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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>The Effects of Different Turbulence Models on the Fire Plume Characteristics of Train Fires in Tunnels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704051</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To investigate the effects of different turbulence models on the fire plume characteristics of train fires in tunnels, we employed five turbulence models: (1) one single-equation model: Spalart–Allmaras (S–A); and (2) four two-equation models: k−ε, k−ω, improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) based on SST k−ω and large eddy simulation (LES). These models were adopted for the numerical simulation of train fire plumes in tunnels, and their outcomes were compared with those of experiments conducted on a reduced-scale train fire model in a laboratory setting. These findings highlight the substantial impact of turbulence model selection on the simulation of fire plumes resulting from train fires in tunnels. When a train fire occurs within a tunnel, it is observed that the longitudinal distributions of temperature, pressure, velocity and soot density on the tunnel ceiling exhibit asymmetry. Among the selected turbulence models, the LES model consistently provided predictions that closely aligned with the experimental data for both fire plume morphologies and tunnel ceiling temperatures. The findings will help address the current gap in turbulence model applicability studies in fire simulations and offer important references for high-precision fire dynamics simulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704051</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Deep Sea Bottom Methane Hydrate Investigations Aboard Fisheries Training Ship III - Comparison of Methane Plume Occurrence after Major Earthquakes with Past Data -</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In May 2022, June 2023 and 2024, the methane hydrate plume generated from the seafloor at a depth of about 560 to 570 meters in the Joetsu Basin was investigated on the training cruise of Nagasaki University’s fishery training vessel called Nagasaki-Maru. These observations have mainly been made with “the quantitative echo sounder”, also with “the multi-beam echo sounder”, “the sub-bottom profilers” and “conductivity, temperature and depth profiler”, which equipped at “Nagasaki-maru”. From these, the authors were able to confirm some plumes at a specific area that continued for over 10 years, and the authors were also able to estimate the surrounding seafloor shape, the subseafloor structure, which could estimate the presence of methane hydrate solid, and the water structure, which could prove the deflection and melting properties of the plumes. And, these observations were conducted approximately six months after the Noto Peninsula earthquake that occurred on January 1, 2024. Therefore, the authors attempted to compare these with past observation data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:35:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598688</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modeling the Air Quality Impact of Aircraft Emissions: Is Area or Volume the Appropriate Source Characterization in AERMOD?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2353874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modeling dispersion of aircraft emissions is challenging because aircraft are mobile sources with varying emissions rates at different elevations depending on the operating mode. Aircraft emissions during landing and take-off cycle (LTO) influence air quality in and around the airport, and depending on the number of aircraft operations and location of the airport, this influence may be significant. AERMOD (v22112) incorporates a variety of conventional source types to characterize the intended emissions source, leaving the question of which conventional source type(s) best characterizes aircraft activities  across the four modes of LTO cycle, unanswered. Currently, the publicly released version of Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA’s) Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) (version 3e) models aircraft emissions as a set of AREA sources for all flight segments. A research version of AEDT allows users to model aircraft sources—both fixed wing and rotorcraft—as a series of VOLUME sources in AERMOD. However, both source treatments do not account for plume rise of aircraft jet exhaust. This paper compares AERMOD’s performance in describing SO₂ concentrations associated with airport sources by comparing model results from the two source options during the summer campaign of the Air Quality Source Apportionment study conducted at the Los Angeles International Airport. The authors conclude that both VOLUME source and AREA treatments overestimate the highest observed SO₂ concentrations despite not accounting for background sources. The VOLUME source option reduces this overestimation by using a higher initial plume spread than the AREA option does, and through the inclusion of meander. The results suggest the need to include the plume rise of jet exhaust when using AERMOD for airport air quality studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2024 09:16:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2353874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification of Manipulated &amp; Defective Truck NOx Emission Reduction Systems with Plume Chasing for Authority Inspections</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The PC method allows reliable RDE investigations of individual vehicles whilst measuring in the diluted emission plume behind a vehicle. Recent technical developments, now allow compact PC measurement setups for NOₓ emissions with low maintenance and simple operation making the technique attractive for authorities to use, in order to optimize inspections. The current focus is the identification of high HDV emitters due to illegal manipulations and/or defects of the SCR emission reduction system. A relative high rate of 10% to 20% of HDVs show suspicious or high emission values. In a study in Denmark with local authorities and the police, over 478 HDVs were investigated. The inspection of the suspicious and high emitters proved, that most of these vehicles were defective (67%) or actively manipulated (24%).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2024 15:18:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315079</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multi-Robot Plume Source Localization by Distributed Quantum-Inspired Guidance With Formation Behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306964</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In combination with optimization theory and swarm evolutionary mechanisms, based on multiple mobile robots equipped with sensors, this paper deals with a plume source localization issue with environmental obstacles and communication restrictions for robots. First of all, the authors offer the plume modeling process and analyze some internal characteristics about its source, such that the source localization issue can be addressed by solving a path planning one with constraints for cooperative swarm robots. Secondly, a quantum potential well, an average estimator and a minimum estimator are introduced into swarm evolutionary mechanisms with an oscillation weight, such that quantum-behaved cooperative navigation (QBCN) scheme is proposed as a guidance strategy, where the average estimator and the minimum estimator are designed depending on distributed consensus theory. Subsequently, they put forth a formation behavior consisting of leader-follower tactics, obstacle avoidance tactics and motion optimization tactics, which not only provides a practical collision/obstacle measure, but also increases the coverage area for the objective. Afterwards, a performance analysis for the proposed policy is executed on the convergence and computational complexity, which ensures the accuracy and timeliness of source localization in theory. Finally, simulation tests are performed in different scenarios, and the results validate the practicability and effectiveness of the developed method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Feb 2024 11:48:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306964</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CFD simulation of gas dispersion at hydrogen bunkering station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research is to simulate hydrogen leakage at bunker station with various wind directions and velocities using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to understand hydrogen dispersion behaviour and provide general guidelines to establish risk prevent measures and mitigations at early design phase. This case study examines hydrogen plume behavior in various wind conditions, focusing on horizontal and vertical dispersion as well as mean travel distance over time. Regardless of wind direction, hydrogen disperses in alignment with the wind. As time progresses post-leakage, the plume elongates in the wind's longitudinal direction and contracts vertically, maintaining a consistent shape. Wind direction and the direction of hydrogen release notably influence dispersion patterns. When the wind aligns vertically with the release point, hydrogen plume distance increases with higher wind speeds. Conversely, when wind opposes the release direction, plume length tends to decrease at high speeds. Intriguingly, the maximum distance of 27.85 m occurs when wind and leak directions are orthogonal at 180°. For wind speeds up to 5 m/s, all wind directions show a similar increase in plume distance. However, at 7 m/s, scenarios with horizontal, perpendicular wind directions exhibit a distinct change. Analyzing hydrogen dispersion aids in establishing safety criteria and risk mitigation distances for hydrogen leakages in bunker stations during the early design phase.   ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Jan 2024 16:35:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2314074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Consistent Dual-Mesh Framework for Hybrid LES/RANS Simulations of Vehicle Exhaust Plumes: Implications for Remote Emission Sensing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Remote emission sensing (RES) is a non-intrusive measurement method based on absorption spectroscopy, which allows for the determination of pollutant concentrations in vehicle exhaust plumes. By measuring the absorption of the exhaust plume from the roadside using a light/laser barrier, concentration ratios of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides to carbon dioxide, can be estimated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been employed to simulate vehicle exhaust plumes due to uncertainties in RES capabilities. In a previous study, Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations were conducted to investigate the dispersion of vehicle exhaust plumes under various ambient/driving conditions and provide insights for RES applications. However, the accuracy of these simulations can be further improved. Therefore, this study focuses on enhancing the simulation accuracy by employing large eddy simulations (LES).The computational cost of LES approximately scales with Re1.8 in wall-bounded flows, making it impractical for this application given that the computational mesh has to be substantially refined in the near-wall region. To overcome this challenge, a consistent hybrid LES/RANS dual-mesh approach is adopted. The hybrid turbulence modeling framework is extended to account for a species- and temperature-dependent (density-varying) flow to accurately simulate the vehicle exhaust plume. To ensure consistency between the RANS and averaged LES solutions, additional drift terms are introduced in the corresponding equations. The results demonstrate that the hybrid LES/RANS solver leads to significantly improved consistency in comparison to the standalone RANS and LES results. This turbulence-modeling framework is not only very promising for industrial flow simulations but also provides valuable guidance for the future development of RES devices. This work highlights the potential of hybrid LES/RANS simulations in enhancing the accuracy of vehicle exhaust plume dispersion predictions, which is crucial for optimizing RES measurements. The findings pave the way for further advancements in RES technology and contribute to the ongoing development of efficient and accurate emission monitoring systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 13:41:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239712</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flow-field Evaluation of Superheated Fuel Sprays using High-Speed PIV</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1823795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Spray atomization and evaporation are expected to be improved by injecting fuel at a superheated state. However, the breakup mechanism and evaporation processes of superheated sprays have not been clarified. In previous studies [1], the multi-hole spray flow-field on the vertical plane through the spray axis was investigated by using high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV). The results showed that the spray plumes collapse to the spray axis under high superheat conditions. It's also proven that the superheat degree is the predominant factor influencing the structure and the flow-field of the spray. To further understand this process, the interaction among spray plumes on three cross-sectional planes under various superheated conditions is investigated. In this study, n-hexane sprays generated from an eight-hole DI injector were measured using a high-speed PIV system. The results provide insight to the spray-collapse processes and the interaction between the spray plumes. As the superheat degree (SD) starts to increase, the eight individual circular plumes expanded. Then the expanded plumes gradually move towards the spray axis form a donut shape pattern. Further increasing the superheat degree, the spray becomes a pancake shape pattern. The detailed cross-sectional flow-field was analyzed to illustrate the dynamic variation of the spray and interaction among the spray plumes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jun 2022 09:20:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1823795</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flow Visualization and Analytical Study on the Exhaust Gas Diffusion of a Frigate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wind tunnel flow visualization tests were conducted to analyse the efflux velocity impacts and the yaw angle on the smoke dispersion of the exhaust for a generic frigate. An analytical study was also implemented to obtain the exhaust plume trajectories. The 1/100 scale generic frigate, having a platform for helicopters on the aft of the ship, was built and employed during the experimental study. The forward and astern cruises of the frigate were considered. It is found that the plume height and the exhaust gases momentum increase with the velocity ratio. The problem of smoke nuisance was observed for the ratios with low velocity such as K=0.2. The plume was also directed towards the helicopter platform when the yaw angles are higher than 10°. The experimental results are compared with the analytical solutions for three different velocity ratios. The compliance between the experimental and analytical results is found to be consistent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2021 10:14:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling pollutant dispersion scenarios in high vessel-traffic areas of the Lower Amazon River</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850268</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large ships are efficient in transporting oil and its derivatives. However, they can cause spills in the event of accidents. The aim of the study is to simulate oil dispersion processes in scenarios of likely accidents with ships traveling on sea routes interconnected with Amazonian ports and with the Atlantic Ocean. Navigation routes were based on traffic data to identify risk areas, as well as to compare them to data from the environmental (oil) sensitivity index and to results of numerical simulations of plumes dispersion. These three approaches were integrated to each other in order to assess potential environmental impacts of plumes on coastal biota and human populations. Scenarios results have indicated that the rainy season is the most critical period for plumes dispersion. But, depending on the emission point, plumes tend to remain close to the coast, extend up to 132 km within 72 h, affecting the biodiversity, protected areas and water supply systems from the urban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Aug 2021 16:54:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1850268</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the plume stability of air bubble curtains under low transverse flow velocity environment in dredging engineering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1852486</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air bubble curtain anti-fouling systems, which meet both the environmental standards of suspended solids diffusion and navigation requirements, have unique advantages in environmental dredging technology. Through the bubble plume formed by dense bubble hole jets, the bubble curtain blocks the material exchange between the designated area and other areas in the water to prevent the diffusion of suspended pollutants and protect the water environment. The protection efficiency of the bubble curtain is determined by the fusion of the bubble flow in the rising process and the stability of the plume under the action of a cross flow. The feasibility of a bubble curtain in field engineering is evaluated in this paper. Using two fluid models, the time-varying process of bubble fusion and migration in a bubble plume is analyzed. The dynamic behavior characteristics of the bubble plume are obtained, and the factors influencing the stability of the bubble plume are quantitatively described. The results show that the turbidity of the water body decreases in front of and behind the bubble curtain, which proves that the bubble curtain system is practical in dredging engineering. The number, size range and median value of bubbles in the flume are related to the ventilation pressure and pipe structure. There are three different phenomena in the half-width of the bubble plume at different heights. With the general linear model, it is concluded that the fusion height of the bubble plume is the most sensitive to the change in the bubble tube hole spacing and that the migration characteristics of the bubble plume are most significantly affected by the air flow at the bubble hole. The mechanical analysis of the plume stability shows that the Weber number is the most important parameter affecting the failure of the bubble curtain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 2021 14:26:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1852486</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GIS-Based Plume Data Web Portal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based online portal was developed to store, analyze, and display data from multiple sources pertinent to the Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) Coliseum Boulevard site in Montgomery, Alabama. These sources comprise various consultants involved with the site including geotechnical companies, water testing labs, law firms, and management personnel from ALDOT/Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM). The goal of this portal was to centralize information into a single location for easy access by all of these groups while also consolidating a number of activities in relation to data collection, verification, and preparation. The culmination of these goals resulted in a data-driven web map. The web map is able to display the numerous monitoring points and regions related to the site. On selection of these locations, the web map presents associated data and documents for download. In a similar manner, the property owner’s parcels associated with the site can be selected and legal documents relating to that property displayed. For more robust data retrieval, there are several tools capable of querying data based on multiple locations, location types, and constituents. The Search Documents tool can perform similar functions for ascertaining files based on their type and associated location. Any data and documents can be uploaded to the portal through one of two easy to use tools. The Upload Documents tool allows users to upload a file and input related information into several fields for future acquisition. The Import Data tool accepts comma separated value sheets for well specific data like lab testing and groundwater elevation data. The lab data uploaded to the site is put through a verification process before final import to the database. Several other layers can be toggled on and off on the map as well such as groundwater velocity and elevation contour maps. These features contribute to a streamlined and unified environmental site management process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jan 2020 11:08:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681294</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nozzle Flow Simulation of GDi for Measuring Near-Field Spray Angle and Plume Direction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1598364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Experimental visualization of current gasoline direct injection (GDi) systems are even more complicated especially due to the proximity of spray plumes and the interaction between them. Computational simulations may provide additional information to understand the complex phenomena taking place during the injection process. Nozzle flow simulations with a Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) approach can be used not only to analyze the flow inside the nozzle, but also the first 2-5 mm of the spray. A methodology to obtain plume direction and spray angle from the simulations is presented. Results are compared to experimental data available in the literature. It is shown that plume direction is well captured by the model, whilst the uncertainty of the spray angle measurements does not allow to clearly validate the developed methodology.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2019 17:06:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1598364</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of geometry on the surface waves generated by vertical surface–piercing cylinders with a horizontal velocity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1582254</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bluff bodies advancing through a free surface at high Froude numbers create intricate flow patterns worth further investigation. An example of such flows includes a submarine operating near the free surface which generally will have one or more masts piercing the free surface. These have the potential to produce large wakes at the surface. This article describes the numerical analysis used to investigate possible design modifications to reduce the wake profile of a singular cylindrical mast piercing the free surface. The large eddy simulation model carried out in OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamics software was validated against experimental data obtained by the authors using tow tank experiments. The modifications included the use of a double mast system based on the cylindrical mast and truncated NACA0012 sections. All configurations were performed with a mast cross-sectional area corresponding to a typical submarine snorkel across speeds ranging from two to eight knots. The plume size and mast drag were recorded, and the results show that a 30% reduction in wake profile can be obtained using a double mast system at speeds around eight knots, while at the lower speeds the benefit is not as significant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2019 10:14:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1582254</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deriving fuel-based emission factor thresholds to interpret heavy-duty vehicle roadside plume measurements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1532201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Remote sensing devices have been used for decades to measure gaseous emissions from individual vehicles at the roadside. Systems have also been developed that entrain diluted exhaust and can also measure particulate matter (PM) emissions. In 2015, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) reported that 8% of in-field diesel particulate filters (DPF) on heavy-duty (HD) vehicles were malfunctioning and emitted about 70% of total diesel PM emissions from the DPF-equipped fleet. A new high-emitter problem in the heavy-duty vehicle fleet had emerged. Roadside exhaust plume measurements reflect a snapshot of real-world operation, typically lasting several seconds. In order to relate roadside plume measurements to laboratory emission tests, the authors analyzed carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), and PM emissions collected from four HD vehicles during several driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer. The authors examined the fuel-based emission factors corresponding to possible exceedances of emission standards as a function of vehicle power. The authors' analysis suggests that a typical HD vehicle will exceed the model year (MY) 2010 emission standards (of 0.2 g NOX/bhp-hr and 0.01 g PM/bhp-hr) by three times when fuel-based emission factors are 9.3 g NOX/kg fuel and 0.11 g PM/kg using the roadside plume measurement approach. Reported limits correspond to 99% confidence levels, which were calculated using the detection uncertainty of emissions analyzers, accuracy of vehicle power calculations, and actual emissions variability of fixed operational parameters. The PM threshold was determined for acceleration events between 0.47 and 1.4 mph/sec only, and the NOX threshold was derived from measurements where after-treatment temperature was above 200°C. Anticipating a growing interest in real-world driving emissions, widespread implementation of roadside exhaust plume measurements as a compliment to in-use vehicle programs may benefit from expanding this analysis to a larger sample of in-use HD vehicles.  Implications: Regulatory agencies, civil society, and the public at large have a growing interest in vehicle emission compliance in the real world. Leveraging roadside plume measurements to identify vehicles with malfunctioning emission control systems is emerging as a viable new and useful method to assess in-use performance. This work proposes fuel-based emission factor thresholds for PM and NOx that signify exceedances of emission standards on a work-specific basis by analyzing real-time emissions in the laboratory. These thresholds could be used to prescreen vehicles before roadside enforcement inspection or other inquiry, enhance and further develop emission inventories, and potentially develop new requirements for heavy-duty inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs, including but not limited to identifying vehicles for further testing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Aug 2018 14:04:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1532201</guid>
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