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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Chemo-physical characterization and molecular dynamics simulation of long-term aging behaviors of bitumen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1871088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To further explore the long-term aging behaviors of bitumen from the multiscale perspectives, the experimental characterization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods were performed. Series of chemical properties for the virgin and various aged bitumen were evaluated using the TCL-FID, ATR-FTIR, Elemental analysis and GPC tests. The molecular models of virgin and aged bitumen were established firstly, and the influence of long-term aging on the thermodynamics properties was predicted from the MD simulation results. The experimental results revealed that with the aging degree deepened, the resin and asphaltene fractions both increased dramatically, which resulted in the increment of average molecular weight and the more uneven molecular weight distribution in aged bitumen. Moreover, the aging of bitumen led to the increase of the oxidized functional groups (CO and SO) index, oxygen content, aromaticity and polarity, while the carbon, hydrogen element contents and the H/C ratio reduced. The density values from MD simulation agreed well with the experimental results, which significantly validated the reliability of molecular models for the virgin and different aged bitumen binders. The MD simulation results demonstrated that the long-term aging remarkably improved the cohesive energy density, solubility parameter and activation energy, however it deteriorated the surface free energy, work of cohesion and self-diffusion coefficient of the bitumen molecular system. This study develops the molecular models of virgin and aged bitumen with different long-term aging degrees, and provides a fundamental understanding regarding the influence of long-term aging influence on the chemo-physical and thermodynamic properties of bitumen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Sep 2021 11:35:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1871088</guid>
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      <title>Ice Melting Rates at −5°C, −10°C, and −15°C Using Chloride Solutions: a Physical Explanation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1494304</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Deicing chemicals is an important tool to keep roads passable and safe during winter. The most common deicing chemical, sodium chloride, works well at temperatures close to 0°C but its effectiveness decreases at low temperatures. One common belief is that this reduced effectiveness stems from a reduction of the ice melting rates. Previous studies have indicated that the melting rate is connected to the diffusive flux of water in a deicing solution, and the aim of this paper was to study whether this holds true also at low temperatures. An experiment was performed where aqueous solutions of sodium, magnesium and calcium chloride melted ice at three different temperatures. -5°C, -10°C and -15°C (23°F, 14°F and 5°F). The results confirmed that the diffusive flux of water correlated well with the ice melting rate at all temperatures. The observed decrease in melting rate at low temperatures was explained by a decreased driving force for diffusion. Because of this, the eutectic temperature of a chemical becomes more important the lower the temperature becomes. The diffusive flux in deicer solutions could be a useful property. By calculating the diffusive flux of different deicing chemicals, would hence be a way to range them by their melting rates at different temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2018 09:32:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1494304</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On the Face of It</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article, part of a special series on the chemistry of road building materials, discusses the chemistry of aggregates used in bituminous and portland cement concrete pavements.  The physiochemistry of aggregates has a substantial effect on how liquid asphalt, cement/water and asphalt emulsions set, cure and perform.  Several types of aggregates are available, including construction aggregates, premium aggregates, lightweight aggregates and even smart aggregates that incorporate nanotechnology for monitoring movement of stresses within concrete.   Chemical composition, residual moisture, porosity, mixing heat and heat of hydration are all critical factors to consider when selecting aggregate.  In asphalt pavements, the physiochemistry of aggregates and binders should be analyzed to select combinations that are most resistant to moisture damage and will perform best with other additives.  In Portland cement concrete, minimizing the alkali-silica reaction that begins at the cement paste/aggregate interface is critical.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Sep 2012 11:14:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212712</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AN ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISMS AND EFFICACY OF THREE LIQUID CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZERS: VOLUME 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/696577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Liquid chemical products are marketed by a number of companies for stabilizing pavement base and subgrade soils.  If effective, these products could be used as alternatives for treating sulfate-rich soils, which are susceptible to excessive heaving when treated with traditional, calcium-based stabilizers like lime, cement, and fly ash.  However, the chemical composition, stabilizing mechanisms, and performance of these liquid products are not well understood.  The primary objective of this study was to investigate and identify the mechanisms by which clay soils are modified or altered by these liquid chemical agents. Three representative, commercial products were selected for study:  an ionic product, an enzyme product, and a polymer product.  The chemical composition of each was characterized using standard chemical test methods.  The three products were then reacted with three reference clays (kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite) and several native Texas soils.  In the "micro-characterization" study, the mechanisms of soil modification at the particle level were studied using physical-chemical analyses of untreated and treated soil samples.  Very high product application rates were used so that possible soil modifications could be observed.  In a paired "macro-characterization" study, standard geotechnical laboratory tests were performed on untreated and treated compacted soil specimens.  The products were mixed at the suppliers' recommended application rates and at ten times the recommended application rates.  These tests failed to show significant, consistent changes in the engineering properties of the test soils following treatment with the three selected products at the application rates used.  The findings of this study clearly point to the need to conduct standard laboratory tests, prior to specifying the use of these products in field applications, to prove the effectiveness of the treatment on a particular soil type at a given chemical application rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/696577</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHEMICAL KINETIC AND PHOTOCHEMICAL DATA SHEETS FOR ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/162595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A set of individual data sheets for gas phase chemical reactions and photochemistry of neutral species is presented. These data sheets give preferred values for reaction rate constants, photoabsorption cross sections and quantum yields with a brief statement discussing the basis for the preferred value. Recent experimental results are also given. The coverage of this initial set of data sheets issued in February 1980 corresponds to the approximately 400 reactions listed in NBS Special Publication 513, R. F. Hampson and D. Garvin, May 1978. For approximately one quarter of these reactions the data entry has been updated to include the 1979 recommendations of the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation and the CODATA Task Group on Chemical Kinetics. They are intended to provide the basic physical chemical data needed as input data for calculations modeling atmospheric chemistry. Revisions and additions for specific reactions will be published as new information becomes available.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/162595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROPORTIONING FOR NON-AIR-ENTRAINED RCCP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/504167</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents the basic principles and a detailed procedure for proportioning non-air-entrained RCCP mixes. The procedure, called the optimal paste volume method, is a simple three-step process that usually involves a relatively small number of laboratory trial batches. The originality of the method is that workability and strength requirements are treated in two independent steps. Simple graphs are provided to help select the approximate volumetric paste dosage and w/cm to meet workability and strength requirements. Several trial batches (usually two or three) are required to precisely determine the final mix proportions that reflect the particular physico-chemical characteristics of the cementitious materials and aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Jun 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/504167</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF SURFACES..</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/579445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/579445</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPILLARY PORE PRESSURE AND EARLY SHRINKAGE CRACKING OF CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/478635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to design experimental laboratory equipment and perform experiments to investigate the basic physical processes that occur in concrete for periods of several hours to several days after mixing.  The study was conducted in the laboratory, with controlled variations in concrete materials, mixture proportions, and curing regimes.  Mortar was used because concrete containing aggregates produces less measurable shrinkage.  The development of capillary pore pressure at early stages in a concrete mass appears to be a basic physical parameter controlling the occurrence of plastic cracking.  Equipment was designed to monitor capillary pore pressure and shrinkage strains developing in setting mortar or concrete.  Five tests were conducted using the equipment, and the results were interpreted with respect to the physical-chemical processes occurring in the hydrating mortar. The results show that the equipment can monitor capillary pore pressure and shrinkage strains that develop in hydraulic cement-based materials in the early ages after mixing.  The equipment will be used in future experiments to investigate the interrelationships between materials properties and environmental factors and their effect on the occurrence of plastic cracking of concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Apr 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/478635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/521514</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Sep 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/521514</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MODERN CHEMISTRY FOR THE ENGINEER AND SCIENTIST.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/521519</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Sep 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/521519</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIFFERENTIAL HYDRATION IN RENDERING MORTARS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/276357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The disorders which affect the renderings arise from the inconsistent deformations that appear in the multilayer system rendering-substrate and from the differential hydration of the binder.  The latter finds its origin in the heterogeneity of the mortar in place, resulting from the variations of characteristic parameters of mortar, substrate and placing conditions.  (Edited author abstract)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/276357</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE EFFECT AND THE ROLE OF THE FILLER IN BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/92178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper reports on research undertaken to investigate some physico-chemical aspects that would explain the specific interfacial interaction of bitumen-filler systems and give more light on the role of the filler in bituminous paving mixtures.  This paper describes an experimental and analytical study of three significant physico-chemical aspects: geometric characteristics, adsorption intensity, and selective sorption.  Six types of filler were studied. For practical correlations, rheological tests were carried out on filler-bitumen mastics, and strength tests on sand-asphalt bituminous mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/92178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADHESION AND DISBONDING MECHANISMS OF ASPHALT USED IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/92219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper considers the asphalt adhesion and disbonding mechanisms from a chemical viewpoint, with the object of relating the observed physical phenomena to the constitutions of the participating substances and to the nature of their mutual interactions.  It takes into account the properties of the asphalt/air/mineral, asphalt/water and mineral aggregate/water interfaces including, where relevant, the influence of adhesion additives.  The combined results make it possible to compose a picture of the steps involved both in the establishment of adhesion and in disbonding under the influence of water.  Proposed mechanisms are then tested using laboratory disbonding experiments with selected systems.  The outcome enables a comparison of the chemical approach with results derived from wetting studies, and speculations about the consequences which the conclusions may have for the real world of practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/92219</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEAVY-DUTY MARINE GAS TURBINE PROJECT. TASK 1/6. OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE AND MAINTENANCE IMPROVEMENT. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME C. OTHER RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/57603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document describes a part of the work performed within Task 1/6, Operational Performance and Maintenance Improvement, of the Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Development Program, or MARAD Project. The MARAD Project is an integrated effort to develop the heavy-duty gas turbine as an alternate competitive form of marine power generation. The costs of this program are shared equally by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Maritime Administration and the General Electric Company, Gas Turbine Products Division. This document represents one of three volumes of the Task 1/6 Final Report. It describes project efforts within the following areas: (1) physical chemistry; (2) electrochemistry; (3) contaminant removal; (4) cooling investigation; and (5) determination of probablistic sodium content within unwashed residual fuel oils. These results are of technical value, and provide bases for longer range marine gas turbine developments. (Portions of this document are not fully legible)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/57603</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MATERIALS RESEARCH AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/28929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report contains brief descriptions of the various individual research programs active during the period July 1974, through June 1975. The organization of such a large and varied compilation presents a serious problem. It was decided that the simplest and most straightforward way to encompass Stanford's broad activities in this area would be an alphabetical arrangement by principal investigator. In addition to brief abstracts relating to the various research programs, compilations are included of publications, doctoral dissertations, faculty and senior staff members, research associates, graduate students and degrees awarded. From this compilation, it can be seen that research on materials and related problems is being conducted within twelve different academic departments as well as in the Hansen Microwave Laboratory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Oct 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/28929</guid>
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