the monthly probability of PB marine accidents in the central part of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan's highest incidence area. The model utilized 2986 PB marine accidents (2005–2021), sea area characteristics, vessel traffic density, and weather conditions to learn patterns of marine accident occurrence for each approximately 10 nautical mile square. The prediction accuracy indicated that the results generally aligned with the actual incident rates. Additionally, the Shapley Additive exPlanation, an interpretation method for artificial intelligence models, reveals that in areas with a high predicted probability, the number of islands and vessel traffic density were the main crucial factors. The results of this study can effectively aid port authorities and rescue organizations in optimizing the season and area selection for safety activities and rescue vessel deployment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Feb 2025 08:43:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2507045</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A rational approach for the scantling design of GRP pleasure crafts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2371813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In various fields of industrial engineering, including naval architecture, structural design is considered one of the most challenging steps by designers as it shall accommodate all other design aspects, likely already defined in earlier steps. Moreover, structures need to comply with specific requirements, i.e. limit states, while also performing in accordance with user's demands in terms of mission profile. In a goal-based design perspective, limit state criteria have to be defined accounting for both, structural robustness, functional and operational demands. Construction feasibility is an issue as well, further constraining the scantling design. Balancing construction needs, ship performances and structural aspects is not always an easy task.The environment in which a ship operates is indeed complex and verification of safety and robustness is usually carried out in accordance with classification societies and other rules, possibly applying direct calculations whenever applicable rules do not provide suitable solutions. At the same time, the asset needs to fulfill various attributes specified by the owner. As a matter of facts, the scantling design is mathematically a multivariate and over-constrained problem whose feasible solutions are in fact rather few. In the case of composite pleasure craft hull structures, while the number of design variables increases, feasibility constraints also largely reduce the design space.To address these challenges, designers may nowadays exploit new procedures able to reduce structural weight, though ensuring that the asset performs safely and adequately meeting client's requirements. To achieve this, designers may combine a more rational design philosophy with currently available numerical problem-solving applications to obtain a rational trade-off among all actually feasible solutions, which are relatively few.Thus, the objective of this study is to present a dependable numerical method for determining the scantling while reducing the weight of hull composite structures of pleasure crafts. This method aims to provide the most suitable, high-performing, and safe layout in the quickest and easiest possible manner. It turns out that counterintuitive, yet feasible and fit-for-purpose, structural lay-outs can be obtained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2024 16:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2371813</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of the underwater noise produced by recreational and small fishing boats (&lt;14 m) in the shallow-water of the Cres-Lošinj Natura 2000 SCI</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2014146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recreational boats are a dominant source of underwater noise in coastal areas, but reliable boat noise assessment is generally lacking. Here the Underwater Radiated Noise (URN) of seven recreational and small fishing boats moving at two different speeds was measured in the shallow waters of the Cres-Lošinj Natura 2000 SCI (Croatia). Measurements were undertaken considering the internationally recognized standards and published guidelines for shallow waters. URN was provided in 1/3 octave band spectra and in narrow band spectra, to highlight the tonal components. Engine power and type rather than the boat length and design result to be more predictive of URN. Highest speeds induce highest noise levels only in a very limited frequency range and different boats with similar speed but different engines show a shift in the spectra. Relevance of the achieved results for the tested area is further discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Oct 2022 16:42:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2014146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling copper emissions from antifouling paints applied on leisure boats into German water bodies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1873256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Copper-containing antifouling paints (AFP) are widely used for leisure boat maintenance. Cu emitted from AFP into German surface water bodies has been suggested to be a significant source of heavy metal pollution, threatening water quality. The authors developed two scenarios to model Cu emissions from AFP applied on leisure boats on national scale, which allow identifying regional hotspots. The top-down approach (scenario A) was based on a previous study on national AFP consumption, while in the bottom-up approach (scenario B), median and interquartile range of Cu release rates depending on salinity conditions were considered for emission estimation. Both scenarios clearly highlighted the locally high emission pressure on inland waters in popular watersport regions, identifying these as requiring intense protection. Scenario B generally predicted lower Cu emissions (sea: 11.05–25.53 t a−1, inland: 14.15–34.59 t a−1) than scenario A (sea: 22.53 t a−1, inland: 47.97 t a−1). To evaluate their relevance, scenario results were compared to emissions modelled with MoRE (Modelling of Regionalized Emissions), which is used as reporting tool on substance emissions by Germany. According to scenarios A and B, the emission from AFP accounted for 13 % and 4–9 % of the total Cu emissions into inland waters in 2016, respectively. Scenario results were similar or higher than other emission pathways such as industrial direct dischargers. Thus, the authors consider Cu emissions from AFP as a significant pathway to be included in the MoRE emission inventory. The authors recommend scenario B for implementation as it allows a more flexible adaptation for future modelling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2021 14:56:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1873256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Market Segmentation of Leisure Boats Exhibited in the Boat Show by Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to segment recreational boats according to their basic parameters in order to develop marketing strategies and to investigate the benefit/cost factors in consumer preferences across segments. For this purpose, 69 recreational boats under 10 meters exhibited at the Istanbul Boat Show were clustered using basic parameters. In the study, in which hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling analysis were used, the boats were divided into four clusters and these results were intended to create an input in the marketing strategies of the boats. These clusters are labelled from the lowest segment to the highest segment, A, B, C and D in ascending order. Based on the calculated averages of these segments for five variables, their intended use is introduced. This segmentation provides guiding findings in different areas such as marketing, advertising and production strategies from the arrangement of the boats within the fair. In addition, alternative actions have been determined for both the customer and the seller by revealing the costs to be incurred in the event that customers prefer different segments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 28 Feb 2021 16:49:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1760226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Correlation Between Strong Wind and Leisure Craft Grounding in Croatian Waters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1763191</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the correlation between strong wind and the frequency of small leisure craft grounding by analysing the available data on maritime accidents in the Adriatic. The primary goal of this study was to verify the hypothesis from prior research that strong wind is the prime cause of groundings in certain areas of the Adriatic. Contrary to the conclusions of the prior research, the new analysis indicates a far more uniform spatial distribution of wind-caused grounding accidents across all the examined areas of Croatian Adriatic waters. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that most grounding accidents occur in light wind conditions, suggesting that groundings can predominantly be attributed to factors other than strong wind. Several important drawbacks of the analysis stemming from the lack of accurate data on accidents in Croatian waters are discussed and suggestions given for the improved collection thereof that would greatly contribute to the future research on this topic. The inability to determine the exact causes of particular accidents from available data makes it impossible to accurately establish the number of grounding accidents caused by strong wind. In the future, more detailed statistical data could improve the authors' understanding of the correlation between adverse weather conditions and recreational vessel accidents in the Adriatic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2021 10:20:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1763191</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental risk assessment of using antifouling paints on pleasure crafts in European Union waters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To ensure sustainable use of antifouling paints, the European Union have developed a new environmental risk assessment tool, which a product must pass prior to its placement on the market. In this new tool, environmental concentrations are predicted based on estimated release rates of biocides to the aquatic environment and risk characterization ratios are calculated in regional spreadsheets. There are currently two methods in use to predict release rates of biocides; a calculation method and a laboratory method. These methods have been believed to overestimate environmental release of biocides and therefore fixed correction factors to reduce the release rate can be applied. An alternative method, known as the XRF method, has recently been developed and used to derive field release rates from antifouling paints. The aim of this study was to review the new environmental risk assessment tool and assess how the choice of release rate method and application of correction factors impact the approval of antifouling paint products. Eight coatings were environmentally risk assessed for usage in four European marine regions; Baltic, Baltic Transition, Atlantic and Mediterranean; by applying release rates of copper and zinc determined with the different methods. The results showed none of the coatings to pass the environmental risk assessment in the Baltic, Baltic Transition and the Mediterranean if field release rates were used. In contrast, most of the coatings passed if the correction factors were applied on the release rates obtained with the calculation or laboratory method. The results demonstrate the importance of release rate method choice on the outcome of antifouling product approval in EU. To reduce the impact of antifouling paints on the marine environment it is recommended that no correction factors should be allowed in the environmental risk assessment or preferably that site-specific field release rates are used. If the regulation in the European Union (and elsewhere) continues to allow correction factors, the pressure of biocides to the environment from leisure boating will result in degradation of marine ecosystems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Feb 2021 10:20:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1762681</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Analysis of Recreational Vessel Groundings in Croatian Waters of the Adriatic Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recreational vessel accidents during summer seasons in Adriatic Sea frequently occur when seasonal traffic significantly increases. In this paper, the database containing data on recreational vessel groundings from 2013 up to 2019 has been analyzed. Data distributions have been calculated, and characteristic patterns are noted. Statistical auto-regressive model SARIMAX has been used to create existing grounding data time-series, and to forecast trends for the next five years. The findings show that majority of groundings happen during night hours, suggesting that dominant causes of those accidents are human error related. Weather conditions have also been detected as one of causes of groundings, particularly north-east winds and thunderstorms. The slowly increasing trend of annual groundings is forecasted and recommendation to improve skipper’s education and training has been given to mitigate future increase.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2021 16:28:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758883</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Observation and assessment of crossing situations between pleasure craft and a small passenger ferry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1741723</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A study of navigational situations involving a small passenger ferry ‘Ole III’ was conducted based on participatory observations in the Husøysund strait in Tønsberg municipality, Norway. The aims were to document the extent to which crossing situations are solved according to navigational rules and practice, and to investigate the number of incidents which could pose a risk for Ole III and its passengers. Because of the high density of private pleasure craft, we expected a rather large number of non-compliance with navigational rules. Observations supported this assumption, and based on the total of 3152 crossings with Ole III where other vessels where present, a total of 279 (8.9%) incidents were considered to involve non-compliance with navigational rules and practice. A total of 165 incidents were caused by the other vessels failing to give way even though it had Ole III on its starboard side. This indicates that, at least in Norway, we may routinely expect pleasure craft to deviate from navigational rules for crossing situations. A number of incidents could partly be explained by a mismatch in understandings of which vessel had the right-of-way. Also, incident risk was higher when Ole III used active control strategies to handle crossing situations (e.g. keeping course and speed) as compared with passive control strategies. A taxonomy of situations based upon intentions is presented together with suggestions for control strategies for small passenger vessels that operate in waters with many pleasure craft.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2020 09:23:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1741723</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Need for Unification and Harmonization in a Maritime Licensing Standard for Recreational Craft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714247</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this document is to make clear the importance of simplifying the transit of pleasure boats and their skippers safely in the European territory with the foreseeable improvement of the functioning of the internal market. In many European countries recreational skippers are required to have specific training and experience in order to demonstrate their maritime competence. These licenses for navigation allow a recreational vessel to be skippered in each national territory. One of the main objectives of these qualifications is to reduce the number of accidents in recreational boating. Generally speaking, in the European Union, as regards the requirements for the management of pleasure craft, both private and professional, the requirements are very different depending on the member state.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2020 16:10:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1714247</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Some Features Seen in the Winning Team of Cutter Race Obtained from GPS data and Image Analysis of Rowing Oar during Race</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1682069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, there are many cutter races held in many places. But their rowing method are each different based on their experiment method of each team. So, there is little study of evaluation for this sport. In this study, the authors aimed to clarify some features actually seen in the winning teams by quantifying and comparing of the boat speed or turning situations for the good prize in the cutter race. At the 62nd All Japan Cutter Race (total number of 12 teams) held in May 2018, a portable GPS terminal was attached to the bow of each total four 9-meter-long cutter boats, and the recorded the position data by every second. In this study, races are classified into three parts such as start dash (SD) turning head and cruises. The boats speed, under water ratio of oar during cruising, and required time for SD are evaluated. As a result, SD has smallest time difference between teams and maximum time difference was 6 seconds. The turn can be divided into three groups from the total amount of course change value, boats speed or track pattern. Furthermore, cruise is most important as accounts for more than 80% of the total race, and there was positive correlation between the underwater ratio and the average boats speed during cruise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2020 12:38:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1682069</guid>
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