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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the high-temperature performance of phenol-amine co-deposited phosphogypsum whisker/SBS composite modified asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2503741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The solid waste, phosphogypsum (PG), generated by the phosphate fertilizer industry, not only occupies land resources but also poses environmental pollution risks. Phosphogypsum whiskers (PSW), derived from the refinement of PG, have been utilized in asphalt pavement construction. This application not only significantly mitigates the negative economic and environmental impacts of PG but also robustly promotes the process of solid waste valorization. To enhance the compatibility between PSW and asphalt, surface modification of the whiskers has been conducted using gallic acid (GA) and diethylenetriamine (DETA). The crystal structure, changes in surface functional group, and distribution and rheological characteristics of asphalt were examined through X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Fluorescence microscope (FM). The mechanism underlying the high-temperature performance of composite-modified asphalt has been clarified. Experimental findings revealed that at the 6 % inclusion rate of PSW and CPSW, the SBS-modified asphalt underwent the most substantial performance upgrade, with the modified phenol-amine co-deposited phosphogypsum whisker (CPSW) exhibiting greater compatibility, thereby enhancing the SBS asphalt’s high-temperature performance. CPSW improved the rigidity, uniformity, viscosity, and resistance to high-temperature deformation SBS modified asphalt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Mar 2025 09:24:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2503741</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Composite Design of a Phosphogypsum Whisker–Based Rejuvenator Based on the RSM and Evaluation of the Rejuvenating Effect</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research aimed to develop a superior asphalt rejuvenator characterized by its resistance to aging by utilizing phosphogypsum whiskers (PSWs) derived from phosphogypsum (PSP) waste. Initially, the ratios of components in the rejuvenator were established through conventional performance evaluations. Subsequently, the rejuvenator components were structured using the response surface design method (RSM), and the formula for the novel PSW rejuvenator (PSWR) was derived using the corresponding model. The ideal amount of PSWR was determined through routine performance assessments. Following this, the aging resistance test and various rheological tests were conducted to assess the aging resistance trends and the high- and low-temperature performance, along with the fatigue performance of PSWR, compared to other rejuvenators. The results allowed for a detailed evaluation of PSWR application prospects. Furthermore, the interaction mechanism of PSWR with aged asphalt (AA) was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings indicated that PSWR significantly restored the physical performance of AA and markedly enhanced its resistance to aging. The integration of this rejuvenator decreased the rutting factor of AA by 53.78%–66.28%, lowered the creep recovery rate by 78.06%–79.31%, and augmented the irrecoverable creep compliance by 34.09%–115.1%. These changes imply a slight reduction in AA’s resistance to high temperature and rutting. Moreover, PSWR substantially boosted the fatigue life and low-temperature performance of AA, with increases in fatigue life ranging from 99.73% to 131.73%, reductions in creep stiffness from 65.45% to 84.05%, and increases in creep rate from 49.1% to 87.72%. PSWR outperformed other rejuvenators in the rejuvenating effects on AA. The study found that PSWR was merely physically blended with AA, and a direct relationship was observed between the PSWR dosage and its rejuvenating effect, aligning with macroscopic observations. This investigation not only addressed the reuse of PSP resources but also supported the sustainable development concept in asphalt pavement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 2024 15:26:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445206</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cement-Stabilized Phosphogypsum Synergistized with Curing Agent as Sustainable Pavement Base Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398077</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial solid waste generated during the preparation of phosphoric acid, which is produced in large quantities and stockpiled or discharged into the sea. This study aims to design sustainable pavement base materials constituting significant PG content. The physical and chemical properties of the raw materials were first tested. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of specimens were determined by compaction tests. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS), split tensile strength (STS), freeze-thaw cycles, and shrinkage tests were used to evaluate the mechanical performance of phosphogypsum pavement base material (PPBM). Furthermore, the interaction mechanism was investigated by applying scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) tests. The results showed that the 7-day UCS of PPBM with cement content 8%–12% was greater than 3 MPa. The specimens retained 91.3% unconfined compressive strength over five freeze-thaw cycles. Unlike traditional semirigid base materials, the PPBM exhibited no shrinkage strain, which is manifested by the growth of expansion strain with increasing amounts of PG. Through microscopic observation, the PPBM produced ettringite (AFt) and calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH) with the extension of curing time, which is consistent with the analysis of FTIR spectrums. The crystallized water in the PG participates in the hydration reaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Aug 2024 08:48:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398077</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation on Engineering Characteristics of Lime-Stabilized Phosphogypsum Subgrade Filler</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Phosphogypsum, which contains toxic components (e.g., heavy metal elements and fluoride), is one of the byproducts of phosphoric acid production, and filling subgrade is one of the recycling methods for it. In this study, phosphogypsum was stabilized by lime to improve the mechanical properties [California bearing ratio (CBR), resilience modulus, unconfined compressive strength, and shear strength], water stability, and harmful substances dissolubility. Combined with scanning electron microscopy, the strength formation and water stability enhancement mechanism of lime-stabilized phosphogypsum (LSP) were explored. The results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of LSP were better with the lime content of 6%–10%. The CBR, resilience modulus, unconfined compressive strength, and shear strength were 3.35 times, 2.46 times, 8.61 times, and 1.39 times that of plain phosphogypsum, respectively. An intensity prediction model with a correlation of 97% was constructed. The CBR and resilience modulus softening coefficient of LSP reached best values when lime content was 6%–8%. The leaching concentration of arsenic, chromium, and lead of LSP with 2% lime met the quality standards of groundwater levels I, II, and IV, respectively. Fluoride and phosphate were not detected in LSP when lime content was greater than 6.0%. The results show that LSP is feasible as subgrade filler. Considering the mechanical properties, water stability, and dissolution of hazardous substances of LSP, it is recommended to add 6%–8% lime content to LSP as highway subgrade filler.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2024 17:19:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2329088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research Progresses in Magnesium Phosphate Cement–Based Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310426</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews recent studies on preparation, hydration, and properties of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC). MPC is the phosphate-bonded inorganic material derived from reactions between phosphate and magnesium oxide. The hydration reaction in the MgO-NH₄H₂PO₄ system is strongly exothermic, and the main product is struvite (NH₄MgPO₄·6H₂O). The setting time and mechanical properties depend on the proportion and characteristics of raw materials, water to binder ratio, the addition of retarders, and admixtures. Moreover, the MPC demonstrates favorable durability performance compared with Portland cement. Additionally, recommendations for future research are proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2014 09:44:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1310426</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPROVEMENT OF ASPHALT-STABILIZED FINE-GRAINED SOILS WITH CHEMICAL ADDITIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTS WERE DETERMINED OF SELECTED CHEMICAL ADDITIVES UPON THE STRENGTH AND WATER-RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT-CUTBACK- STABILIZED SOILS. THE EFFECTS OF FATTY AMINES AND PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE, IN CONJUNCTION WITH ASPHALT, ON SOIL STABILITY WERE STUDIED. THE VARIABLES STUDIED INCLUDED SOIL TYPE AND/OR PLASTICITY ADDITIVE AND ASPHALT CONCENTRATION, MOLDING WATER CONTENT, CURING AND AGING CONDITIONS, ASPHALT ORIGIN AND HARDNESS, CUTBACK COMPOSITION AND SOLVENT. TREATED SOILS WERE MOLDED AND STATICALLY COMPACTED UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS, CURED FOR SPECIFIED PERIODS IN AIR WITH CONTROLLED RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND TOTALLY IMMERSED IN WATER FOR PRESCRIBED PERIODS. THE SAMPLES WERE TESTED IN UNCONFINED COMPRESSION, AND THEIR DENSITIES AND VOLATILE CONTENTS MEASURED BY STANDARD PROCEDURES. SUCCESSFUL STABILIZATION WAS ACHIEVED BY INCORPORATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE AND OF FATTY AMINES WITH ASPHALT CUTBACK INTO VERY FINE-GRAINED SOILS WHICH COULD NOT BE STABILIZED WITH ASPHALT ALONE. COARSER-GRAINED SOILS, WHICH DID DEVELOP SOME WET-STABILITY WITH ASPHALT, WERE IMPROVED BY ADDITION OF THESE ADDITIVES. MOLDING WATER CONTENT WAS FOUND TO BE AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE AFFECTING STRENGTH AND WATER RESISTANCE. ASPHALT CUTBACKS PREPARED WITH HIGHLY VOLATILE SOLVENTS WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER STABILIZERS THAN MEDIUM-CURING CUTBACKS. A WIDE VARIETY OF ACIDIC PHOSPHORUS-BEARING COMPOUNDS, WHEN ADDED IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS TO CUTBACK-TREATED SOILS, WERE FOUND TO BE EVEN MORE EFFECTIVE STABILIZATION AIDS THAN PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE. GREATEST IMPROVEMENTS WERE OBSERVED WITH BENZENE PHOSPHONIC ACID. A THEORY OF THE MECHANISM OF ASPHALT- STABILIZATION OF SOILS, AND OF ADDITIVE-ACTION WAS DEVELOPED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE USE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF APPROPRIATE CHEMICAL ADDITIVES MAY MAKE ECONOMICALLY PRACTICABLE THE SUCCESSFUL STABILIZATION WITH ASPHALT, OF A BROAD SPECTRUM OF FINE-GRAINED, HIGH-PLASTICITY SOILS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES, WATERPROOFING AGENTS, AND POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID ON SOIL STABILIZATION WITH ACIDIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121995</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE INFLUENCE OF TRACE-QUANTITY ADDITIONS OF FLUOSILICATE, AMINES, FERRIC CHLORIDE, AND ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE ON THE STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS STABILIZED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID HAS BEEN FURTHER STUDIED. IN A LOW PLASTICITY (PI = 8) CLAYEY SILT, INCORPORATION OF ONLY 0.05 PERCENT BY WEIGHT ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES COMPACTED DENSITY, AND PRODUCES A LARGE (80 PERCENT) INCREASE IN SOAKED STRENGTH. ALTHOUGH ADDITION OF FLUOSILICATE GREATLY ACCELERATES CURE, THIS COMPOUND NEGATES THE BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE ON DENSITY. AN EXPLANATION FOR THIS PHENOMENON IS OFFERED. A HEAVY, MONTOMORILLONOID SOIL (PI = 38), AT VARIANCE WITH EARLIER REPORTED RESULTS, HAS BEEN FOUND TO EXHIBIT MAJOR IMPROVEMENT IN SOAKED STRENGTH INCORPORATION OF RELATIVELY HIGH (0.5 TO 2.0 PERCENT BY WEIGHT) CONCENTRATIONS OF SODIUM FLUOSILICATE IN CONJUNCTION WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. A STABILIZING SYSTEM COMPRISING 3 PERCENT ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID, FLUOSILICATE, AND EITHER OCTYLAMINE OR FERRIC CHLORIDE, HAS YIELDED SOAKED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS (AFTER 1 DAY'S CURE) OF AS HIGH AS 140 PSI. A SPECIAL (NON-CATALYTIC) ROLE OF FLUOSILICATE IN MONTMORILLONOID SOILS IS SUGGESTED BY THESE RESULTS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121995</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PHOSPHORIC ACID IN SOIL STABILIZATION II. SECONDARY ADDITIVES, ACID SOURCE, AND MECHANISM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE TEST SOIL WAS TREATED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID IN THE MULLER-AND-PLOY MIXER WITH ABOUT 15-16 PERCENT WATER (OPTIMUM).  THE LOOSE MIXTURE WAS STORED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE AND 100 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND SAMPLES WERE TAKEN PERIODICALLY.  THE MIXTURE WAS WHIPPED WITH 125 ML OF BOILED DISTILLED WATER FOR 30 SEC. IN A KITCHEN BLENDER.  THE SLURRY WAS WASHED INTO A BEAKER WITH 25 ML OF BOILED, DISTILLED WATER AND THE PH WAS MEASURED WITH A GLASS-CALOMEL ELECTRODE PAIR.  THE SLURRY WAS WASHED AND CENTRIFUGED, THE SUPERNATANT DECANTED, DILUTED TO 250 ML, AND THE PH REMEASURED.  THE SUPERNATANT WAS ANALYZED FOR PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE AND ALUMINUM OXIDE BY STANDARD WET CHEMICAL METHODS.  CHEMICALS USED WERE AS FOLLOWS: PHOSPHORIC ACID, POLYPHOSPHORIC ACIDS, COMMERCIAL SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE, FLUORAPATITE, HYDROXYLAPATITE, SULFURIC ACID, HYDROFLUORIC ACID, DODECYLBENZENE SULFONIC ACID, ALKANE SULFONIC ACIDS, N-TETRAPROPENYL DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE, AND TRIDECANOL-ETHYLENE OXIDE CONDENSATE.  THE FOLLOWING EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED:  (1) THE EFFECT OF CONDENSED PHOSPHORIC ACIDS ALONE OR WITH ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID, (2) CHANGES IN SOIL PROPERTIES WHEN DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS ARE USED, (3) EFFECT OF MIXTURES OF HYDORFLUORIC AND ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS, (4) EFFECT OF ADDING SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS, AND (5) DATA PERTAINING TO THE REACTION MECHANISM.  NEARLY ALL THE CHANGES IN IMMERSED STRENGTHS COMPARED TO ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID ARE ACCOMPANIED BY A CHANGE IN DENSITY OF THE SOIL.  WHEN POLYPHOSPHORIC ACIDS OR MIXTURES OF HYDROFLUORIC AND ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS WERE ADDED TO CLAY SOILS, A LOSS IN DENSITY WAS OBSERVED COMPARED TO ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID ALONE.  IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT PHOSPHORIC ACID DERIVED DIRECTLY FROM PHOSPHATE ROCK BY THE ACTION OF SULPHURIC ACID, THE WET PROCESS ACID, PERFORMS AS WELL AS THE PURE VARIETY OF PHOSPHORIC ACID.  THE USE OF THE SUBSTITUTED POLYAMINE IS CALLED FOR WHEN THE SOIL IS DECIDEDLY WETTER THAN OPTIMUM OR WHEN IMMEDIATE STRENGTH IS REQUIRED.  DATA PRESENTED SUPPORT THE THEORY THAT PHOSPHORIC ACID REACTS WITH THE CLAY CRYSTALS TO PRODUCE AN ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE CEMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121991</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REPORT ON SOIL STABILIZATION RESEARCH FOR PERIOD SEPTEMBER 1959 - JUNE 1960</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/119634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SECTIONS ARE INCLUDED ON STABILIZATION WITH ACIDIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, CEMENT, LIME, SODIUM SILICATES AND BITUMEN EMULSIONS. MOST OF THE RESEARCH DESCRIBED WAS CARRIED OUT WITH MASSACHUSETTS CLAYEY SILT (M-21) AND VICKSBURG BUCKSHOT CLAY (VBC). THE ADVANTAGES OF USING OCTYLAMINE, SODIUM FLUOSILICATE AND FERRIC CHLORIDE ARE NOTED. HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SULPHURIC ACID AND FERRIC CHLORIDE WERE FOUND TO IMPROVE THE STABILIZATION OF VBC BY PHOSPHORIC ACID AND SODIUM FLUOSILICATE. THE STABILIZATION OF VBC WITH CEMENT AND CAUSTIC SODA WAS INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL. NONE OF THE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SECONDARY ADDITIVES TESTED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE STRENGTH OF SAMPLES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:25:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/119634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDROGEN EVOLUTION FROM FERROPHOSPHOROUS AGGREGATE IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[HYDROGEN EVOLUTION IN A HEAVY CONCRETE CONTAINING FERROPHOSPHORUS AGGREGATE WAS NOTED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF A BIOLOGICAL SHIELD FOR A NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION. WHILE THE REACTION WAS OF A SELF-LIMITING NATURE, THE CONCRETE WOULD PRODUCE OVER 25 TIMES ITS VOLUME OF HYDROGEN BEFORE THE REACTION CEASED. THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE REACTION AND THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS INVOLVED ARE DISCUSSED. SUBSEQUENT INVESTIGATION HAS SHOWN THAT A SIMILAR REACTION OCCURS WITH FERROSILICON, ANOTHER HEAVY-WEIGHT SLAG, OTHERWISE OF POTENTIAL VALUE IN HEAVY CONCRETE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101908</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADDITIVES AS AIDS TO ASPHALT STABILIZATION OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN SELECTED CHEMICAL ADDITIVES WAS EXAMINED IN LOW CONCENTRATION (LESS THAN 1 PERCENT BY WEIGHT) ON THE STABILIZATION OF FINE-GRAINED SOIL (A CLAYEY SILT FROM MASSACHUSETTS) WITH ASPHALT. SOIL SAMPLES WERE STABILIZED WITH EITHER ASPHALT-GASOLINE CUTBACKS OR ASPHALT-IN-WATER EMULSIONS, THE CHEMICAL ADDITIVES EXAMINED EITHER BEING INCORPORATED WITH THE ASPHALT, OR USED TO PRETREAT THE SOIL BEFORE ASPHALT ADDITION. PROPERTIES OF THE STABILIZED SOIL EXAMINED WERE PRIMARILY UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER CURING, AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND WATER ABSORPTION AFTER WATER IMMERSION. IT WAS FOUND THAT ADDITION OF PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE, CERTAIN EPOXY RESINS, AND CERTAIN ORGANIC ISOCYANATES TO ASPHALT CUTBACK SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT STABILIZED SOIL. ADDITION OF ANTI-STRIPPING ADDITIVES TO ASPHALT CUTBACK WAS FOUND GENERALLY TO REDUCE STRENGTH AND INCREASE WATER-ABSORPTION, BUT PRETREATMENT OF SOIL WITH SUCH ADDITIVES BEFORE INCORPORATION OF ASPHALT CUTBACK WAS FOUND TO HAVE A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND WATER RESISTANCE. SOIL STABILIZED WITH ASPHALT EMULSIONS CONTAINING SOAP AS THE EMULSIFIER WAS FOUND TO HAVE QUITE HIGH DRY STRENGTH, BUT THE STRENGTH AFTER WATER IMMERSION WAS FAR LOWER THAN THAT OF CUTBACK-STABILIZED SOIL. ON THE OTHER HAND, SOIL STABILIZED WITH EMULSIONS CONTAINING ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVES AS EMULSIFIERS EXHIBITED WET STRENGTHS COMPARABLE WITH, AND IN SOME INSTANCES, SUPERIOR TO THOSE STABILIZED WITH CUTBACKS. MIXING WATER-CONTENT AND TYPE OF EMULSIFIER, APPEAR TO BE MAJOR FACTORS EFFECTING STABILIZATION. IT IS CONCLUDED FROM THIS WORK THAT CHEMICAL ADDITIVES HOLD CONSIDERABLE PROMISE IN ASPHALT STABILIZATION PRACTICE, OFFERING OPPORTUNITIES FOR BROADER AND MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF ASPHALT FOR TREATMENT OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128135</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF SULFATE ATTACK ON COMPRESSION PROPERTIES OF CEMENT-BASED MIXTURES CONTAINING PHOSPHOGYPSUM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/282148</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results from a series of tests conducted to determine the extent of sulfate attack in cement-based mixtures containing phosphogypsum are presented.  A model for the mixures under internal sulfate attack is proposed based on a progressive fracturing concept.  A damage variable is defined as a function of the Powers' gel-space ratio.  The sulfate attack evidenced by the expansion of the matrix is incorporated as additional nucleated voids.  The compressive properties of cement-based mixtures containing phosphogypsum is found to be predicted well by this model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/282148</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUEL CELLS FOR ELECTRIC UTILITY AND TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/180558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This review presents: (i) the current status and expected progress status of the fuel cell research and development programs in the U.S.A. (ii) electrochemical problem areas, (iii) techno-economic assessments of fuel cells for electric and/or gas utilities and for transportation, and (iv) other candidate fuel cells and their applications.  For electric and/or gas utility applications, the most likely candidates are phosphoric, molten carbonate, and solid electrolytic fuel cells.  The first will be coupled with a reformer (to convert natural gas, petroleum-derived, or biomass fuels to hydrogen), while the second and third will be linked with a coal gasifier.  A fuel cell/battery hybrid power source is an attractive option for electric vehicles with projected performance characteristics approaching those for internal combustion or diesel engine powered vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/180558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHOD OF PROPORTIONING PHOSPHOGYPSUM, FLY-ASH AND SLAG IN A MIXTURE BY MEASUREMENT OF THEIR NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three mixtures used in roadbases are considered: ash/phosphogypsum/lime, gravel/slag/phosphogypsum, sand/slag/phosphogypsum.  A feasibility study of fine mixtures showed the mass effect and found a way of eliminating it.  Tests on samples from experimental sections showed that proportioning of two radioactive components of the mixture (phosphogypsum ash or phosphogypsum slag) can be obtained in 15 minutes, the relative inaccuracy being less than 10%.  The method proved to be operational, and a method applicable on site was developed, in which the photoscintillation detector is used.  Measures made under these new conditions show satisfactory accuracy of proportioning (approximately 10%), the rate of measurement being approximately 3 proportioning operations per hour, allowing for handling. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPECIAL INVESTIGATION REPORT - PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE RELEASE IN BOSTON AND MAINE YARD 8 DURING SWITCHING OPERATIONS, SOMERVILLE, MASSACHUSETTS, APRIL 3, 1980</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/169305</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Observations of emergency response activities following an April 3, 1980, rail yard accident in Somerville, Massachusetts, prompted the Safety Board to conduct this special investigation of the technical support provided to the local community during the attempted control and removal of spilled hazardous material. The Safety Board investigated the actions taken following release of phosphorus trichloride by local safety officials, the carrier, the Boston and Maine Corporation, and the shipper, the Monsanto Industrial Chemical Company, to determine why the actions were taken and what effects these actions had on the eventual outcome of the emergency. These actions were then analyzed to determine the effectiveness of current spill-control procedures in reducing losses following release of hazardous materials. The analysis disclosed that technical advice to local officials and emergency action guidelines need to be improved. Difficulties observed at Somerville indicate that some of the advice and emergency guides provided to emergency response personnel by DOT, carriers, and shippers continues to be inadequate, inconsistent, and confusing. The current guides and procedure for providing advice should be reviewed where necessary, and steps taken to assure that lessons learned from handling actual emergencies be adopted for future use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/169305</guid>
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