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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Towards universally designed autonomous people mover: a survey analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One in six people worldwide live with a disability. People with disabilities (PwDs) have essential needs, including autonomy, social participation, and inclusion, which accessible autonomous vehicles (AVs) can help to mitigate through better access to transport. The needs and design preferences of PwDs for the introduction of these technologies are crucial in ensuring that AVs are inclusive and meet the specific requirements of all users. This study conducted a comprehensive examination of the challenges associated with current modes of transportation for PwDs, as well as their perceptions and preferences regarding the design features of AVs. An online survey was utilized to gather insights from a sample of 344 individuals with diverse types of disabilities. The survey presented four AV designs and asked individuals several questions about their preferences regarding these designs. Findings revealed several issues with current public transportation, including overcrowding and limited seating capacity, concerns about ramps, accessibility of handholds, securing oneself during transit, needing driver assistance, and facing challenges with boarding and disembarking. In total, 59 % of PwDs reported varying levels of unfamiliarity with AVs, indicating a clear opportunity for educational initiatives aimed at raising awareness and familiarity with AVs. The results further supported the market opportunity for medium-sized and side-entry AV people movers. This study provides design principles that can be developed to promote the universal design of AVs accessible to everyone. The concerns reported by PwDs could contribute to the government establishing tailored legislation towards universal design and enhancing public acceptance of AV technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573653</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessing an automated people mover system in Qatar through traffic microsimulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493229</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automated People Mover bus systems are considered a key in improving a city's transport system performance, as they can pool several passengers together, resulting in few cars on the roads. Such systems are expected to bloom in later stages of vehicle automation adoption as for the moment their biggest challenge is their co-existence with human-driven vehicles which are essentially unpredictable. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of an APM system with the rest of the vehicular traffic of an urban road network and assess its traffic impacts in the transition era towards vehicles’ automation and connectivity. This is achieved through well-defined what-if alternative scenarios that considered different Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) stages, ie. different levels of AV penetration rates and AV technology maturity levels. The results showed that AVs, and specifically the deployment of an APM system, have the potential to contribute positively. This contribution can be reflected twofold; first, as a decrease in the average number of delays associated with the performance of the APM system and second, as a decrease in the average number of stops of the overall transport network performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2025 13:50:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2493229</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Port Everglades New International Cruise Terminal and Airport People Mover Connection: Development Strategy for the Largest Cruise Terminal Complex on the US East Coast</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2218044</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Port Everglades of Fort Lauderdale, Florida recently established its Year 2020 Strategic Master Plan as planned by TranSystems Corporation to include five, ten and 20-year comprehensive development visions. The Master Plan called for an enhancement of cruise and cargo facilities within Port Everglades' Northport, Midport and Southport site areas with the intent to propel the port to new heights for primary business. Currently, the Port reflects primary business lines within the Caribbean cruise market and containerized Latin American trade — and provides South Florida's gateway for liquid and dry bulk cargoes. To meet the forecasted future demand for cruise services, roughly seven million passengers by Year 2020, TranSystems Corporation planned and conceptually designed a world-class International Cruise Complex which will accommodate a maximum of six Eagle Class cruise vessels simultaneously for Northport. A second Northport cruise complex will establish facilities to accommodate four additional mega-cruise vessels by use of a unique bi-level finger pier. Port Everglades will then offer 13 cruise terminals of which ten can support mega-cruise ships. And, capital investment in these cruise facilities will position the Port as the premier South Florida gateway to the Caribbean. To alleviate passenger and vehicular congestion at both the Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport and the seaport serving cruise passengers, TranSystems is currently assisting Port Everglades and the Broward County team with a feasibility study for "People Mover" system as a transportation solution. The project will explore the use of an automated overhead fixed guide way transit system, along the lines of the Seattle Monorail, or other similar facilities to move people. "People Mover" comprises an integral portion of the Port Everglades Year 2020 Strategic Master Plan, and is planned to alleviate vehicular and passenger congestion both at the Port and at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2024 11:59:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2218044</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A physical‒data-driven combined strategy for load identification of tire type rail transit vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431831</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tire load is one of the basic input parameters required for vehicle design and safety evaluation. Identifying the tire load with high accuracy is of great significance. However, the direct measurement of tire load is often high-cost and complex. Meanwhile, load identification solely based on physical measurement or data has great limitations of low accuracy and low robustness. This paper proposes a physical‒data-driven combined load identification strategy that includes an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a data-driven correction model. These two models are configured in series. Derived from a physical state-space model of the vehicle dynamics, the EKF is used for the preliminary identification of the load. The data-driven model extracts the spatial and temporal characteristics of signals through the convolutional neural network and bidirectional gated recurrent unit, and then predicts the errors of the extended Kalman filter and corrects the identified results. The presented strategy is applied to an APM300 rubber wheel vehicle for load identification. The results have shown that the physical‒data-driven combined strategy can reduce the influence of parameter perturbation and improve the identification accuracy (6.4%). Thanks to organically combining the physical- and data-driven methods and integrating the rules and experience of the entire system, the strategy has strong generalization performance. Compared with traditional algorithms, the presented strategy could effectively reduce the error of load identification, improve adaptability under different operating conditions, and handle the measurement error of different noise levels, which are of practical application value in the engineering field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Oct 2024 08:46:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431831</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operation Organization Methods for Automated People Mover Systems at Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975928</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, China’s air passenger throughput has grown rapidly; some new airports being built or planned for expansion are designed with more and larger terminals and facilities that may be spread over large areas. Accompanied with the increasing scale and complexity of airports, the automated people mover (APM) systems are in high demand which provide safe, reliable and efficient passenger transport services on relatively closed, independent lines. Based on the brief description of current situation of APM systems, this paper takes Beijing Capital International Airport as an example to analyze the passenger flow. Subsequently, the authors propose the organization methods of passengers and the operation planning for APM systems in terms of influence factors so as to ensure the efficiency of APM systems at airports. Finally, the adjustment methods of operation planning are addressed considering the fluctuation of daily passenger flow in the actual operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Sep 2024 16:50:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975928</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Planning Research for Automated People Mover System at Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to reduce the passenger’s walking time and improve the service level of the airport, the airport usually needs the equipment to assist passengers to travel. The automatic people mover system (APM system) is a reliable transportation device. The application of the APM system at the airport can effectively solve the traffic problem, and the APM system has a great impact on the airport. Therefore, this paper analyzes the relationship between the airport master plan and the APM system. The APM system is part of the airport master plan. When planning the APM system, the overall plan of the airport must be considered. At the same time, the APM system plan is divided into site setting, station design and line conditions. Each part has different classifications according to different requirements. Based on this, the APM system can be planned according to different actual conditions to ensure the effective and orderly operation of the airport traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2024 16:30:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automatic Feedback Cruising Control of the Aeromovel Automated People Mover</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389975</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aeromovel consists of a new concept of steel-wheel steel-rail automated people mover (APM). The operation procedure depends on a propulsion system based upon the use of pneumatic power systems that insufflate pressured air inside a duct where a rodless piston connected to the vehicle is driven. In the traditional configuration of the Aeromovel, the power system is designed and adjusted for operating with open loop control strategies. In recent years, Aeromovel application have significantly expanded, resulting in new challenges to be overcome, especially that associated with different trajectories that the vehicles must be performed due to geometric restriction imposed by existent airports’ architectural configurations. Aiming at overcoming these difficulties, a novel automatic driving strategy, based on feedback control, is being developed for the vehicle cruising control. This article deals with this new challenge and the design of the feedback cruising control algorithms that are being developed, including numerical results achieved by simulation performed with a suitable physical model of the system. The closed loop strategy is based on the definition of a desired velocity trajectory that is tracked by driving the blower based pneumatic power system to increase or decrease the effective force applied to the vehicle, forcing the trajectory to converge to the desired one. In this work, the design of the closed loop algorithm and the simulation results using a comprehensive model are addressed, showing the effectiveness of the proposed cruising control strategy. The new line that is being developed to operate in GRU Airport—São Paulo-BR main’s airport—is used as a case-study for availing the analysis strategy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jun 2024 13:59:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389975</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Examination of Factors Affecting APM Conductor Rail System Reliability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389927</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conductor rail systems (CRS) typically comprise less than 5% of an APM (Austomated People Movers) system’s total cost, yet they can have an outsized impact on an APM’s reliability. Critical variables to conductor rail performance include performance specifications; design, development, and testing; interface coordination with other subsystems; installation quality; and maintenance. Interface coordination between the conductor rail system and other APM subsystems such as the vehicle, guideway, guideway switches, and power distribution system must receive proper attention in the specification and design stages of a project. This paper identifies a sampling of critical aspects of interface coordination and draws upon specific examples of incomplete or incorrect interface specifications and their consequences. The author provides recommendations for interface specifications between the CRS and the associated APM subsystems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jun 2024 13:59:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2389927</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis and Design of Micropile-Supported Wall to Resist Lateral Deflection of Existing Railroad Bridge Abutment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2102063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of the PHX Sky TrainTM project at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport in Phoenix, Arizona, the existing traffic lanes at the 44th Street underpass below the Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) Bridge will be shifted to accommodate the people mover guideway. The proposed reconfiguration and reconstruction of 44th Street required the utilization of micropiles and permeation grouting to resist the lateral forces induced by cutting into the slope below the existing bridge abutment footing. This paper discusses the evaluation of the existing bridge abutment, including analysis of the original foundation system, and design, installation and testing of a new micropile-supported retaining wall to support the cut slope below the existing bridge abutment foundation. A monitoring program was implemented during construction to evaluate the short- and long-term performance of the bridge abutment. Instrumentation included survey monitoring points, inclinometers, tiltmeters, and crack gauges. A micropile load-testing program was conducted to verify design assumptions concerning micropile axial and lateral loading. Numerical analyses (using PLAXIS software) were performed to predict the short- and long-term behavior of both the abutment wall and the bridge foundations. Movement data collected from the monitoring program indicate that the wall and bridge foundations are performing satisfactorily and within the general bounds of predicted movements. The results from the numerical modeling using PLAXIS software showed that the proposed solution is deemed adequate to provide the needed global stability with an acceptable factor of safety, along with acceptable deformation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2023 16:47:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2102063</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automated People Movers and Automated Transit Systems 2018: Moving to the Future, Building on the Past</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093289</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection contains 22 peer-reviewed papers from the 16th International Conference on Automated People Movers (APM) and Automated Transit Systems (ATS), held in Tampa, Florida in 2018. Topics include: the current state and future of APMs and ATS; the history of APM and ATS; Personal Rapid Transit (PRT); applications, airport and other major activity centers projects; system improvements, facility planning and design; safety and security; standards; automated train control; and policy. These papers will be a valuable resource for planners, designers, suppliers, owners, and operators of automated transit in all forms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2093289</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Novel Automated Urban Maglev Transport System—Actual Design and Operational Data Compared with Legacy Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the ongoing global trend of urbanization, demand for smart public transport is unbroken. However, since a lot of effort is undertaken to improve individual transport with electric and autonomous cars, public mass transit appears to have made less progress in the recent past. This paper presents a novel urban mass transit system scalable from about 1,000 pphpd to more than 30,000 pphpd. It is based on a very slim pre-fabricated guideway system only 1.2 m in height with up to 36 m span. By matching guideway and vehicle technology a very cost efficient system was built. It is based completely on commercial of the shelf technology and uses magnetic levitation and linear motors to minimize noise and vibration levels. Its fully automated operation is demonstrated and tested for over 45,000 km (Oct 2017) on its test facility in Germany. The paper will explain the design principles and its improvements of current maglev technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-Service Replacement of APM Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994643</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many airports around the world have automated people mover (APM) systems that are reaching the end of their useful life and will need replacing in the coming years. These APM systems are critical to the operation of the airport and thus replacing them in-service requires considering some key points. This paper will discuss and highlight some of the key points such as the vehicle guidance system, replacement vehicle dimensions, and special vehicle maintenance requirements. Different vehicle suppliers may have different guidance requirements (side guided, center guided, etc.). The vehicle may also have different dimensions requiring a different running plinth spacing, platform rub strip clearance, etc. The replacement vehicle may also have special maintenance requirements that would make it necessary to provide additional maintenance areas that were not in the original system. These points may not be obvious to an owner of an aging APM. However, consideration of these points will make replacement of the APM system go smoothly and get the system back up and running quickly and efficiently.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994643</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A COTS High Availability and High Perfomance Train Control System for a Fully Automated Maglev People Mover</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the availability of rail-certified industrial fail-safe computer systems, offering of train control systems is no longer restricted to a few large market players. By using commercial of the shelf (COTS) components, our group was able to set up a high availability scalable train control system for a fully automated people mover system within a very short time frame. It fulfills highest safety requirements according to European railway standards EN50129 and EN5018 and allows train headways of less than 80 s. During the design, the V-model was consistently applied. Starting with a comprehensive risk and system assessment, a concept with detailed requirements catalogue was designed. Based on this concept a scalable hardware and software architecture was created using industry standard, railway approved safety controls. Implementation and testing of this architecture took place on a test track under real operation conditions as well as on a simulation system that allowed more than 30 virtual vehicles simultaneously on a track including more than 100 switches. In 2018, the design phase will be concluded with a complete verification and validation of the design and subsequent type approval by the federal German railway authority (Eisenbahn-Bundesamt). The paper describes the challenges our team faced and overcame when developing a novel turnkey people mover system including a train control system to be offered as an integrated one-stop solution to customers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Next Generation Urban Maglev System—Benefits of Product Lifecycle Management Systems as a Basis for Design and Production Processes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While the advent of Industry 4.0 is widely discussed in most industry areas, the design and production processes for rail systems appear to be much less digital compared to other industry segments. Our paper describes the use of production processes adhering to fully digitally supported manufacturing principles as outlined by the Industry 4.0 framework. It furthermore discusses the benefits of using these processes based on real life data obtained during design and production of a fully automated urban maglev people mover system. This paper describes our findings and learnings from the implementation of a professional product lifecycle management (PLM) system for design and production of complex novel maglev vehicles. The process covers the design phase, as well as procurement of parts, quality control, assembly, and even operation and maintenance. All steps where QR traceable, as an example the workers receive animated mounting instruction on their tablet computer just by scanning the parts. Confusing paper work is eliminated and simultaneously the quantity of shop floor production engineers is reduced. The whole process is controlled and maintained from our office headquarters in Sengenthal, which allows to run a global production efficiently. The paper will report the enormous benefits in quality, time, and cost, which was reduced by up to 40 %. The paper demonstrates the enormous potential of Industry 4.0 in the area of the railway industry. Despite of its complexity the adaptation of the fourth step of the industrial revolution has major advantages for the design and production process of rail systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Procurement Models for Automated People Mover Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When airports move from planning and programming for an APM system to procuring the design and construction services to deliver the system, there are several procurement models available to the owner. This paper will discuss several models, their differences, advantages, and disadvantages. The options available range from a single contract for the guideway and system to a separate contract for each component. The procurement models discussed include design-bid-build (DBB), design-build (DB), and design build operate maintain (DBOM). The owner must also choose if the vehicle supplier will be selected independently from the construction service provider(s). The investment of an APM system is an investment in the immediate and future functionality of the airport. Selection of the appropriate procurement model sets the stage for not only the delivery and startup of the system, but the operation, maintenance, and potential expansion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1994637</guid>
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