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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>IMPROVEMENT OF ASPHALT-STABILIZED FINE-GRAINED SOILS WITH CHEMICAL ADDITIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTS WERE DETERMINED OF SELECTED CHEMICAL ADDITIVES UPON THE STRENGTH AND WATER-RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT-CUTBACK- STABILIZED SOILS. THE EFFECTS OF FATTY AMINES AND PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE, IN CONJUNCTION WITH ASPHALT, ON SOIL STABILITY WERE STUDIED. THE VARIABLES STUDIED INCLUDED SOIL TYPE AND/OR PLASTICITY ADDITIVE AND ASPHALT CONCENTRATION, MOLDING WATER CONTENT, CURING AND AGING CONDITIONS, ASPHALT ORIGIN AND HARDNESS, CUTBACK COMPOSITION AND SOLVENT. TREATED SOILS WERE MOLDED AND STATICALLY COMPACTED UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS, CURED FOR SPECIFIED PERIODS IN AIR WITH CONTROLLED RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AND TOTALLY IMMERSED IN WATER FOR PRESCRIBED PERIODS. THE SAMPLES WERE TESTED IN UNCONFINED COMPRESSION, AND THEIR DENSITIES AND VOLATILE CONTENTS MEASURED BY STANDARD PROCEDURES. SUCCESSFUL STABILIZATION WAS ACHIEVED BY INCORPORATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE AND OF FATTY AMINES WITH ASPHALT CUTBACK INTO VERY FINE-GRAINED SOILS WHICH COULD NOT BE STABILIZED WITH ASPHALT ALONE. COARSER-GRAINED SOILS, WHICH DID DEVELOP SOME WET-STABILITY WITH ASPHALT, WERE IMPROVED BY ADDITION OF THESE ADDITIVES. MOLDING WATER CONTENT WAS FOUND TO BE AN IMPORTANT VARIABLE AFFECTING STRENGTH AND WATER RESISTANCE. ASPHALT CUTBACKS PREPARED WITH HIGHLY VOLATILE SOLVENTS WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER STABILIZERS THAN MEDIUM-CURING CUTBACKS. A WIDE VARIETY OF ACIDIC PHOSPHORUS-BEARING COMPOUNDS, WHEN ADDED IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS TO CUTBACK-TREATED SOILS, WERE FOUND TO BE EVEN MORE EFFECTIVE STABILIZATION AIDS THAN PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE. GREATEST IMPROVEMENTS WERE OBSERVED WITH BENZENE PHOSPHONIC ACID. A THEORY OF THE MECHANISM OF ASPHALT- STABILIZATION OF SOILS, AND OF ADDITIVE-ACTION WAS DEVELOPED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE USE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF APPROPRIATE CHEMICAL ADDITIVES MAY MAKE ECONOMICALLY PRACTICABLE THE SUCCESSFUL STABILIZATION WITH ASPHALT, OF A BROAD SPECTRUM OF FINE-GRAINED, HIGH-PLASTICITY SOILS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES, WATERPROOFING AGENTS, AND POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID ON SOIL STABILIZATION WITH ACIDIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121995</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE INFLUENCE OF TRACE-QUANTITY ADDITIONS OF FLUOSILICATE, AMINES, FERRIC CHLORIDE, AND ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE ON THE STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS STABILIZED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID HAS BEEN FURTHER STUDIED. IN A LOW PLASTICITY (PI = 8) CLAYEY SILT, INCORPORATION OF ONLY 0.05 PERCENT BY WEIGHT ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES COMPACTED DENSITY, AND PRODUCES A LARGE (80 PERCENT) INCREASE IN SOAKED STRENGTH. ALTHOUGH ADDITION OF FLUOSILICATE GREATLY ACCELERATES CURE, THIS COMPOUND NEGATES THE BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF ORTHORHOMBIC PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE ON DENSITY. AN EXPLANATION FOR THIS PHENOMENON IS OFFERED. A HEAVY, MONTOMORILLONOID SOIL (PI = 38), AT VARIANCE WITH EARLIER REPORTED RESULTS, HAS BEEN FOUND TO EXHIBIT MAJOR IMPROVEMENT IN SOAKED STRENGTH INCORPORATION OF RELATIVELY HIGH (0.5 TO 2.0 PERCENT BY WEIGHT) CONCENTRATIONS OF SODIUM FLUOSILICATE IN CONJUNCTION WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. A STABILIZING SYSTEM COMPRISING 3 PERCENT ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID, FLUOSILICATE, AND EITHER OCTYLAMINE OR FERRIC CHLORIDE, HAS YIELDED SOAKED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS (AFTER 1 DAY'S CURE) OF AS HIGH AS 140 PSI. A SPECIAL (NON-CATALYTIC) ROLE OF FLUOSILICATE IN MONTMORILLONOID SOILS IS SUGGESTED BY THESE RESULTS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121995</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PHOSPHORIC ACID IN SOIL STABILIZATION II. SECONDARY ADDITIVES, ACID SOURCE, AND MECHANISM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE TEST SOIL WAS TREATED WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID IN THE MULLER-AND-PLOY MIXER WITH ABOUT 15-16 PERCENT WATER (OPTIMUM).  THE LOOSE MIXTURE WAS STORED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE AND 100 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND SAMPLES WERE TAKEN PERIODICALLY.  THE MIXTURE WAS WHIPPED WITH 125 ML OF BOILED DISTILLED WATER FOR 30 SEC. IN A KITCHEN BLENDER.  THE SLURRY WAS WASHED INTO A BEAKER WITH 25 ML OF BOILED, DISTILLED WATER AND THE PH WAS MEASURED WITH A GLASS-CALOMEL ELECTRODE PAIR.  THE SLURRY WAS WASHED AND CENTRIFUGED, THE SUPERNATANT DECANTED, DILUTED TO 250 ML, AND THE PH REMEASURED.  THE SUPERNATANT WAS ANALYZED FOR PHOSPHORIC ANHYDRIDE AND ALUMINUM OXIDE BY STANDARD WET CHEMICAL METHODS.  CHEMICALS USED WERE AS FOLLOWS: PHOSPHORIC ACID, POLYPHOSPHORIC ACIDS, COMMERCIAL SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE, FLUORAPATITE, HYDROXYLAPATITE, SULFURIC ACID, HYDROFLUORIC ACID, DODECYLBENZENE SULFONIC ACID, ALKANE SULFONIC ACIDS, N-TETRAPROPENYL DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE, AND TRIDECANOL-ETHYLENE OXIDE CONDENSATE.  THE FOLLOWING EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED:  (1) THE EFFECT OF CONDENSED PHOSPHORIC ACIDS ALONE OR WITH ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID, (2) CHANGES IN SOIL PROPERTIES WHEN DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS ARE USED, (3) EFFECT OF MIXTURES OF HYDORFLUORIC AND ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS, (4) EFFECT OF ADDING SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS, AND (5) DATA PERTAINING TO THE REACTION MECHANISM.  NEARLY ALL THE CHANGES IN IMMERSED STRENGTHS COMPARED TO ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID ARE ACCOMPANIED BY A CHANGE IN DENSITY OF THE SOIL.  WHEN POLYPHOSPHORIC ACIDS OR MIXTURES OF HYDROFLUORIC AND ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS WERE ADDED TO CLAY SOILS, A LOSS IN DENSITY WAS OBSERVED COMPARED TO ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID ALONE.  IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT PHOSPHORIC ACID DERIVED DIRECTLY FROM PHOSPHATE ROCK BY THE ACTION OF SULPHURIC ACID, THE WET PROCESS ACID, PERFORMS AS WELL AS THE PURE VARIETY OF PHOSPHORIC ACID.  THE USE OF THE SUBSTITUTED POLYAMINE IS CALLED FOR WHEN THE SOIL IS DECIDEDLY WETTER THAN OPTIMUM OR WHEN IMMEDIATE STRENGTH IS REQUIRED.  DATA PRESENTED SUPPORT THE THEORY THAT PHOSPHORIC ACID REACTS WITH THE CLAY CRYSTALS TO PRODUCE AN ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE CEMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121991</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REPORT ON SOIL STABILIZATION RESEARCH FOR PERIOD SEPTEMBER 1959 - JUNE 1960</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/119634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SECTIONS ARE INCLUDED ON STABILIZATION WITH ACIDIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, CEMENT, LIME, SODIUM SILICATES AND BITUMEN EMULSIONS. MOST OF THE RESEARCH DESCRIBED WAS CARRIED OUT WITH MASSACHUSETTS CLAYEY SILT (M-21) AND VICKSBURG BUCKSHOT CLAY (VBC). THE ADVANTAGES OF USING OCTYLAMINE, SODIUM FLUOSILICATE AND FERRIC CHLORIDE ARE NOTED. HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SULPHURIC ACID AND FERRIC CHLORIDE WERE FOUND TO IMPROVE THE STABILIZATION OF VBC BY PHOSPHORIC ACID AND SODIUM FLUOSILICATE. THE STABILIZATION OF VBC WITH CEMENT AND CAUSTIC SODA WAS INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL. NONE OF THE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SECONDARY ADDITIVES TESTED SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE STRENGTH OF SAMPLES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:25:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/119634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDROGEN EVOLUTION FROM FERROPHOSPHOROUS AGGREGATE IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[HYDROGEN EVOLUTION IN A HEAVY CONCRETE CONTAINING FERROPHOSPHORUS AGGREGATE WAS NOTED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF A BIOLOGICAL SHIELD FOR A NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION. WHILE THE REACTION WAS OF A SELF-LIMITING NATURE, THE CONCRETE WOULD PRODUCE OVER 25 TIMES ITS VOLUME OF HYDROGEN BEFORE THE REACTION CEASED. THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE REACTION AND THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS INVOLVED ARE DISCUSSED. SUBSEQUENT INVESTIGATION HAS SHOWN THAT A SIMILAR REACTION OCCURS WITH FERROSILICON, ANOTHER HEAVY-WEIGHT SLAG, OTHERWISE OF POTENTIAL VALUE IN HEAVY CONCRETE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101908</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADDITIVES AS AIDS TO ASPHALT STABILIZATION OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN SELECTED CHEMICAL ADDITIVES WAS EXAMINED IN LOW CONCENTRATION (LESS THAN 1 PERCENT BY WEIGHT) ON THE STABILIZATION OF FINE-GRAINED SOIL (A CLAYEY SILT FROM MASSACHUSETTS) WITH ASPHALT. SOIL SAMPLES WERE STABILIZED WITH EITHER ASPHALT-GASOLINE CUTBACKS OR ASPHALT-IN-WATER EMULSIONS, THE CHEMICAL ADDITIVES EXAMINED EITHER BEING INCORPORATED WITH THE ASPHALT, OR USED TO PRETREAT THE SOIL BEFORE ASPHALT ADDITION. PROPERTIES OF THE STABILIZED SOIL EXAMINED WERE PRIMARILY UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER CURING, AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND WATER ABSORPTION AFTER WATER IMMERSION. IT WAS FOUND THAT ADDITION OF PHOSPHORUS PENTOXIDE, CERTAIN EPOXY RESINS, AND CERTAIN ORGANIC ISOCYANATES TO ASPHALT CUTBACK SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT STABILIZED SOIL. ADDITION OF ANTI-STRIPPING ADDITIVES TO ASPHALT CUTBACK WAS FOUND GENERALLY TO REDUCE STRENGTH AND INCREASE WATER-ABSORPTION, BUT PRETREATMENT OF SOIL WITH SUCH ADDITIVES BEFORE INCORPORATION OF ASPHALT CUTBACK WAS FOUND TO HAVE A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON STRENGTH AND WATER RESISTANCE. SOIL STABILIZED WITH ASPHALT EMULSIONS CONTAINING SOAP AS THE EMULSIFIER WAS FOUND TO HAVE QUITE HIGH DRY STRENGTH, BUT THE STRENGTH AFTER WATER IMMERSION WAS FAR LOWER THAN THAT OF CUTBACK-STABILIZED SOIL. ON THE OTHER HAND, SOIL STABILIZED WITH EMULSIONS CONTAINING ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVES AS EMULSIFIERS EXHIBITED WET STRENGTHS COMPARABLE WITH, AND IN SOME INSTANCES, SUPERIOR TO THOSE STABILIZED WITH CUTBACKS. MIXING WATER-CONTENT AND TYPE OF EMULSIFIER, APPEAR TO BE MAJOR FACTORS EFFECTING STABILIZATION. IT IS CONCLUDED FROM THIS WORK THAT CHEMICAL ADDITIVES HOLD CONSIDERABLE PROMISE IN ASPHALT STABILIZATION PRACTICE, OFFERING OPPORTUNITIES FOR BROADER AND MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF ASPHALT FOR TREATMENT OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 May 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128135</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF SULFATE ATTACK ON COMPRESSION PROPERTIES OF CEMENT-BASED MIXTURES CONTAINING PHOSPHOGYPSUM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/282148</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results from a series of tests conducted to determine the extent of sulfate attack in cement-based mixtures containing phosphogypsum are presented.  A model for the mixures under internal sulfate attack is proposed based on a progressive fracturing concept.  A damage variable is defined as a function of the Powers' gel-space ratio.  The sulfate attack evidenced by the expansion of the matrix is incorporated as additional nucleated voids.  The compressive properties of cement-based mixtures containing phosphogypsum is found to be predicted well by this model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/282148</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUEL CELLS FOR ELECTRIC UTILITY AND TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/180558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This review presents: (i) the current status and expected progress status of the fuel cell research and development programs in the U.S.A. (ii) electrochemical problem areas, (iii) techno-economic assessments of fuel cells for electric and/or gas utilities and for transportation, and (iv) other candidate fuel cells and their applications.  For electric and/or gas utility applications, the most likely candidates are phosphoric, molten carbonate, and solid electrolytic fuel cells.  The first will be coupled with a reformer (to convert natural gas, petroleum-derived, or biomass fuels to hydrogen), while the second and third will be linked with a coal gasifier.  A fuel cell/battery hybrid power source is an attractive option for electric vehicles with projected performance characteristics approaching those for internal combustion or diesel engine powered vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jul 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/180558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHOD OF PROPORTIONING PHOSPHOGYPSUM, FLY-ASH AND SLAG IN A MIXTURE BY MEASUREMENT OF THEIR NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165660</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three mixtures used in roadbases are considered: ash/phosphogypsum/lime, gravel/slag/phosphogypsum, sand/slag/phosphogypsum.  A feasibility study of fine mixtures showed the mass effect and found a way of eliminating it.  Tests on samples from experimental sections showed that proportioning of two radioactive components of the mixture (phosphogypsum ash or phosphogypsum slag) can be obtained in 15 minutes, the relative inaccuracy being less than 10%.  The method proved to be operational, and a method applicable on site was developed, in which the photoscintillation detector is used.  Measures made under these new conditions show satisfactory accuracy of proportioning (approximately 10%), the rate of measurement being approximately 3 proportioning operations per hour, allowing for handling. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165660</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTRODUCTORY REMARKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SEVERAL REPORTS ON THE USE OF PHOSPHORIC ACIDS AND PHOSPHATES IN SOIL STABILIZATION WERE OFFERED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOILS, GEOLOGY AND FOUNDATIONS AFTER THE DEADLINE FOR ACCEPTANCE OF PAPERS FOR THE 1960 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD. IT WAS DICIDED THAT A SYMPOSIUM BE ORGANIZED ON THIS TOPIC FOR THE 1961 MEETING OF THE BOARD. A BRIEF REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF WINTERKORN'S WORK IN THIS FIELD. HE FOUND THAT THE BEST RESULTS COULD BE OBTAINED BY REACTION BETWEEN THE PHOSPHORIC ACIDS AND ALUMINUM AND IRON COMPONENTS OF SOLID SOIL MINERALS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY HAS DEVOTED A GOOD BIT OF RESEARCH TO THIS FIELD OF STABILIZING SOILS AND IN THE FERTILIZING OF SOILS POSSESSING CLAY MINERALS OF LOW SILICA-SESQUIOXIDE RATIOS. SEVERAL RECIPES ARE GIVEN FOR PHOSPHATE SOIL STABILIZATION. CEMENTING AD WATERPROOFING MATERIALS ON THE MARKET ARE DISCUSSED. MORE IMPORTANT POSSIBILITIES ARE PRESENTED OF THE EFFECT OF THE RESPECTIVE ANIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE WATER CONTAINED IN SOIL PORES AND ADSORBED ON THE SURFACES OF SOIL MINERAL AND ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122728</guid>
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