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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Micropiles in Karst: Interstate 70, Frederick County, MD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2164652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cutter and pinnacle features of karst present foundation challenges as encountered by the interchange and frontage road improvement project along Interstate 70 (I-70), Frederick County, Maryland. The project area traverses a karst area with an aggressive sinkhole occurrence rate of approximately eight new sinkholes per year, with 147 known sinkholes documented by 2003. Two pump stations lift and remove storm water from geosynthetic lined storm water ponds. The deep foundation system for these pump stations required penetrating 34 m (110 ft) or more of soil and epikarst to bear in competent material. Micropiles are well suited for the anticipated subsurface conditions since installation techniques enable a production pile to also serve as a verification hole of the bond length. Proper application of pile termination criteria ensure an acceptable foundation element and will aid in minimizing grout loss. A total of 61 micropiles were installed for the two pump stations. The 180 mm (7 in) O.D. micropiles were bonded into limestone rock to provide an axial resistance ranging from 355 to 445 kN (80 to 100 kips). Pile depths varied from 8 to 49 m (25 to 161.5 ft), indicating the highly variable subsurface rock contours. Three load tests were performed, with one micropile exhibiting a plunging-type failure when it was bonded in and subsequently sheared a pinnacle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 2026 13:53:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2164652</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimization of fuel transportation using a multi-product pipeline with intermediate pumping stations: gasoline, diesel, and Jet A-1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents a numerical investigation to optimize a multi-product pipeline involving five fuel storage facilities: one departure terminal and four receiving facilities, over a weekly planning horizon. It considers the phenomenon of contamination due to product mixing at the contact zone. The pipeline transports gasoline, diesel, and Jet A-1 to meet market demand during the planning period. An objective function is formulated for multi-product pipeline fuel transportation under given constraints, and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming with the CPLEX solver is employed as the simulation tool. The optimized sequences derived reduce contamination, maintain sufficient fuel stock levels, ensure the timely delivery of required quantities, and minimize operational costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:40:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592848</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessing Causes of Bank Erosion Using CFD Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Significant bank erosion has occurred along the right bank of Pulgas Creek Channel near 1091 Industrial Road in the City of San Carlos, California. The erosion site is located downstream from a City storm water pumping station. During significant storm events, the pump station discharges water into the channel through three discharge pipes. Accelerated bank erosion that occurred after recent storm events raised concerns that the storm water discharge pipes may be contributing to erosion at the site. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling study was conducted to assess the likely causes of bank erosion at the site. A CFD model was developed using the volume-of-fluid (VOF) model available in the FLUENT software package for predicting the three-dimensional flow patterns in the channel and the distribution of shear stress along the channel bed and banks for a range of flow conditions. The model includes details for the three storm water discharge pipes and the Pulgas Creek channel section between Industrial Road and the concrete bridge at the upstream of HWY 101. CFD simulations were performed for a representative storm event in January 2008, with and without the pumps in operation. Three-dimensional flow patterns and shear stress distributions along the channel bed and banks for several combined channel flow and pumping scenarios were evaluated. Results from the CFD modeling study suggest that pump station discharges contribute to the accelerated bank erosion during significant storm events; however, during high flows, higher velocities and shear stresses occur along the right bank whether pumping is occurring or not. Therefore, bank erosion results from the combined effects of high flows with or without pumping. The analyses were successfully completed within relatively tight schedule and budget constraints and demonstrated that CFD modeling is a cost-effective and reliable tool for these types of applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Nov 2024 11:30:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2283334</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Importance analysis in two kinds of redundant systems: k-out-of-n and consecutive k-out-of-n: F systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1713030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The voting system is a kind of redundant system, and the k-out-of-n system and consecutive k-out-of-n system have been widely used in engineering practice. In this article, the marginal reliability importance and joint reliability importance in k-out-of-n: F systems and consecutive k-out-of-n: F systems are studied for some situations. Then, some properties and relevant remarks of the marginal reliability importance and joint reliability importance in two kinds of system models are analyzed for parameters p, k, and n. Finally, an oil pump transportation system is used to demonstrate the proposed method and illustrate the feasibility and practicality of the model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Mar 2021 12:05:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1713030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Siphons Galore: Crossing under a Lake, a Hill, and a Highway by Designing Inverted Siphons for King County’s Mercer Enatai Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1639129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[King County’s Mercer and Enatai Interceptors were built in the 1960s and extend over 14,000 feet from Mercer Island into the Enatai neighborhood of Bellevue, Washington. The Interceptors primarily receive flows North Mercer Pump Station but also collect flows from the local city of Mercer Island and city of Bellevue sewer systems. Some parts of the system are reaching the end of their useful lives, and future peak flows are projected to exceed the system’s capacity shortly. After the county chartered the need to upgrade the existing interceptors, an in-depth alternative analysis and preliminary design process resulted in a new system design including three inverted siphon segments. This paper reviews the unique set of constraints and hydraulic design challenges presented by each of the siphons and discuss the different strategies and tools that were used to develop and evaluate the proposed solutions. Some of the key items that will be covered include: concept development, system design approach, sedimentation strategy, control structure design, steady state hydraulic modeling, air management review, and computational fluid dynamic modeling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2020 17:25:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1639129</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FPSO Cidade de São Mateus Gas Explosion – Lessons Learned</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The explosion accident in February 2015 on the Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) unit Cidade de São Mateus in the Brazilian offshore sector was the most severe offshore petroleum accident since the Macondo blowout in the US in 2010. The paper aims to discuss the critical implications for the safety of such installations and to recommend solutions to improve safety of FPSO vessels. The root causes are discussed and compared with those of the Macondo blowout and gas leaks on offshore installations in the Norwegian sector. Most of the root causes of the Cidade de São Mateus accident are similar to those of the Macondo accident and gas leaks on offshore installations in the Norwegian sector. Two root causes of a technical nature, related to aspects of safe design, were completely neglected in the investigation into the Cidade de São Mateus accident. These safety features are implemented on virtually all Norwegian FPSO vessels: first, replacing the use of a pump room with individual deep well, submerged cargo pumps in order to eliminate the pump room explosion hazard and second, locating living quarters in the bow of the vessel to avoid exposure to fire.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Dec 2017 15:33:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1488807</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Determine the Requirements for Existing Pipeline, Tank, and Terminal Systems to Transport Ethanol Without Cracking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The potential exists for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel pipelines transporting fuel grade ethanol (FGE) and FGE-gasoline blends. The objectives of SCC 4-4 were to: 1. Develop data necessary to make engineering assessments of the feasibility of transporting FGE and FGE blends in existing pipelines; 2. Identify ethanol blends that can be transported in existing pipelines without significant modification of the system and operations (Case 1), blends that require significant modifications (Case 2) and blends that cannot be transported in existing pipelines, but could be moved in specially designed systems (Case 3); and 3. Characterize the time to initiation of SCC in a range of potent ethanol environments and identify safe operating and/or batching practices that prevent the initiation and growth of SCC. The results of the research (Phase 1 and Phase 2) demonstrated that: 1. Pipelines made of common line pipe steels (e.g., Grade B and X-42 to X-60) are likely to be susceptible to ethanol SCC and any differences in susceptibility are probably not relevant from an integrity perspective; 2. While differences in susceptibility were noted for some weld types, in general, the base metal, heat affected zone, and weld metal were all susceptible to SCC in SFGE; 3. For sharp cracks, SCC initiation times are short once the line pipe steel is exposed to FGE or FGE blends capable of promoting SCC; 4. Once cracks initiate, crack growth rates are high in comparison with other forms of pipeline SCC; 5. Batching does not appear to be a viable method for SCC mitigation; 6. The only blends that can be safely transported in existing pipelines without significant modification of the system or operations (Case 1) are those containing less than 15% ethanol; 7. All other blends require significant modifications of the system or operations (Case 2), or specially designed systems (Case 3); 8. Case 2 could include deaeration of the SFGE, or the addition of inhibitors; and 9. Case 3 is the subject of ongoing research (SCC 4-5).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jul 2017 10:58:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471627</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determining the Effects of Ethanol on Pump Station Facilities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is interest within the pipeline industry in transporting fuel grade ethanol in petroleum pipelines. A significant issue is compatibility of the pipeline materials with ethanol. Other research programs are addressing compatibility issues with elastomers and pipeline steel construction materials. The objective of this project is to investigate ethanol - materials compatibility issues for components involved in pump station facilities. The project is divided into three phases; Survey of Knowledge and Gaps (Phase 1), Detailed Study to Close Gaps Identified in Phase 1 (Phase 2), and Development of Guidelines (Phase 3). This report summarizes the results of Phase 1. This phase consisted of three Tasks; Industry Survey (Task 1), Literature Search (Task 2), and Report (Task 3). There was insufficient information in the literature to confirm the compatibility of any of the metallic materials, primarily because of the absence of information on the stress corrosion cracking behavior. Nevertheless, several of these metallic materials are probably compatible; these include copper base alloys (excluding brasses), nickel base alloys, and stainless steels. A number of elastomeric materials are compatible in ethanol, including Teflon, PEEK, and Viton®. Other elastomers, nitrile rubber, and nylon probably are compatible in ethanol but might exhibit swelling problems in gasoline or gasoline ethanol blends. One Viton®, Viton® A, also exhibits swelling problems in gasoline and ethanol-gasoline blends containing high gasoline concentrations. Polyurethane is not compatible with ethanol.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jul 2017 11:58:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1471350</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Colorado River Aqueduct</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1470090</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Colorado River Aqueduct was formally recognized in 1995 by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in its Historic Civil Engineering Landmark Program, and it is remarkable in that the structure remains little changed in the 75-plus years since its completion and continues to be an important means of importing water into Southern California. The 241.6 mile long aqueduct features tunnels, concrete-lined open canals, cut-and-cover conduits, reinforced-concrete cylindrical inverted siphons, reservoirs, pumping plants, and four dams as it passes through the Mojave Desert and makes its way to the growing cities of Southern California. The history of the Aqueduct is detailed in this article.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jun 2017 16:10:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1470090</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Increase of Reliability and Durability of Shaft Packing-off of Oil-transfer Pulser of the Main Oil Pipelines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1419967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article deals with composite materials used for sealing the shaft of the main pump units (MNA) pumping stations. It is shown that an increase in the reliability and durability of metal-sealing devices MNA is possible through the development and application of new wear-resistant nanocomposites based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), as well as improving the design of mechanical sealing devices in order to increase the required degree of hydraulic unloading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 03 Sep 2016 17:54:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1419967</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integration of Utility Locations, Surveying, and ROW Mapping to Support the Planning-Level Design of Over 200 Miles of Pipeline</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1416161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Arkansas valley conduit (AVC) project was conceived as part of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) Fryingpan-Arkansas (Fry-Ark) Project. The Fry-Ark project was originally authorized and constructed in the 1960’s; however, the AVC project was not financially feasible at that time. Planning-level designs of the AVC project are presently underway and are being managed by Reclamation. The Southeastern Colorado Water Conservancy District (SECWCD) is the project sponsor and when completed, the AVC will serve 50,000 people in about 40 communities with drinking water in southeastern Colorado. The project consists of a new connection to a joint use pipeline near Pueblo Dam, a water treatment facility, booster pumping stations, and approximately 250 miles of transmission pipeline and spurs, ranging in size from 36-inches down to 4-inches. This paper provides an overview of the utility, survey and mapping data collection process to support Reclamation’s design of the pipeline and associated facilities. Important design data is gathered and integrated into relational databases and geographic information system (GIS) formats to provide the design team ready access to utility location, surveying, right-of-way (ROW), property and easement mapping data for the pipeline. This approach provides key design data on an integrated platform, allowing for timely decisions to advance the pipeline design within the established corridor. The data collection and integration process is supporting the determination of land ownership and easement acquisition needs; minimizing overall project risks by identifying potential utility conflicts; reducing cost uncertainty at the planning and future final design levels; and ultimately will reduce potential conflicts and substantiate potential utility related construction costs for the AVC project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2016 11:08:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1416161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vibration and Stress Analyses of Positive Displacement Pump Pipeline Systems in Oil Transportation Stations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In oil transportation stations, the plunger motion exhibited by positive displacement pumps can cause a great deal of vibration that can influence the secure operations of the equipment and pipelines. If resonance between the equipment and pipelines occurs, their integrity can be compromised, resulting in catastrophic damage. Therefore, both stress analysis and vibration analysis are necessary before a pipeline is formally put into operation. For this study, mechanical models of pipelines and constraints in positive displacement pump pipeline systems, based on theories of stress and vibration in pipelines, were created. Numerical simulations, including stress, modal, and vibration analyses were performed on-site at an oil transportation station in west China. The data were collected, reported, calibrated according to published standards, and then analyzed. The results revealed that the models created were reliable for stress and vibration analyses of pipelines in practical applications and that resonance between pipelines and equipment can be avoided by enhancing the pipeline’s support and increasing its natural frequency. This research also provides engineering design suggestions for positive displacement pump pipeline systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2015 15:47:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From Liability to Asset</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the process undertaken by the North Charleston (South Carolina) Sewer District (NCSD) to rehabilitate its aging, deteriorating interceptor sewer system.  Part of the system is located in wetlands that promote the production of hydrogen sulfide gas, which can cause corrosion and deterioration in sewers. The NCSD has used various methods to upgrade its aging sewers, but this article focuses on the use of cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) to rehabilitate long sections of the interceptors.  The CIPP approach consists of inserting a resin-filled fabric into an existing pipe by means of water pressure; hot water is then circulated within the liner, causing it to harden and bond to the interior of the host pipe.  Topics include the bidding process, dealing with permits from railroads and other right-of-way holders, access the isolated manholes with a swamp buggy vehicle, locating temporary pipes around the sections being rehabilitated, limiting disruptions to the wetlands and ecosystems, and the rehabilitation of the pump station. The article is illustrated with full-color photographs of some of the unusual equipment and techniques utilized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Dec 2014 08:39:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1334634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of RCM on Pump Station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the framework of station integrity management, according to the maintenance management of rotating machinery equipment on station, this paper illustrated the theory and practice method of reliability centered maintenance (RCM). Combined with the practical situation of station, it described the implementation procedure on situation, analyzed the failure mode of pump, and made maintenance plan to the failure model of different risk levels. RCM could improve equipment running status, extend operation life, and control for maintenance cost saving effectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2014 10:12:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275068</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis on the Oil Transport Pipeline Unsteady Operation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increasing of oil demand, the construction of oil pipeline is enlarging and the large oil pipeline network is developing. To instruct effectively oil pipeline to be operated safely, to control and optimize effectively oil pipeline operation condition, it is necessary to find out the change and characteristics of oil pipeline operation condition as well as its influence on the upstream operation and the downstream operation. Based on analysis by the oil pipeline equations, this paper choose SPS software to simulate oil pipeline unsteady operation conditions. When the pump unit of a pump station is started, the flow of this station will increase, the inlet pressure will fall and the outlet pressure will increase. When the pump unit of a pump station is stopped, the flow of this station will decrease, the inlet pressure will increase, and the outlet pressure will fall. When the block valve of a block valve station is closed, the flows of upstream and downstream will fall, the inlet pressure will increase, and the outlet pressure will fall. When the leak in oil pipeline is happening, the pressures of upstream and downstream will fall, the flow of upstream will increase and the flow of downstream will fall. These conclusions can help the managers and controllers of oil pipeline discover matters and adjust operation scheme as well as perform emergency operation schemes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Apr 2014 10:12:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1275057</guid>
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