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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation future planning of railway networks in the Arabs Gulf countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Trans-border railroad in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to the early 20th century in Saudi Arabia. Over the recent decades due to increasing population and developing industrial zones, the demands are growing up over time. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is now embarking on one of the largest modern cross-border rail networks in the world. This is an ambitious step regarding the planning and establishment of the rail network connecting all the six GCC countries. This railway network will go through at least one city in each country to link the cities of Kuwait in Kuwait, Dammam in Saudi Arabia, Manama in Bahrain, Doha in Qatar, the cities of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates and Sohar and then Muscat in Oman in terms of cargo and passengers. The area of investigation covers different aspects of the shared Arabian countries rail routes called 'GCC line' and their national rail network. The aim of this article is to study the existing future plans and policies of the GCC countries shared line and domestic railway network. This article studies the national urban (light rail transportation (LRT), metro (subways) and intercity rail transportation to appraise the potential of passenger movement and commodity transportation at present and in the future. The tabular informative technical aspects of operation, such as traffic load yearly, speed, cost of the project, tracks length and track types, are supplied. Result of the analysis gives an overview of the Gulf Arabian countries railway plan and project properties to generate opportunities for international companies and researchers. It shows that there is a big boom and development for the upcoming railway transportation in the GCC countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Jan 2022 12:14:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1900023</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Greenhouse gas emissions associated with road transport projects: current status, benchmarking, and assessment tools</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global warming and climate change have been two much-debated topics in recent times due to their malevolent consequences not only to ecosystems, but also to the human race. They are indeed negative by-products of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The transportation sector is a major contributor of GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 20 percent of all carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions globally, and road transportation accounts for the large majority of those emissions. This paper reviews literature related to GHG emissions produced by construction, operation, and maintenance phases of road projects. It compares country-specific GHG emission levels and provides input on assessment tools that can be used to estimate road project-specific GHG emissions. Lastly, the paper draws conclusions in regards to the magnitude of GHG emissions produced by road transportation, as well as to the status of assessment tools readily available in the market. The authors find that GHG emissions continue to be a concern, especially in the Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC), and recognize the need for reliable modeling tools capable of estimating project-specific GHG emissions. As a result, a model framework is proposed as the first step towards a comprehensive modeling tool capable of estimating GHG emissions produced during the entire life-cycle of a road project. The authors disclose that such tool is currently under development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2020 09:37:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739643</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Low costs, high stakes : LCCs are defying expectations in the Gulf, but some markets pose challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1691829</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2020 16:15:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1691829</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The strategic context of the three major Gulf carriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the still evolving strategic trajectories and context of the three major Gulf carriers Emirates Airline, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways. The paper utilizes data from a Delphi study conducted by the author in 2013 and 2014 which looked in part at the likely strategic future prospects of these three carriers. The study findings are considered in the current strategic context of all three carriers five years later in mid-2019. The findings of this analysis reveal that the wild card scenario of a blockage of Qatar by its neighbors was not identified in the study; however, many of the key findings and forecasts around liberalization, protectionism, alliance membership and global industry impacts all retain valuable and salient insights into their strategic contexts. This paper helps to illustrate the inherent challenges that accompany strategic forecasting, particularly for a dynamic industry like global aviation where geopolitics plays a central role. This is particularly true of emerging air markets that are not data rich, static or readily predictable. This paper concludes that the key industry insights gained from a strategic forecasting exercise such as this study outweigh concerns and issues of forecast accuracy. Much can be learned when forecast accuracy is placed into a secondary position behind industry insights gained. This is certainly the case when the three major Gulf carriers are the prime focus.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 09:46:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1678675</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Decision time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1670298</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Middle East's premium air show arrives with several of its key players facing choices. Emirates is mulling its strategy in a post-A380 world, while Air Arabia is weighing Airbus against Boeing for a major fleet acquisition. The UAE's big two have invested heavily in hub airports--has their spend been justified? Meanwhile, surprise attacks on Saudi oil installations have left the Gulf powers assessing their air-defence strategy. We look at the themes likely to be in the spotlight as the industry gathers in Dubai. Different directions : Air Arabia and Flydubai have had two contrasting years. One is still expanding; the other has been hit badly by the 737 Max suspension / Murdo Morrison -- Hubs at a crossroads : while Dubai is weighing the future of DXB and the DWC, in Abu Dhabi, Etihad's restructure could impact the Midfield Terminal / Murdo Morrison -- Eyes on the skies : loitering munitions are changing how nations think on aerial defence--and have implications for military spending plans in the region / Garrett Reim -- Changed priorities : having taken over AWAS, DAE has ditched plans for major aircraft purchase, and is looking instead for a new target to double its portfolio / Murdo Morrison -- Making a difference : Strata has won a tier one status with Airbus and Boeing, and plays a vital role in shaping the country's future as a high-tech, high-skill economy / Murdo Morrison -- Destination Mars : the UAE is taking a place in space, sending an astronaut to the ISS this year an a probe to the Red Planet in 2020--with plans for a colony / Murdo Morrison -- Engines of growth : deals with Rolls-Royce and two V2500 operators this year have lifted Abu Dhabi's Sanad Aerotech in the powerplant overhaul market / Murdo Morrison.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Dec 2019 11:50:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1670298</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Inflight entertainment : two of the big three Gulf carriers have changed course; status of massive Emirates orders still uncertain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1670106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Dec 2019 11:48:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1670106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sohar looks to further growth : significant growth and major projects in the upcoming year are planned by the Omani port and freezone with multiple agreements already signed</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Jun 2019 11:23:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gulf countries rise to the challenge : greenfield projects and upgrades continue in Gulf Co-operation Council countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Jun 2019 11:16:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1628713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diverse projects broaden Gulf maritime market</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1596956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In cash-constrained times, few regions can compete with the sheer volume of shipyard investments currently emerging in the Arabian Gulf. We highlight some of the latest projects]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 2019 09:52:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1596956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>No gulf in the Gulf</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1584203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With a total of US$5 billion in deals signed at the Bahrain Airshow, a number of key regional flag carriers and their low-fare subsidiaries are keeping market momentum rolling in the Middle East, writes Mark Thomas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2019 15:56:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1584203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>International Air Service Controversies: Frequently Asked Questions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[“Open skies” agreements are a form of international civil air service agreement that facilitates international aviation in a deregulated environment. They eliminate government involvement in airline decision making about international routes, capacity, and prices. Since 1992, the United States has reached 114 open skies agreements governing international air passenger and air freight services. There are two ongoing controversies that are related to open skies agreements. One controversy involves some U.S. network airlines’ and labor unions’ opposition to the expansion of three fast growing airlines based in the Persian Gulf region—Emirates Airline, Etihad Airways, and Qatar Airways. The U.S. carriers allege the subsidies and support that these three Persian Gulf carriers purportedly receive from their government owners contravene fair competitive practices requirements of their home countries’ open skies agreements with the United States. The U.S. carriers have urged the Administration to freeze the number of flights Gulf carriers operate to the United States and to renegotiate the open skies accords with Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Similar protests have occurred in Europe, initiated by Lufthansa Group and Air France-KLM, and organized labor. The other controversy concerns Norwegian Air International (NAI), an airline that is registered in Ireland and plans to operate transatlantic flights to U.S. destinations. NAI’s application has met strong opposition from labor groups and some airlines that allege that NAI violates a provision of the U.S.-EU open skies agreement that governs labor standards. They contend that NAI’s plan would create precedent for using low-wage crew members from third countries aboard flights to the United States. However, several former U.S. secretaries of transportation and Irish and European Union (EU) officials, as well as some U.S. consumer advocates and travel industry groups, maintain that the NAI application is valid under the terms of the open skies agreement and would encourage competition and bring lower fares. This report addresses some of the most frequently asked questions related to these two ongoing controversies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2019 13:55:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579237</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pace changes in regrouping Gulf</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1522316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[After years of eye-catching expansion, the big Middle East carriers have spent the last 18 months taking stock amid a string of challenges. This has slowed traffic and capacity growth, but profits have already rebounded at Emirates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jul 2018 12:21:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1522316</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Under Chloride-Induced Corrosion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chloride-induced corrosion continues to be the main cause of deterioration of concrete structures in the marine areas. To introduce the high rate of corrosion in Persian Gulf area, the axial load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete columns, which have been exposed to the real corrosive condition of this area about 1.5 years, is measured. Then, a new framework for long-term seismic evaluation of existing corroded reinforced concrete bridge in this area is proposed. Calculation of corrosion initiation time, development of material model considering effects of corrosion, moment–curvature analysis of bridge columns, determination of plastic hinge characteristics, and pushover analysis in longitudinal and transverse directions of the bridge are the main steps of proposed framework. Effects of corrosion include the degradation of cover and core concrete, steel bar, and bonding between concrete and steel bar. By comparing the obtained seismic capacity of bridge at specific time points in bridge service life, effect of corrosion on the long-term seismic performance of bridge is determined. On the basis of analysis results, due to ensuring the long-term seismic performance of seismically designed reinforced concrete bridge in the marine area after 90 years of service, it is suggested in this paper that the design base shear should be increased by 12.5%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jun 2018 10:35:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513434</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>All players in open skies dispute claim victory as U.S., UAE settle : analysts see little or no change in status quo</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Jun 2018 09:48:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sohar keeps growing : another year of significant growth and major projects for 2018 establishes the Omani port as a beacon of growth and prosperity for the region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Jun 2018 09:48:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514848</guid>
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