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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Measuring the Impact of Rework on Construction Cost Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/884832</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rework continues to affect both cost and schedule performance throughout the construction industry. The direct costs of rework alone often tally to 5% of the total construction costs. Using data obtained from 359 construction projects in the Construction Industry Institute database, this paper assesses the impacts of rework on construction cost performance for projects in various categories. In addition, it identifies the sources of this rework, permitting further analyses and the development of rework reduction initiatives. The results of this study establish that the impacts of rework differ according to project characteristics and that the sources of rework having the greatest impact are not significantly different among project categories. By recognizing the impacts of rework and its sources, the construction industry can reduce rework and ultimately improve project cost performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2009 07:22:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/884832</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>New Film Thickness Models for Iowa Hot Mix Asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/836127</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Beyond rutting and fatigue, mixture durability is a key hot mix asphalt (HMA) performance characteristic. Mix design criteria in Iowa uses film thickness to ensure adequate mix durability. The current film thickness model is based on 1940s technology and analysis approaches. The use of today’s computing power and mathematical models gives us the opportunity to better understand film thickness as a tool to measure HMA durability. A new model based on random spatial distribution of particles is applied to the film thickness concept and compared to Iowa DOT HMA mixtures. The results indicate that this new model may better measure mixture durability because it is sensitive to more variables that impact durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Sep 2007 07:49:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/836127</guid>
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      <title>Monitoring the Field Performance of Timber Bridges Over the Long Term</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/835449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Timber bridges are often viewed by engineers as less durable than steel or concrete structures. However, they remain a durable and economical option along secondary roads in many rural areas of the country. With well over 75,000 bridges listed by the Federal Highway Administration’s National Bridge Inventory as having timber superstructures as of 2002, they represent about 15% of the nation’s highway bridges. Many of these timber bridges have been in service for more than 50 years. Knowledge of their long-term performance characteristics will allow maintenance and repair practices to be optimized and for future designs to incorporate improved design details for extending the service life of timber bridges. This paper will discuss long-term data collection goals, overview current work, and outline sensor types/features needed for obtaining reliable data required to successfully monitor timber bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Sep 2007 13:54:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/835449</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Quantitative Measurement of Successful Performance from the Project Manager's Perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/803136</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a process for converting a project manager's qualitative evaluation of "successful performance" to a quantitative measurement. In a recent study, randomly selected electrical companies throughout the United States submitted two projects for analysis: (1) one project that was well planned and performed successfully; and (2) one project that was poorly planned and performed less-than-successfully. Overall, 55 projects were evaluated. Success, however, is a subjective concept that often depends on the team member providing the definition. Consequently, during the interview process, project managers were asked to provide their own definition of successful performance, and this definition was matched to the collected data to identify appropriate variables for inclusion in a performance measurement index. A reliability analysis was performed, and six variables were ultimately used to construct the index, including actual percent profit, percent schedule overrun, amount of time given, communication between team members, budget achievement, and change in work hours. A cross-validation technique was used to evaluate the performance measurement index, and a misclassification rate of 2% was observed, which indicated that the model was useful for quantitatively measuring successful performance based on the project managers' definitions of success.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Mar 2007 11:00:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/803136</guid>
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      <title>Performance Specifications Strategic Roadmap: A Vision for the Future</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/775693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document presents both a rational discussion of performance specifications and a plan for their development as a viable contract option for highway construction. Performance specification is an umbrella term that incorporates performance-related specifications, performance-based specifications, and warranties.  In broad terms, a performance specification links the performance characteristics of the final product to those construction and materials items under the control of the contractor.  Performance characteristics may include end-result elements such as product strength, bearing capacity, stability, visibility, and cracking, as well as more functional requirements such as smoothness, friction, noise reduction, ship retention, splash, and spray.  When future performance of a product is projected using construction tests and measurements linked to design via modeling, the specifications are commonly known as performance-related or performance-based specifications.  When actual performance of the product is measured after a predetermined time in service, the specification structure is commonly known as a warranty.  When the final product is described in terms of component materials, dimensions, tolerances, weights, and required construction methodology--equipment type, size, speed, etc.--the specifications are commonly described as method or prescriptive specifications.  Currently, method specifications are the most prevalent in highway construction.  This road map fully examines the performance specification issue.  It identifies four strategic goals: 1. identify relationships that link design and construction with product performance; 2. develop and implement performance specifications; 3. conduct a communication and training effort; 4. provide organizational support for the Performance Specification Program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2006 08:54:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/775693</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. REVISED EDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/375540</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this document is to provide a single source of sketch planning data on the most important performance characteristics of contemporary urban transportation systems in a format that lends itself to easy reference.  This handbook does not deal explicitly with passenger demand, but assesses also the supply or performance characteristics of urban transportation systems, including the following: speed; capacity; operating costs; labor inputs; capital costs; energy consumption; emission of air pollutants; and, accident rates and costs.  The following modes are discussed: rail transit (rapid, light, and commuter); bus transit; automobiles, trucks, and the highway system; high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes; and, automated guideway transit (AGT).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/375540</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HIGH-PERFORMANCE HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE: DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/542221</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High-performance high-strength concrete (HPHSC) is defined as concrete that meets special performance and uniformity requirements which cannot always be achieved by using only the conventional materials and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices. The performance requirements may include ease of placement and compaction without segregation, enhanced short-term and long-term mechanical properties, high-early-age strength and long life in severe environments. Considerable information is already available in the literature regarding HPHSC. The aim of this paper is to review the existing information and to suggest certain proposals for the design of HPHSC beams, columns, and walls. These proposals cover concrete grades in the range of 20 to 100 MPa (3 to 15 ksi).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/542221</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT BINDERS AND MIXTURES MODIFIED BY WASTE TONER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/540903</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Every year, a tremendous amount of toner is produced for copiers and printers by toner manufacturing companies throughout the United States.  Some of this toner does not meet quality specifications and becomes a waste of the manufacturing process. This waste and the spent toner from copiers and printer cartridges are dumped in landfills for lack of a better way of utilizing them.  A cooperative research project was undertaken by Texas Department of Transportation and the University of Texas to investigate the feasibility and potential benefits of utilizing waste toner in hot mix asphalt concrete.  The research program included procurement of a number of different waste toners, blending them with asphalt cement at different ratios, and evaluating binder and mixture properties.  The results indicated that as the amount of waste toner in the blend increases, the stiffness and viscosity of the modified binder increase.  The mixture analysis also indicates higher strength and stability for toner-modified asphalt concrete compared with unmodified mixtures.  The toner-modified binder is expected to perform satisfactorily in areas where permanent deformation is of great concern and some increase in low-temperature stiffness is not regarded as posing any cracking problems.  It was found that a PG64-28 asphalt will grade as PG70-22 with the addition of 10% waste toner.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/540903</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SPECIFICATIONS FOR AUTOMATED LICENSE PLATE READING EQUIPMENT FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/540823</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent technological advances in computer hardware, software, and image processing have led to the development of an automated license plate reader (ALPR).  This equipment was developed primarily for enforcement and security applications, such as monitoring parking garages or border crossings.  Because license plate data are used in several transportation planning studies, ALPRs have the potential to increase the quality and efficiency of many typical activities of transportation planning agencies. The key performance attributes of an ALPR with respect to the specific needs of transportation planning are determined.  The following general needs are investigated:  (a) the specific license plate data requirements of transportation planning studies; (b) the effect of the equipment on traffic operations and safety; and (c) special equipment characteristics required because of the temporary nature of transportation planning and the constraints of transportation planning agencies.  In addition, an existing ALPR was tested in situations likely to be encountered in transportation planning applications.  Technical specifications for an ALPR for transportation planning are developed.  These specifications can be used to provide motivation and direction for the future development of an ALPR for transportation planning.  Finally, the technical challenges to developing the ALPR are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/540823</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLICABILITY OF SUPERPAVE TO MODIFIED ASPHALTS: A MIXTURE STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/540190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Superpave binder and mixture specifications are currently being reviewed for their applicability to modified asphalts.  This study was designed to evaluate a series of modified binders with the same Superpave performance grade (PG 76-22).  The experiment was based on the following hypothesis:  The performance characteristics for a given asphalt mixture will be the same for all PG 76-22 binders.  The performance indicators analyzed in this study were obtained from a suite of laboratory mixture performance tests.  The study, which also included a PG 64-22 asphalt to serve as the control, revealed that the hypothesis may be rejected.  That is, mixture performance potential would be significantly different for various modified asphalts of the same performance grade.  Loading frequency and strain dependency were noted as the most significant behaviors to address. Finally, recommendations were made for possible modifications of Superpave specifications to address these issues.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/540190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRATEGIC AND PERFORMANCE CHANGES AMONG LTL MOTOR CARRIERS: 1976-1993</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/635969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on a particular industry segment of the motor carrier industry, the less-than-truckload (LTL) interstate general freight segment. LTL carriers, consisting of the largest firms in the trucking industry, have faced many changes and new competitive challenges in the deregulated environment. In 1976, the segment consisted of approximately 528 firms generating $10.6 billion in revenues. by 1989, the segment had shrunk to only 159 firms with $13.4 billion in revenues and, by the end of 1993, there were only 108 firms generating $16.7 billion in revenues. This article first explores changes in the U.S. LTL industry over the eighteen-year period, with an emphasis on performance. The second part of the article analyzes the relationship between strategic change and performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/635969</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MIXTURE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF RUBBER-MODIFIED ASPHALT IN OHIO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/484782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mixture design and performance characteristics of crumb rubber modified asphalt concretes were investigated in this research project to meet the requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, which has required each State to incorporate scrap tire rubber into its asphalt paving materials.  Specifically, the objectives of this research encompass the following:  (i) investigation of the rheological properties of asphalt-rubber binder to determine optimum content of crumb rubber; (ii) development of optimum mix design for various applications, including both wet and dry mix processes; (iii) characterization of mechanical properties of recommended paving mixtures, including resilient modulus, fatigue cracking behavior, low-temperature thermal cracking resistance, water sensitivity test, incremental creep test and loaded wheel track test; and (iv) comparison of performance of selected paving mixes.  The KENLAYER computer program developed by the University of Kentucky was used to evaluate the life performance of the selected paving mixtures.  The Marshall testing procedure, with small modifications of selection criteria, was used to determine the optimum rubber-aggregate-asphalt mix design, including five wet processes and two dry processes.  In addition, the unmodified conventional hot mix was used as the control mix for a comparison purpose.  Based on the recommended mix design, mechanical properties characterizations, computer analysis results and life cycle cost analysis, it can be concluded that the rubber modified asphalt mixtures, produced by the wet process, can be a viable asphalt paving material for highway pavement in terms of resistance to fatigue, low-temperature thermal cracking and rutting.  However, the durability of the rubber modified asphalt concretes in terms of TSR (tensile strength ratio) from the water stripping test has shown potential problem, needing further investigation.  From limited life cycle cost analysis, crumb rubber modified asphalt concretes have not shown advantage over the conventional asphalt concrete.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/484782</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRINIDAD LAKE ASPHALT IN ROAD PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/485303</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Trinidad lake asphalt is a natural asphalt and has been used extensively over the past 100 years in flexible road paving. Research has established that the unique bituminous micelles and fine mineral matter of TLA combine to deliver stabilizing and improved durability characteristics to pavements when used in various asphalt mixes.  This paper shows that both user-producer and performance based specifications can be met with selected percentages of TLA modification through traditional blending procedures, and that its modulus and performance characterization facilitate the use of most design codes for new surfacings and overlays.  Case studies are presented for Trinidad and Tobago airports and for the New York Metropolitan airports, tunnels, and bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/485303</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY DAMPERS FOR STRUCTURAL CONTROL OF BASE ISOLATED BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Base isolation provides a very effective passive method of protecting bridges from the hazard of earthquakes.  The proposed smart isolation system combines the laminated rubber bearing with the device made of shape memory alloy (SMA).  The constitutive law for superelastic material is extended to describe a hardening of the stress-strain relation of SMA at large strain levels.  The smart base isolation utilizes the different responses of the SMA at different levels of strain to control the displacements of the rubber bearing at various excitation levels.  At the same time the hysteresis of the alloy is used to increase the energy dissipation capacity.  The performance of the smart base isolation is compared with the responses of laminated rubber bearing with lead core to quantify the benefits of applying SMA for isolation of elevated highway bridge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME I: FIELD INVESTIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/472781</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the goal of improving future concrete pavement design and construction practices, this project evaluated the performance of 303 inservice concrete pavement sections located throughout North America.  An extensive field testing program, consisting of pavement condition surveys, drainage surveys, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing, coring/boring operations, and roughness testing, was conducted in order to collect the information needed for analysis.  Because many of these pavement sections are part of State-level studies on concrete pavements, a range of design variables (e.g., load transfer, slab thickness, joint spacing, drainage) thought to affect concrete pavement performance are present.  Over one-third of the sections was evaluated under a preceding Federal Highway Administration study, meaning that 5-year performance trends are available for some of the sections.  Additional pavement performance data are also available for 96 European concrete pavement sections and for 21 Chilean Concrete pavement sections. The average age and average cumulative equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) for the North American sections are 16 years and 7.1 million, respectively, compared to 21 years and 21.8 million for the European sections and 9 years and 5.9 million for the Chilean sections.  This volume describes the field data collection activities that were conducted under the study and also summarizes the individual performance of the 303 concrete pavement sections evaluated.  Pertinent design and construction data are given for each project and key performance data are presented.  Where available, 5-year performance trends are also summarized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/472781</guid>
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