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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Integrating Physical-Sports Activities into Maritime Education: Enhancing Resilience and Professional Readiness</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655548</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the integration of physical-sports activities into maritime education to enhance resilience and professional readiness among students. Utilising qualitative methods, the study explores pedagogical effectiveness, curriculum development aligned with industry standards, and the impact on physical and mental resilience. Findings reveal that experiential and problem-based learning approaches significantly prepare students for real-world maritime challenges. Curriculum flexibility ensures adaptation to industry demands, incorporating safety protocols and health management. Enhanced physical endurance and mental toughness among students underscore the benefits of sports education in fostering resilience. Team cohesion, facilitated through collaborative activities, promotes effective teamwork crucial in maritime operations. The research highlights the transformative potential of sports education in shaping skilled and resilient maritime professionals capable of navigating complex operational environments. Implications suggest ongoing innovation in educational practices to sustain industry relevance and prepare students for future maritime leadership roles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 10:20:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655548</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Lifestyle and Demographic Characteristics Linked to Driving Simple Reaction Time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Simple reaction time (SRT) is a fundamental measure of cognitive-motor processing speed and a foundational component of the skills required for complex tasks like driving. While lifestyle and demographic factors are known to influence cognitive functions, their specific roles in shaping SRT remain understudied. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of lifestyle behaviors, such as physical activity, substance avoidance, and health maintenance, and demographic characteristics, including age, gender, and education level, on SRT. A total of 348 drivers completed a structured online questionnaire assessing lifestyle patterns, physical and mental health, and socio-demographic traits. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to explore the relationships among latent and observed variables. Key constructs included crash prevention, substance avoidance, physical and mental health, and overall well-being. Results indicated that physical health had the strongest direct negative effect on SRT, implying quicker responses among healthier individuals. Age showed the most substantial positive effect, with older participants exhibiting slower reaction times. Education and gender were also significant, with higher education linked to faster responses and female gender associated with longer reaction times. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of SRT and provide evidence about basic cognitive-motor speed that can inform hypotheses for future driving-specific research and public-health interventions. Because the current study used an online simple reaction time task rather than a driving simulator or on-road assessment, direct inference to on-road driving performance and traffic safety is not claimed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 09:29:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672654</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Association Between Health Problems and Driver Status Among Older Adults</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635337</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many health problems, especially those associated with older age, can have an impact on an individual’s mobility. This paper addresses how specific functional limitations and medical conditions may be associated with driving status, while controlling for age and gender. This paper uses baseline data (N=2025) from a longitudinal survey of adults, ages 55 and older, the Study of Physical Performance and Age-Related Changes in Sonomans (SPPARCS). For the 35 selected medical conditions and functional limitations, this report presents the prevalence, the relative “risk” ratio (i.e., the risk that an individual with that condition no longer drives), and the attributable risk (i.e., the percent of ex-drivers with each condition). Compared to current drivers, ex-drivers had higher rates of physical limitations (ability to ascend one flight of stairs or walk three blocks), cognitive impairment, vision problems and stroke. The conditions with the highest relative risk included personal mobility limitations (such as the ability to transfer onto or from bed and the ability to use the lavatory) and decreased peripheral vision. The relative risks of medical conditions’ effects on driving status offer a perspective on individuals’ mobility choices, and the attributable risks offer a perspective on the most important causes of driving cessation in the elderly population.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 31 Jan 2026 16:28:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635337</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk Assessment of Bus Drivers Considering Physical and Psychological Health Using a Risk Scoring Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bus-related crashes lead to significant property damage, injuries, and fatalities. Assessing driver risk forms the basis for implementing safety countermeasures for crash-prone high-risk bus drivers. Physical and psychological health characteristics are critical factors in crash risk. However, little research has considered physical and psychological health in driver risk assessment. Most studies classify drivers into several risk groups based on a single indicator, but quantifying individual driver risk with multiple factors remains underexplored. This study developed a driver risk scoring model for bus drivers by simultaneously considering demographic characteristics, travel characteristics, driving behavior, and physical and psychological health, to explore significant variables influencing driving risk. The investigation, conducted at a bus company in Beijing, China, surveyed 10,201 bus drivers. A hybrid weight determination method, combining analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight, determined the weight of each variable. Higher driver scores indicated a lower level of driver risk. The frequency of crashes and violations was significantly negatively correlated with rating scores, validating the model’s effectiveness. Results revealed: (a) bus driver scores ranged from 33.5 to 100 points, with approximately 90% of drivers scoring over 80 points, categorizing them as a safe group, and (b) driving behavior and physical and psychological health were the most significant variables affecting bus drivers’ risk. This study acknowledges its reliance on self-reported data and limited generalizability outside of China, yet it provides valuable insights for improving driver risk assessment within similar contexts. The findings could assist bus companies in identifying high-risk drivers and selecting appropriate intervention methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2025 14:29:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606617</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Associations between e-bike travel distance and changes in health</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442309</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrically assisted bikes (E-bikes) have the potential to assist with the accumulation of moderate intensity physical activity but the relationship between volume of e-cycling and health has not been fully examined. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between distance travelled during a 4-week e-bike intervention and measures of health. A second aim was to explore individual responses to using e-bikes and the potential effects of weather on the volume of e-cycling. Twenty-six sedentary adults were assessed before and after 4-weeks using a motion activated e-bike. Health (i.e., blood glucose and blood pressure), cardiorespiratory fitness and musculoskeletal fitness (i.e., lower body strength, power and flexibility) outcomes were obtained before and after the 4-weeks. Travel distance, total monthly rainfall, max and min temperatures (monthly averages) data were collected. Correlations between travel distance and health (body mass, blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), cardiorespiratory fitness (power output and heart rate (HR) during the Astrand Rhyming test, and predicted VO2max) and musculoskeletal fitness (sit and reach distance, vertical jump height, wall squat time) were analyzed. Magnitude of changes relative to baseline values were explored to identify individuals that could potentially benefit more from the intervention. An inverse relationship between travel distance was observed with changes in body mass (p = 0.02 and ρ = −0.46) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.02 and ρ = −0.44). Individuals with higher blood glucose and poorer vertical jump performance at baseline had better magnitude of change results after the 4-weeks e-cycling. Associations between more travel with an e-bike and greater reductions in body mass and diastolic blood pressure were observed. E-cycling has the potential to assist those with poorer health outcomes, but it may need to be supplemented by additional forms of exercise to ensure adherence to the guidelines for physical activity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Nov 2024 11:01:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442309</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The influence of individual physical capabilities for cycling adoption: Understanding its influence and mode-shift potentials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2393259</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors show the importance of individual physical capabilities for cycling in Switzerland, as well as introducing a routing-tool that integrates these capabilities into the estimation of cycling demand potentials. A binary logit model to predict daily cycling was estimated, using data from the Swiss Health Survey. It is found that the frequency of physical exercise explains most of the variability of the choice to cycle or not. Since previous work in the literature has shown a clear link between exercise frequency and physical strength, one valid, although so far not directly observable hypothesis is that more physical power leads to faster speeds and higher competitiveness of cycling against other modes. The higher power output of E-Bikes and S-Pedelecs further increase cycling potentials in this context. The authors therefore use data from the Swiss Health Survey to impute cycling potentials for individuals who participated in the Swiss Mobility Microcensus and evaluate mode-shifts potentials to bikes based on travel times of public transport and car trips. Because the authors' router makes use of an elevation-aware physical model, which takes into account bike and cyclist characteristics, such as input power and weight, the authors also model pedelecs and speed-pedelecs and show how such bike types increase the mode-shift potentials towards bicycles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jul 2024 17:43:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2393259</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trajectories of health-related quality of life following road trauma: Latent growth mixture modeling across a 12-month cohort study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2371231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) should be considered when evaluating the burden of road trauma (RT) injuries. This study aimed to identify distinct HRQoL trajectories following minor to severe RT injury and determine characteristics of trajectory membership. This prospective inception cohort study recruited 1480 RT survivors from three emergency departments in British Columbia, Canada (July 2018 - March 2020). HRQoL outcome was measured with the Short Form 12 survey (SF-12) and the 5-level version of the EuroQol instrument (EQ-5D-5L) at baseline (pre-injury) and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months post-injury. Potential predictors of outcome trajectory included sociodemographic, psychological, medical, crash, and injury factors collected at baseline. The authors used a latent growth mixture model to identify distinct recovery trajectories and multinomial logistic regression to determine predictors of trajectory membership. Three distinct HRQoL trajectories were identified for SF-12 subscales and EQ-5D-5L measures: Low/Moderate-Stable, High-Large decline, and High-Slight decline. Participants in the Low/Moderate-Stable trajectory had persistent low to moderate HRQoL before and after the injury. Those in the High-Large decline trajectory had good pre-injury HRQoL followed by persistently decreased HRQoL afterwards. The High-Slight decline trajectory was characterized by good pre-injury HRQoL and only a slight decline afterwards. Participants in the Low/Moderate-Stable and High-Large decline trajectories were considered at risk of permanently poor HRQoL following RT injury given their low HRQoL over a long period of time. Characteristics that placed participants in the Low/Moderate-Stable trajectory were older age, female gender, poor pre-injury health (medical comorbidity, prescribed medication use, complaints in the injured body area(s)), pre-injury somatic symptoms, pain catastrophizing or psychological distress, injury severity (ISS) and injury pain. Patients with head injury were less likely to be in the Low/Moderate-Stable trajectory. Risk factors for membership in the High-Large decline trajectory included older age (for physical HRQoL), younger age (for mental HRQoL), female gender, living alone, pre-injury psychological distress, ISS, injury pain, no expectations for a fast recovery, as well as head injuries, spine/back injuries or lower extremity injuries. This study highlighted the heterogeneity of HRQoL trajectories following RT injury and the importance of considering differences between characteristics of survivors. In addition to injury type and severity, outcome is related to demographic factors, pre-injury health and pre-injury psychological factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 09:24:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2371231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on the Differences between Bicycle Travelers' Fatigue Perception and Physical Expenditure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2000751</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fatigue perception and the physical expenditure are common psychological and physiological phenomenon in the process of travel behavior. This paper designs different travel environment experiments to measure the fatigue perception and physical expenditure of bicycle travelers. The experiments also measure physiological load by heart rate and measure the energy expenditure by the heart wrist watch. In the subjective evaluation method, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), visual analog scale (VAS), and profile of mood states (POMS) were used to measure fatigue perception, overall fatigue, and mental fatigue. SPSS was used to analyze travelers' perception of physical expenditure and fatigue perception in different bicycle level of service. Concluded that in the high bicycle level of service facilities, physical fatigue play a leading role in overall fatigue and in the low bicycle level of service facilities, psychological fatigue play a leading role in overall fatigue. So the perception of fatigue affects the travel process and then affects the travel efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 2023 09:38:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2000751</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Does active transport displace other physical activity? A systematic review of the evidence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To determine if active transport results in net additional physical activity and the extent of any displacement of physical activity in other domains. Systematic review and quality appraisal of peer-reviewed primary articles. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, EBSCO Host (CINAHL, Business Source Complete, Business Source Ultimate Sport Discus), Scopus, Web of Science, SAGE, and Taylor & Francis Online, and reference lists from included studies. An article was included if it reported differences in adults’ exposure to transport-related physical activity levels related to differences in total physical activity, or physical activity in all domains other than transport. Only peer-reviewed, primary studies published from the year 2000 to 24 April 2023 in the English language were included. A total of 35 studies met the inclusion criteria. All but one were observational in nature. Quality scores varied from 2 to 14 out of 14 on a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Of 35 studies, 29 found that physical activity arising from uptake of active transport resulted in net additional physical activity. A total of 27 studies reported no displacement. Six reported mixed findings and two suggested displacement of physical activity, one low-quality study and another looking at population aged ≥65 years. It was not possible to pool the results. Active transport can increase overall levels of physical activity. Although measurement difficulties preclude a definitive answer, current evidence suggests that among adults, there is little or no compensatory reduction in physical activity in other domains in response to increases in active transport use, with the possible exception of older population groups.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 14:56:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to improve consumers’ travel intentions under the COVID-19 pandemic: An empirical study in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the most challenging issues confronting tour operators is how to improve consumers' travel intention after the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the immediacy of the situation, existing studies exploring this problem are necessarily limited. Based on a theory of reasoned action, this paper proposes a research model to investigate factors influencing consumers' travel intentions in the wake of the pandemic. Using structural equation modeling analysis of 826 consumers in China, the results showed that: (1) physical risk had the greatest negative impact on consumers' attitudes toward travel, followed by psychological risk; (2) physical risk had a negative effect on consumers' subjective norms, while the effect of psychological risk on consumers' subjective norms was not significant; (3) risk perception, including physical and psychological risk, affected consumers' travel intentions through subjective norms and attitudes; and (4) consumers' perceptions of the seriousness of the pandemic and travel experience act as a negative moderators between attitude toward travel and travel intentions. The conclusions of this study provide vital information for tour operators to create viable and sustainable operations in this time of crisis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2023 10:58:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145784</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Portable Multi-Modal Cushion for Continuous Monitoring of a Driver's Vital Signs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2170134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With higher levels of automation in vehicles, the need for robust driver monitoring systems increases, since it must be ensured that the driver can intervene at any moment. Drowsiness, stress and alcohol are still the main sources of driver distraction. However, physiological problems such as heart attacks and strokes also exhibit a significant risk for driver safety, especially with respect to the aging population. In this paper, a portable cushion with four sensor units with multiple measurement modalities is presented. Capacitive electrocardiography, reflective photophlethysmography, magnetic induction measurement and seismocardiography are performed with the embedded sensors. The device can monitor the heart and respiratory rates of a vehicle driver. The promising results of the first proof-of-concept study with twenty participants in a driving simulator not only demonstrate the accuracy of the heart (above 70% of medical-grade heart rate estimations according to IEC 60601-2-27) and respiratory rate measurements (around 30% with errors below 2 BPM), but also that the cushion might be useful to monitor morphological changes in the capacitive electrocardiogram in some cases. The measurements can potentially be used to detect drowsiness and stress and thus the fitness of the driver, since heart rate variability and breathing rate variability can be captured. They are also useful for the early prediction of cardiovascular diseases, one of the main reasons for premature death. The data are publicly available in the UnoVis dataset.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2023 10:09:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2170134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driving Segway: A Musculoskeletal Investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Segways offer elderly users an opportunity to increase their mobility range and may also be useful as a training device. As of yet, very little is known about muscular activity during Segway use. Hence, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate the muscular strain during the use of Segways. For this purpose, 15 study participants were equipped with electromyography (EMG) measuring devices on rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and biceps brachii of the right half of the body. Following maximum strength tests, the participants completed a defined course once on foot and three times on a Segway. The averaged EMG data during walking and Segway use were compared. The results show that the use of Segways leads to muscle activity. No statistically significant differences were found between the average muscular strain of the lower body muscles caused by walking and using a Segway. The systematic use of Segways may be an attractive option for the development of physical training programs to prevent falls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:51:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effect of Tram Driver’s Cab Design on Posture and Physical Strain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ergonomic quality of a tram driver’s cab is essential to ensure the physical well-being of the drivers and the general attractiveness of the workplace. We investigated the ergonomic quality of the cabs of two different trams in a field study during real operation. The results show that the experienced physical strain differs significantly between the two trams. A video analysis relates this to different posture and movement patterns. The main factor for these differences is the position of the main control panel, which needs to comply with visibility requirements according to DIN 5566. However, our study shows that an ergonomic workplace cannot be accomplished by only pursuing isolated factors, instead the interaction of all relevant factors has to be considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2023 09:51:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1972637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable Infrastructure Is a Two-Way Street: Balancing Environmental and Condition Performance Goals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2137494</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transport agencies are under increasing pressure to mitigate the global warming impact of our pavement systems. This objective, however, must be carefully balanced with other performance metrics of interest (e.g., pavement condition) for federal and state agencies. This paper details a network-level tool aimed at supporting transport agencies in achieving two competing objectives: (1) maximizing the number of pavement segments in a good state-of-repair; and (2) minimizing the global warming impact of the network. The stochastic optimization model follows a two-stage bottom-up approach, where optimal policies are learned for individual facilities, and those decision-rules are subsequently used to guide the allocation of resources across the network. The model is applied to a realistic roadway network composed of 159 miles of pavement segments based on data made available via the Highway Performance Monitoring System. The case study results highlight that, over a 20-year analysis period, maximizing the condition of pavement assets across the network increases its expected global warming impact by 1% to 8%. The results also highlight that, invariant to the selected objective and/or available budget, increasing the allocation of funds toward rehabilitation activities rather than reconstruction treatments improves the overall condition of the network by as much as 25% and reduces its global warming impact by up to 7%. The results of the case study provide decision-makers with important insights around the impact of pavement management performance goals and budgetary policies on the global warming impact of pavement systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2023 13:19:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2137494</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimating the Physical and Mental State of Drivers Using Physiological Indicators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062935</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using physiological data from a basic experiment simulating railroad driving in general participants, the authors studied a method for detecting mental and physical states that may interfere with driving. As a result, characteristic changes in brain activity are observed in the group that experienced a psychological upset. In addition, they selected heart rate and respiration as physiological indices that can be easily measured during driving and proposed a method for selecting effective indices for estimating mental and physical states for each individual. They examine the relationship between brain activity associated with psychological agitation and a questionnaire score on resilience (ability to adapt well) and found a weak correlation between them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2023 08:51:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062935</guid>
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