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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Roadside Truck Placard Readers for Advanced Notice and Response at Safety Critical Facilities: Phase 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2188167</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transport of hazardous and dangerous materials (HAZMAT) through safety-critical facilities poses significant risk to overall system reliability should those assets be incapacitated by the occurrence of a related incident. This problem is particularly acute for facilities in remote locations such as Virginia’s mountain tunnels on Interstate 77 (I-77) due to limitations on alternate routes and the availability and proximity of emergency responders and specialized equipment/supplies. Automated placard reader systems (APRSs) are commercially available camera-based computer vision systems that “read” hazardous material placards on passing trucks from roadside installations. This information, along with other pertinent vehicle identification data may then be forwarded to critical facility operators to inform any preparations or responses that may be required. The Virginia Tech Transportation Institute conducted an initial phase of work to assess the readiness of APRSs for their reliable and effective roadside deployment and to determine how the data from such a system could be used by facility operators to improve safety and mitigate disruption during an event involving HAZMAT. The findings of the first phase of work indicated that available APRS technology was sufficiently advanced to warrant a second phase of work that included field testing and further refinement of the preliminary deployment plan. In Phase I, an APRS from Intelligent Imaging Systems (IIS) was identified for further evaluation. In this (second) phase of work, a mobile APRS system provided by IIS was evaluated under experimental and naturalistic scenarios at the Virginia Smart Roads and at several locations on Virginia public roads. A photographic survey of public HAZMAT placard usage conducted previously was used to inform this testing. Additional naturalistic data were acquired from a permanent APRS installation in Delaware when difficulties with the mobile APRS were encountered. The mobile and permanent APRSs were able to classify HAZMAT placard accurately at rates of 96% and 99%, respectively. The mobile and permanent systems were able to read United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) numbers from the sides of tractors correctly at rates of 46% and 67%, respectively, and tractor license plates correctly at rates of 43% and 39%, respectively. Moderate levels of rain and snow, as observed through roadside cameras and reported at nearby weather stations, had minimal impact on reporting accuracy. Performance of the system at night compared favorably with daytime performance. To address potential false negative concerns, a visual survey of 187 commercial vehicles was conducted that revealed that the APRS was 85% successful at locating and identifying the presence of placards on commercial vehicles passing in the near lane. With respect to implementation, the nature of how the subject APRS data are provided to users is not currently conducive to automated integration with existing or future VDOT tunnel or traffic management systems as data must be read from an online interface and no “push” options are currently available. Also, providing advance warning of the approach of HAZMAT to tunnel operators on I-77 is not feasible given constraints related to the geographic siting of potential APRS installations and respective traffic characteristics. However, facility operator access to APRS data after an incident has occurred may provide benefits of improved responder and traveler safety as well as faster clearance times.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 11 Jun 2023 20:09:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2188167</guid>
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      <title>Development of a Novel Framework for Hazardous Materials Placard Recognition System to Conduct Commodity Flow Studies Using Artificial Intelligence AlexNet Convolutional Neural Network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1759252</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conducting hazardous materials (HAZMAT) commodity flow studies (CFS) is crucial for emergency management agencies. Identifying the types and amounts of hazardous materials being transported through a specified geographic area will ensure timely response if a HAZMAT incident takes place. CFS are usually conducted using manual data collection methods, which may expose the personnel to some risks by them being subjected to road traffic and different weather conditions for several hours. On other hand, the quality and accuracy of the collected HAZMAT data are affected by the skill and alertness of the data collectors. This study introduces a framework to collect HAZMAT transportation data exploiting advanced image processing and machine learning techniques on video feed. A promising convolutional neural network (CNN), named AlexNet was used to develop and test the automatic HAZMAT placard recognition framework. A solar-powered mobile video recording system was developed using high-resolution infra-red (IR) cameras, connected to a network video recorder (NVR) mounted on a mobile trailer. The developed system was used as the continuous data collection system. Manual data collection was also conducted at the same locations to calibrate and validate the newly developed system. The results showed that the proposed framework could achieve an accuracy of 95% in identifying HAZMAT placard information. The developed system showed significant benefits in reducing the cost of conducting HAZMAT CFS, as well as eliminating the associated risks that data collection personnel could face.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:57:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1759252</guid>
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      <title>Detection of Dangerous Goods Placards for Road and Tunnel Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1262685</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transportation of dangerous goods is strictly regulated. One regulation is that dangerous goods transports need explicit marking with plates and labels according to the materials transported. Software for detection of orange-colored rectangular plates with hazard identification and UN number is similar to ANPR, whereas the identification of diamond shaped placards is a rather new application requiring some different approaches. In this study the authors evaluate the application of software for detecting diamond shaped dangerous goods placards and list opportunities, experiences and problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:15:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1262685</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS: A GUIDE TO COMPLIANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/503211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book is designed to provide material to assist in training organizations in meeting U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requirements for hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation. The objectives of the book are to help the reader become familiar with the DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations, help the reader recognize and identify hazmat, and help establish and structure training programs for individuals specializing in hazmat transportation issues.  The U.S. DOT regulations require that at a minimum, hazmat employees undergo general awareness training in hazmat transportation.  This volume does not detail each and every requirement that may apply; some procedures are company and/or job-specific and may depend on conditions and facilities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Sep 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/503211</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>NOM-004-SCT2/1994: SYSTEM FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF UNITS INTENDED FOR THE LAND TRANSPORT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTE, MEXICO, SEPTEMBER 13, 1995</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/484837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a translation of the Official Mexican Standard that sets forth the characteristics and size of the placards that must be displayed by trucks, units of haulage, tank-containers and intermediate bulk containers and other units of carriage by highway and rail, identifying the hazardous substances, materials and wastes being transported and indicating the risks presented during their transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/484837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. 1994 EDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/405266</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This guidebook has been developed to help fleets comply with the regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and to assist carriers in improving their hazardous materials safety programs.  The book provides updated information on the regulations in simplified language, and sets forth the changes in the internal programs and procedures in fleets made necessary by the recent amendments by the Department of Transportation and the Environmental Protection Agency.  The contents are organized as follows:  Classification of Hazardous Materials; Hazardous Materials Table; Appendix A to Section 172.101 - List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities; Table 1 - List of Hazardous Substances Other Than Radionuclides; Table 2 - List of Hazardous Substances and RQ's - Radionuclides; Appendix B to Section 172.102 - List of Marine Pollutants; Special Provisions; Identification Number - Cross Reference to Proper Shipping Names in Section 172.101; Shipping Paper and Manifest Requirements; Markings; Labels; Placarding; Emergency Response Communications Standards; Hazardous Materials Handling Program; Handling Radioactive Materials; Handling Hazardous Wastes; Emergency Procedures; Appendix A - The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities; Public Relations in Emergencies; Hazardous Materials Supplies; and Transition Period for Implementation of HM-181.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/405266</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ASSESSING THE RISK OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FLOWS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INCIDENCE RESPONSE AND ENFORCEMENT TRAINING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/288462</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several factors affect the risk created by hazardous material (hazmat) in transit, including at least the probability of an accident involving a hazmat load, the probability of a spill given that an accident has occurred, and exposure level. In this paper, the focus is on estimating the exposure factor on highways in the heavily industrialized northwest corridor of Indiana. Exposure is defined as the frequency of hazmat loads per time period. Analysis indicates that exposure is highest between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. and that it is highly correlated with volume of total truck traffic. Flammable liquids (58.4 percent) and corrosives (26.3 percent) are the most frequent types of loads. Most loads passing through the study area originate outside Indiana, in Illinois and Michigan. Analysis of safety indicators reveals that driver qualification was the least satisfactory and that appropriate placarding was lacking in 20 percent of the hazmat loads. The results suggest that officers should be deployed most intensively during the daytime to enhance enforcement efforts and that officer training efforts should focus on placard recognition and incident response training--especially regarding flammable liquids and corrosives. A significant effort should be made to develop cooperation and coordination among enforcement officials in Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois. Driver training should be designed to improve qualifications and particularly to increase knowledge about the nature of loads. The results and recommendations generalize most directly to heavily industrialized areas located close to or overlapping multiple state boundaries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Oct 1987 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/288462</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION NEEDS AND IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR TRANSPORTATION PURPOSES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/7429</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Information needs and methods to transmit that information are analyzed to determine the basic requirements of a hazard identification system for packages containing, and vehicles carrying, hazardous materials.  Persons who come in contact with hazardous materials shipments are identified and a typology is developed.  Information needs by type, amount, and timing are listed by category, and sixteen existing labeling systems are evaluated according to these and human factors criteria.  Another dimension of users considered is transportation mode and job function of personnel. Conclusions and recommendations based on this analysis are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Mar 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/7429</guid>
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