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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Simulating a new crew planning process at Netherlands Railways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Netherlands Railways is considering a shift towards a novel crew planning process featuring individual Sharing-Sweet-and-Sour rules, designed to provide each crew member with a fair and varied work schedule. This approach replaces the current, crew base-level fairness mechanisms. In the new process, template-based rosters specify generic time windows, to which personalised duties are assigned in the operational phase. To evaluate the feasibility of the novel process, we develop a scalable simulation framework that accurately models the operational crew planning phase. The framework features a column generation heuristic to construct personalised duties, a network decomposition strategy to reduce computing times, and stochastically generated disruptions to simulate daily operations. Simulating the process for 3265 guards throughout the year 2024, we find high conformance with the proposed individual Sharing-Sweet-and-Sour rules, with over 93% compliance for four out of six attributes. Our results yield valuable inputs for ongoing discussions with the works council and provide company experts with a powerful strategic tool. These insights are relevant to other transport operators, showing that fair and attractive individual work schedules can be constructed and highlighting the practical benefits of tailored simulation tools.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2694558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An integrated mutual-information clustering and deep neural network framework for forecasting travel behaviour under flexible working arrangements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2677606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flexible Working Arrangements (FWAs) allow workers to adjust their schedules and locations, primarily to support work–life balance, while also indirectly influencing traffic conditions. However, their impact on travel behaviour remains inconclusive. Some studies suggest reductions in traffic congestion and vehicle miles travelled (VMT), whereas others report increases, likely due to latent behavioural differences among workers. Although clustering techniques have been employed to study these dynamics, factors such as trip chaining, peak-hour demand, and VMT are often overlooked, leading to overestimates of the benefits of FWAs. Moreover, limited research has analysed workers’ behavioural shifts under varying levels of FWAs. Therefore, this study focuses on the impacts of FWAs on travel behaviour and peak-hour congestion, examining how FWAs can be used as a Travel Demand Management (TDM) strategy. This study addresses these gaps using data collected from Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, applying Mutual Information Maximisation Clustering with Random Effects (MIMC-RE) and Deep Neural Network (DNN). This integrated predictive framework identifies latent behavioural clusters and forecasts travel behaviour under FWAs. It represents the first application of this approach to travel behaviour analysis, enabling the exploration of relationships between FWAs and behavioural shifts. The findings reveal that the heterogeneous impacts of FWAs stem from latent behavioural differences across worker groups and underscore the need to account for these patterns in transport planning. Scenario analysis demonstrates that offering flex-time to 40% of fixed-time non-teleworkers can shift 24% of peak-hour home-based work trips to off-peak hours, reduce travel time by 33%, and decrease travel distance by 21% per trip, while increasing public transport use. These results offer evidence-based guidance for developing TDM strategies that optimise travel demand, alleviate peak-hour congestion, and support sustainable transport planning in the post–COVID-19 pandemic era.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 13:22:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2677606</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Can more flexibility in Air Navigation Service Provider capacity provision really reduce delays? A multi-stakeholder analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Policy makers and industry experts repeatedly have called for more flexibility in the provision of air navigation services in order to mitigate persistent delay problems especially in Europe. However, increasing flexibility not only comes at a cost, it might also lead to unexpected and even detrimental results that have not attracted much attention in the literature yet. This paper evaluates the economic impacts of flexibility that is achieved through overtime hours of air traffic controllers (ATCOs). In our model, the air navigation service provider (ANSP) is facing uncertainty in demand and decides on user charges as well as on capacity provision. We compare two scenarios in which the ANSP is either able or unable to use overtime ATCO-hours in a high demand environment. In general, more flexibility in capacity provision increases expected economic welfare only slightly (0.13% in our base case). Moreover, more flexibility only reduces expected en-route delays if the ANSP aims at maximizing welfare (constrained by a zero-profit-regulation). For a profit-maximizing ANSP, more flexibility even increases expected en-route delays. Taking the decisions of airlines and passengers into account, we show that more flexibility also leads to additional (‘induced’) demand, contributing to higher costs of capacity provision. Whereas flexibility in capacity provision reduces delays in a high traffic environment, it increases delays in a low traffic situation, as the ability to increase capacity provision if traffic is high also provides a (strategic) incentive to reduce the number of ATCOs that are controlling the airspace in a low demand environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 09:09:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622420</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Dynamic relocation problem for free-floating electric carsharing systems with real-time requests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) as a sustainable alternative to fossil-fueled vehicles has spurred EV-sharing systems worldwide. However, these systems encounter challenges like uneven vehicle distribution and demand unpredictability, necessitating effective strategies. This study introduces a new optimization framework for dynamic relocation in free-floating EV-sharing systems, emphasizing real-time requests. By maximizing profit (user rental revenue minus relocation costs), the framework employs a rolling horizon approach to integrate real-time requests, staff operations, and battery management. To solve this complex problem, a modified relocation tuple exchange-based local search algorithm incorporates tailored operators for staff and EV rerouting /reassignment, bolstered by acceleration techniques for greater computational efficiency. Real-world car-sharing data validates the framework, with sensitivity analyses exploring the impacts of re-optimization periods, advanced reservation timing, fleet size, and staff allocation. Results offer actionable insights for operators to enhance efficiency, adaptability, and profitability, tackling urban operational realities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:14:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598889</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determination of Interrelationships between Organizational System Variables during Implementation of Change: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH [Report 1 of 17]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Qualitative studies were undertaken by having group discussions and one-on-one interview sessions with all engineers working for the Oahu District. Among the positive findings are that there is adequate team work, engineers are motivated by the nature of work and challenges posed, engineers wish to enhance their knowledge, and job responsibilities were clear. Among the negative findings are that the change order procedure is unduly cumbersome, design-construction coordination and integration is inadequate, and engineers have insufficient knowledge and training in their construction management vocation. Oahu District engineers perceive a complete lack of trust, faith, or support from upper management. There is a lack of formal motivation by the Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT); organization structure is inadequate to respond to tasks; some field offices have serious management and morale problems; and janitorial work is disliked. Whereas the recent induction of computers is a positive change, quite a few engineers were not sure how to use them. Resident engineers reported difficulties with CE Ill's and inspectors alike. Inspectors reported inexperience and the unwillingness of engineers to do field work as a reason for poor engineering caliber. Among the recommendations are to downsize, increase specialization, increase workload of engineers, delegate more authority to all level of engineers, streamline change order process, create new sub-divisions for planning and scheduling and claims and change orders, increase standards for hiring inspectors, consider making contractor responsible for quality control, and curtail the new hiring at CE III level. The organization structure should be revamped.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2026 17:09:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683223</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Barriers and drivers for penetrating the global maritime labour market: Empirical evidence from merchant seafarers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652271</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maritime transport sector is characterised by unique dynamics, including the ease of crew exchange and the increased use of standardised languages by seafarers. These factors have led to greater multinationalism among ship crews, which presents several managerial, cultural and operational challenges. This study examines the factors, drivers and barriers affecting the integration of professional seafarers into the global maritime labour market under multinational working conditions. The study introduces a ‘harmony’ variable, derived from six attitudinal items, as a proxy for seafarers' adaptability to multinational crew environments.A mixed-method design was employed, integrating quantitative analyses with qualitative insights to provide a comprehensive understanding of multinational working. A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to classify the respondents according to their harmony values. The classification of seafarers according to harmony scores was followed by the analysis of quantitative data from 322 respondents and qualitative data from 125 respondents, respectively. The findings indicate that there were no significant differences in the duration of multi-national working for seafarers at varying levels of harmony. Moreover, an analysis of the factors that contribute to the duration of multinational work revealed that marital status, competence, and raising with maritime culture were significant predictors.In the context of multinational working, it has been observed that seafarers tend to express concerns regarding their English language proficiency, professionalism, and cultural properties. However, the participants identified several challenges that lie beyond the capabilities of seafarers, including the need for government support, global marketing, and accreditation. These findings underscore the need for policy interventions in maritime education and international cooperation to prepare seafarers for multicultural working environments. Therefore, policymakers should undergo critical reorganizations in maritime education and training to integrate their mariners with the global labour market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 08:40:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2652271</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Behavioural Factors Contributing to Offences Committed by Bus Crews in Sri Lanka's Private Bus Transport Sector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Behavioural issues among bus crews negatively impact passenger satisfaction, safety, and the overall efficiency of the public transport system. Bus crews in the private bus transport sector frequently commit offences, leading to public complaints. This study investigates the behavioural factors contributing to offences committed by both drivers and conductors in inter-provincial private bus transport in Sri Lanka. Using a quantitative research approach, a questionnaire survey was conducted to identify these behavioural factors through exploratory factor analysis. The findings reveal four key factor components: workplace conditions and operational pressures, deficiencies in crew management and training, employee welfare challenges, and stressors and behavioural tendencies. These factors play a significant role in influencing crew behaviour and leading to offences. This study provides valuable guidance for transport policymakers and both government and private sector stakeholders to enhance the quality of bus transportation and implement measures that improve the well-being of bus crews and passengers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:20:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659311</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Platform-induced time-space trade-offs in ride-hailing: Multi-homing as a response to operational constraints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643809</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how ride-hailing drivers adjust their time-use and spatial behavior under platform-induced constraints, with a focus on multi-homing—the practice of operating across multiple ride-hailing platforms. Drawing on a city-scale, driver-identified dataset from Suzhou, China, we propose a data-driven framework to identify multi-homing behavior and quantify its impacts using four operational metrics: working hours, travel distance, revenue, and order interval. A common assumption is that full-time multi-homing drivers earn more and work longer than single-platform drivers. However, our results show that this assumption does not hold in the Suzhou market. Instead, multi-homing appears to serve as a behavioral adaptation to regulatory and algorithmic restrictions—allowing drivers to bypass platform-imposed work-hour caps and optimize engagement with temporal demand fluctuations. Using clustering to separate full-time and part-time drivers, and applying Geographically Weighted Random Forest (GWRF) modeling, we further find that multi-platform activity is not spatially concentrated in low-demand or remote areas. These findings reveal that multi-homing is less about spatial expansion and more about temporal strategy and coping with institutional uncertainty. The study contributes to understanding time-space adaptation in digitally mediated mobility, especially amid evolving platform governance. It also underscores the need for time-use models and transport policy to account for the real-time flexibility and constraint navigation strategies employed by gig workers in fragmented digital environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 09:53:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643809</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Coast Guard: Monitoring of Disability Evaluation System Could Be Improved</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639367</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Coast Guard, a military service within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), is responsible for various missions including ports, waterways, and coastal security; drug interdiction; and search and rescue. In carrying out the Coast Guard’s missions, some of its approximately 55,000 active duty and reserve service members may become injured or ill. The Coast Guard’s disability evaluation system (DES) determines whether injured or ill members are medically fit to perform their duties and, if not, whether they are eligible for certain disability benefits. The Coast Guard opened about 140 DES cases in 2024. Section 11243 of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (Pub. L. No. 117-263, 136 Stat. 2395) contains a provision for the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to review the Coast Guard’s DES. This report examines the DES process, its timeliness goals and challenges in meeting them, and the extent to which the Coast Guard has applied leading practices for program monitoring to this process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Dec 2025 09:44:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639367</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Do costs and team-building conflict in airline crew scheduling? An individual crew pairing approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recognizing the importance of team spirit for cabin crew, airlines used to schedule cabin crew members in teams. In recent years, airlines have operated with increasingly diversified types of aircraft with heterogeneous manpower demands. Thus, many airlines have started to adopt the individual approach to construct itineraries for each cabin crew member to better characterize manpower demand heterogeneity. Due to improved flexibility, the individual approach can better utilize crews to enhance cost efficiency, but it may lead to reduced team spirit. To mitigate the drawbacks of the individual approach, we introduce the concept of pairing similarity (both flight-based similarity and duty-based similarity), which represents the scenarios that crew members work together on the same flights or duties. Based on the new concepts, we propose a novel individual crew pairing model that aims to promote the development of pairing similarity. A column generation-based algorithm is constructed to efficiently solve the model. Computational results demonstrate that our proposed model is able to improve team-building opportunities when the individual approach is adopted. However, this benefit is accompanied by an increased operations cost. Our experiments suggest that there exists a range in which the team-building opportunities are improved with a relatively small increase in operations costs. Thus, airlines are suggested to carefully determine the team-building enhancement level while enjoying the cost efficiency of the individual approach. Besides, through a comparative analysis of the two pairing similarity measures, it is found that the duty-based similarity measure shows a stronger ability to improve team spirit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 09:49:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Business travel stress and the moderating effect of corporate aircraft utilization on employee Well-Being: Business aviation from a stakeholder perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates how access to corporate aircraft moderates the relationship between business travel stress and employee well-being. Using the Job-Demands-Resources and Person-Environment Fit models, this research reveals that business travel stress relates to time pressure, travel environment, and work-family conflict, which affect physical, psychological, and social well-being. However, corporate aircraft use restores control, relieves stress, and reduces fatigue, emotional exhaustion, and work-family conflict. Additionally, it offers positive travel experiences that enhance employee energy, engagement, and job satisfaction. This study addresses a research gap by being the first to explore business travel stress and well-being in corporate aircraft operations, expanding the Job-Demands-Resources model. These findings provide a foundation for future research to further investigate the nuanced relationship between business travel stress and employee well-being. Organizations can benefit from the findings by redefining their business case for corporate aircraft, prioritizing stakeholder well-being as a primary source of return on investment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2025 12:30:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606688</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mental Health, Wellness, and Resilience for Transit System Workers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Report 245: Mental Health, Wellness, and Resilience for Transit System Workers includes a survey of transit employees’ work conditions, suggestions for improvements, and a toolkit of strategies and effective practices. This brief article presents possible solutions for transit agencies to address root causes of stressors and improve frontline workers’ mental health, wellness, and resiliency, as excerpted from Report 245, including: revise policies that make it difficult for workers to take time off to care for family members; identify strategies to reduce operator exposure to problematic passengers; establish policies for addressing passenger drug use in transit vehicles; improve communication and marketing efforts of mental health and wellness resources; provide tips on improving bathroom access and break times; develop training materials to help transit agency service planners understand how the physical environment affects operator comfort and physical health; and develop a screening tool for potential candidates and transit agencies to measure a candidate’s compatibility with the job, which could help both sides ensure a good fit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 13:15:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593750</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Productivity Improvement Programs and Techniques in Transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article provides several examples of productivity improvement programs and techniques in transportation. It then discusses the following topics: Improving Management to Improve Productivity; Role of States in Productivity Improvement; Categories of Productivity Programs That May Help You to Design Your Own; Process and Structure-Two Kinds of Programs; Process Programs-Quality of Work Life and Participation; Labor-Management Committees; Structure Programs-Job Enlargement, Enrichment, Quality Circles, and Autonomous Work Groups; A Case Example; Incentive Programs; and Principles on Which Any Productivity Improvement Program Must Be Based.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Oct 2025 19:06:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2596483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research and Assessment of Needs for Sign Maintenance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593930</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) District offices need to verify in-house sign/signal installation and maintenance crews are prepared to implement criteria set forth in the new Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). This requires a thorough assessment of each District’s sign and signal crews to identify needs. This evaluation must review crew staffing levels, equipment and material needs, and training schedules. Based on findings of this assessment, KYTC’s sign installation handbook can be updated with best practices for assembling and managing effective sign and signal crews as well as for conducting effective and safe sign maintenance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2025 11:32:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593930</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Need for Smart Shop Floor Management in the Automotive Industry: Potentials, Challenges and Requirements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2565615</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Industry 4.0 and the accompanying digital transformation of the modern-day factory have led to various advances in manufacturing. Shop floor management (SFM) – a core instrument of production management – has to align with these digital advances as well. However, due to SFM’s strong human-centric roots and manufacturers predominantly conducting SFM through analog means, it raises the question of what sort of digital support should be used for SFM and what specifications should be included in digital SFM systems. This study, consisting of a case study comprising semi-structured interviews and on-site inspections at a large original equipment manufacturer (OEM), provides concrete requirements for digitally-supported SFM derived from practice. The authors investigated which elements from analog SFM should be retained and where possible improvements through digital support exist. Moreover, the authors identified definitive improvement potentials such as the aggregation of data sources, as well as the preparation, performance, and documentation of shop floor meetings without disruptions in information flows. The authors conclude that digital transformation in the SFM context neither implies the mere introduction of software to solve specific problems, nor the full automation of SFM processes through digital solutions (what the authors call “digital” SFM). Rather, the authors highlight the importance of “smart SFM”: the adoption of sociotechnical systems in which SFM’s traditional social characteristics are maintained but are simultaneously sensibly augmented with digital solutions to improve SFM processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2025 13:34:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2565615</guid>
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