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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=PHNlYXJjaD48cGFyYW1zPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJkYXRlaW4iIHZhbHVlPSJhbGwiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9InN1YmplY3Rsb2dpYyIgdmFsdWU9Im9yIiAvPjxwYXJhbSBuYW1lPSJ0ZXJtc2xvZ2ljIiB2YWx1ZT0ib3IiIC8+PHBhcmFtIG5hbWU9ImxvY2F0aW9uIiB2YWx1ZT0iMCIgLz48L3BhcmFtcz48ZmlsdGVycz48ZmlsdGVyIGZpZWxkPSJpbmRleHRlcm1zIiB2YWx1ZT0iJnF1b3Q7UGVuZXRyYXRpb24gcmVzaXN0YW5jZSZxdW90OyIgb3JpZ2luYWxfdmFsdWU9IiZxdW90O1BlbmV0cmF0aW9uIHJlc2lzdGFuY2UmcXVvdDsiIC8+PC9maWx0ZXJzPjxyYW5nZXMgLz48c29ydHM+PHNvcnQgZmllbGQ9InB1Ymxpc2hlZCIgb3JkZXI9ImRlc2MiIC8+PC9zb3J0cz48cGVyc2lzdHM+PHBlcnNpc3QgbmFtZT0icmFuZ2V0eXBlIiB2YWx1ZT0icHVibGlzaGVkZGF0ZSIgLz48L3BlcnNpc3RzPjwvc2VhcmNoPg==" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable resin-based fog seal materials replacing asphalt: Design of high penetrability, bond strength and aging resistance toward cleaner pavement maintenance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711248</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To promote the cleaner production and sustainable development of asphalt pavement maintenance, a resin-based fog seal material with high penetrability, bond strength and aging resistance was prepared in this study. The base resin was modified with a reactive diluent and three types of polysiloxane resins to reduce viscosity and optimize performance simultaneously. Through evaluations of penetrability, mechanical properties, and bonding performance, the suitable dosages of the monofunctional reactive diluent butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and polysiloxane modifiers (MGS, PGS, and MPGS) were determined. The curing agent was modified by compounding a modified aliphatic amine with a polyether amine to further optimize workability. Nano carbon black was used as a light stabilizer to specifically enhance the material's aging resistance. The results indicated that a BGE dosage of 20% combined with 10% MPGS yielded a penetration depth exceeding 10 mm, demonstrating high penetrability. The optimal curing agent consisted of a 7:3 blend of modified aliphatic amine and polyether amine. Under this formula, the tack-free time was 2.25 h, the hard-dry time was 2.92 h, and the tensile fracture energy was 543 J/m³ . Furthermore, based on aging resistance tests and spectroscopic analysis, the optimal dosage of nano carbon black was determined to be 0.5%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 09:20:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711248</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Failure mechanism and penetration resistance of spudcan in thin stiff-over-normally consolidated (NC) clay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693627</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the failure mechanisms and bearing capacity of spudcan penetration in thin stiff-over-normally consolidated (NC) clay, with particular emphasis on penetration resistance during jack-up vessel installation for offshore wind and oil and gas operations. Large deformation finite element (LDFE) analyses are conducted to examine soil failure behavior and to develop a predictive method for spudcan penetration resistance and the depth required to support vessel weight. The numerical model is validated against existing centrifuge test data, showing good agreement. A parametric study demonstrates that layer thickness and normalized soil strength parameters—including top-layer shear strength, strength ratio between layers, and NC clay strength gradient—have a significant influence on penetration behavior, whereas soil–spudcan interface roughness has a relatively minor effect. The results reveal pronounced soil backflow into the cavity beneath the spudcan, entrapping stiff soil and strongly affecting penetration resistance. Based on the normalized penetration depth of the soil plug during initial backflow, an empirical criterion is proposed to classify failure mechanisms. Two distinct penetration resistance curves, together with corresponding calculation formulations, are derived for different plug conditions. Finally, a practical design procedure is proposed for evaluating spudcan penetration resistance in thin stiff-over-NC clay deposits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 14:59:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693627</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variable Energy Dynamic Penetration Resistance of Soils Based on a Dynamic Load–Displacement Relationship</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dynamic penetration resistance under varying driving energy has traditionally been assessed through theoretical or empirical methods based on simplified assumptions, which restrict the accuracy of cone–soil interaction analysis. In this study, a methodological framework was developed to estimate the maximum dynamic resistance by reconstructing force and velocity signals at the cone–soil interface, from which dynamic load–displacement curves were defined. Controlled tests were performed in a calibration chamber using Hostun HN31 and Fontainebleau NE34 sands, reconstituted at density indices from 0.30 to 0.90 and subjected to vertical effective stresses between 10 and 400 kPa. Additional field tests involving both dynamic and static penetration methods were also carried out. Results indicated that the maximum dynamic resistance is an inherent soil property, independent of variations in driving energy or penetration velocity within the operational range, where extra energy was dissipated solely through plastic deformations. This parameter showed a consistent correlation with static resistance, allowing for the development of practical equivalences and broadening the methodology’s applicability. Its independence from applied energy ensures stability and reproducibility, supporting its use in shallow foundation design, compaction control, and stability assessment of tailings deposits and embankments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:58:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Penetration resistance of ceramic with aluminium alloy/UHMWPE backplate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587078</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At present, in the field of single-soldier protection panels, a large number of studies have been carried out on the performance of composite protective materials with different fibres and the results show that the main damage models are interlaminar delamination, fibre fracture and matrix cracking. Therefore, the authors proposed to add metal to the backplate to improve the ballistic impact behaviour of composite materials and conducted a series studies about the ballistic impact performance of different aluminium (Al) alloy/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) ceramic composite materials through numerical simulation and ballistic tests. The results show that when the thickness of Al alloy in the composite backplate was 1 mm, the penetration resistance of ceramic composite materials could be effectively improved, and the Al alloy interlayer could effectively improve the resistance and erosion of ceramic panels to projectiles also. This study has important theoretical and reference significance for improving the ballistic impact damage tolerances of hybrid composite materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2025 16:53:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587078</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Viscoelastic study of asphalt mixture under penetration loading based on infinite boundary</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The penetration creep behavior of asphalt mixtures was investigated through a combination of analytical methods, numerical simulations, and experimental testing. Based on the elastic analytical solutions of Sneddon and Choi, viscoelastic solutions for penetration loading are derived under both the semi-infinite space model and the infinitely thin plate model. Finite element software ABAQUS is used to perform numerical simulations on finite-sized asphalt mixture specimens, including gyratory compacted specimens and rutting plate specimens. The simulated penetration depths are compared with experimental results, and penetration depth corrections are proposed for two different infinite space models by establishing corresponding correction factors. The findings indicate that the commonly used gyratory compacted specimen size (Φ150 ×100 mm) effectively eliminates finite-size effects and closely approximates penetration depth in a semi-infinite space. Under the infinitely thin plate model correction, the transverse dimension of the specimen exhibits a unidirectional convergence trend with penetration depth. Additionally, as specimen height increases, the convergence of the correction curve is enhanced. A unified correction curve is established to improve the predictability of the correction factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2025 10:34:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2585374</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anti-Graffiti Protection Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anti-graffiti coatings provide a shielding layer that facilitates the removal of graffiti by providing a water-and oil-resistant surface that precludes the penetration of paint through the substrate. The main objective of this research is to provide the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) with recommendations on the re-evaluation of the existing moratorium on anti-graffiti protection systems and the best practices of their usage. A survey of the state of the practice on anti-graffiti protection systems that targeted the North Central States Consortium for Midwest state departments of transportation was conducted. The responses of six states were summarized and fully analyzed, highlighting the pros and cons of each product. A comprehensive market survey of the best anti-graffiti coatings available in the market, their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and best practices adopted in using them was performed. Moreover, the anti-graffiti protection coatings applied in Illinois construction projects during the past 14 years were summarized. The research comprised a study of graffiti-removal techniques, such as physical, chemical, and biological techniques. Furthermore, the researchers classified all studied products based on their type (sacrificial vs. non-sacrificial) and ranked them based on the combined effect of their surface applicability, volatile organic compound content, and cost. Flowcharts that categorize anti-graffiti protection systems based on their types, porosity of the substrate, volatile organic compound content, removal techniques, and cost were developed to guide IDOT in selecting the most appropriate anti-graffiti coating for a certain project. The research concluded that the existing moratorium placed by IDOT on the usage of anti-graffiti protection systems should be lifted and recommended a set of anti-graffiti coatings that can be used with multiple surface applications as well as identified their characteristics and optimal procedures for their usage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2024 09:24:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on impact resistance of square fragments penetrating into new sandwich plates for ships: Theoretical derivation and experimental verification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2369113</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has excellent anti-ballistic performance, and the sandwich plate with UHMWPE as the core has a wide application prospect as an anti-ballistic protective structure. A 921A/UHMWPE/921A sandwich plate is designed, and a theoretical model of residual velocity suitable for square fragments penetrating into the 921A/UHMWPE/921A sandwich plate is derived based on energy conservation method. The penetration test of 921A/UHMWPE/921A sandwich plate is verified by using 12.7 mm sliding bore ballistic gun system, and the improved numerical method is used for simulation calculation. The numerical results are in good agreement with the theoretical formula and experimental results, which verifies the effectiveness of the theoretical model and numerical method. Furthermore, the applicability of the theoretical model is analyzed considering different thickness ratios of front and rear plates, initial velocity of square fragments, core thickness, core layer density and core volume. The related research results provide a reference for the anti-impact design and optimization of warships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2024 16:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2369113</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of Axial Resistance of Piles Considering Consolidation Setup and Aging Setup Using Direct Pile Cone Penetration Test Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper focuses on evaluating the increase in axial pile resistance subjected to both consolidation and aging setups. Consolidation and aging setup models were first developed to estimate the setup parameters based on databases collected from literature, which include 10 instrumented piles for consolidation setup and 26 test piles for long-term aging. The eight top-performing pile cone penetration test (CPT) methods that were evaluated in a previous study were used to estimate the side resistance of soil layers at 14?days after pile driving. The developed consolidation and aging setup models were then used to extrapolate the results to evaluate the side resistance of each soil layer at the end of consolidation and for long-term aging. The estimated side and total resistances were compared with the measurements from pile load tests considering both consolidation and aging setups. The resistances estimated before and after completion of excess pore water pressure dissipation indicates that significant aging takes place after consolidation setup. The value of consolidation setup parameter (Ac) was 0.53, and, for aging, the setup parameter (Ag) was 0.23 in clay and 0.16 in sand. The results show that all pile CPT methods with/without using a consolidation setup model tend to underestimate the unit side resistance of clay soil layers. The use of pile CPT methods in combination with an aging model improved the accuracy of pile CPT methods, and this was verified using load test results for five piles subjected to aging. The Philipponnat and University of Florida (UF) methods showed the best performance on estimating the total resistance of piles subjected to aging.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2024 14:23:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370901</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Compensation model for truncated ogive projectiles penetrating ship stiffened plates made from different materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2231107</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper establishes a new similarity method for the problem of truncated ogive projectiles penetrating ship plates. This method can consider plates made of different materials and summarizes the relationship between material strength and target plate thickness through an energy-based formulation and dimensional analysis. Using the finite element software DYNA, multiple sets of numerical simulations are carried out, and the power parameter of the target plate thickness is determined. Subsequently, the scope of the penetration problem is extended to the stiffened plate structure of a ship. When a stiffener is considered, the change in the attitude angle of the projectile is very important. The deflection of the projectile may lead to incomplete penetration of the target plate, or even cause the projectile to ricochet. The prototype response can be accurately predicted by compensating all structural dimensions of the stiffened plate according to the plate thickness correction parameters. On this basis, adjusting the ventral plate thickness of the stiffener effectively changes the trend in the attitude angle of the projectile. The errors in the residual velocity and attitude angle of the projectile are guaranteed to be within a reasonable range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 15:50:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2231107</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the calculation method of penetration resistance of bucket foundation for offshore wind turbines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2205411</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cost of foundations for offshore wind turbines constitutes approximately 35% of the total cost of an offshore wind farm. The bucket foundations show significant potential due to their superior transportation and installation efficiencies compared to pile foundations, leading to potential cost savings for the foundation of up to 30%. For a bucket foundation to be installed successfully, the penetration resistance must be predicted. However, there is currently a lack of clarity on how to select a suitable calculation method for penetration resistance based on known geological parameters to guide construction. In order to evaluate the current methods of calculation for bucket foundation penetration resistance, this study combines theoretical calculation methods with two sets of practical measurement data from the field. The calculation methods of penetration resistance for bucket foundation are first reviewed and categorized. The applicability range of each method and the parameters needed for calculation are given. Next, according to the measured data in the process of penetration of bucket foundation on site, the evolution of compartment pressure, tilt angle, resistance and required suction in the process of penetration are analyzed. Finally, the reviewed methods are compared to the results of two practical projects in order to analyze the differences between them and make recommendations for the calculation technique. The findings can be used as a guide for calculating the bucket foundation's penetration resistance in complex geological conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Aug 2023 15:24:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2205411</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on micromechanisms of macro evaluation indexes for asphalt based on grey relation analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2083829</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Macro evaluation indexes (penetration, ductility and softening point) are considered as an important basis for rational evaluation of asphalt service performance, but their micromechanisms have not been further studied. Thus, in order to establish the micromechanisms of macro evaluation indexes for asphalt, grey relational analysis and molecular dynamics simulation were applied to the study. Based on the measured data, the macro evaluation indexes and the variation of asphalt components were analysed. Combined with the characteristics (bond energy and non-bond energy) of asphalt 12-component molecules, the relationship among macro evaluation indexes, asphalt components and asphalt 12-component molecular were analysed by grey relation. Correlation coefficients of different scale characteristics were calculated, and their relationships were defined. The results show that the correlation degree of asphalt components and macro evaluation indexes is asphaltene > resin > saturate > aromatic. The relationship of intramolecular bond energy and macro evaluation indexes is closer than that of intermolecular non-bond energy. Additionally, macro evaluation indexes can be reasonably explained by component molecules to form micromechanisms. The study results have a certain theoretical and practical value for rational evaluation and understanding of service performance for asphalt materials and provide a theoretical basis for anti-ageing, modification and rejuvenation of asphalt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2022 10:08:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2083829</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexible Honeycomb Composite Vehicle Armor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1817781</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Composite sandwich structures have been widely used in the aerospace, defense and automotive industries because of their high specific bending stiffness and strength against distributed loads. They have increasingly been expected to be damage-tolerant and energy-absorbing. Under concentrated loads, a multitude of damage mechanisms induced affects their subsequent residual performance, especially in in-plane compression. American Engineering Group (AEG) has developed a Reinforced Honeycomb (RDH) to develop an energy absorbing flexible vehicle armor. This unique reinforced honeycomb structure will help in reducing the severity of impact effects from rounds at muzzle velocity. AEG will design this lightweight flexible composite energy absorbing core with superior blast resistant honeycomb structure using micro-structural “waiting elements” inside the honeycomb cells filled with shear thickening silicone gel. These inner micro-structures are circular or hexagonal elements and will be shorter than main structure. This project is based on current study with Air force and Army in developing unique lightweight honeycomb structures for defense vehicles. The primary AEG goals of this effort are following: (1) Develop optimal lightweight composite honeycomb panel to provide a threshold level of energy absorption NIJ-IV level protection. (2) Develop an optimal lightweight composite with a aerial density equal to or less than 8.0 lb/sq.ft. (3) Develop a sandwich structure consisting of microstructural element filled honeycomb with composite face sheets that reduces blast impact and also the mechanical integrity with flexibility. This goal will allow the team to reduce the overall vehicle weight of the armor. A honeycomb lattice with “waiting elements” filled with silicone gel has shown superior dissipation of impact energy by damage evolution mechanism. This non-monotonic dependence of the damage on the force leads to the greater than expected energy dissipation. This unique AEG honeycomb structure with “waiting elements” exhibit large pseudo-plastic deformations. AEG’s ballistic test results showed that this unique RCH sandwich structure has the potential to satisfy the performance and aerial coverage requirement for the armor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2022 10:22:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1817781</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Suction penetration characteristics and resistance calculation of bucket foundation in sand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2005293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The accurate estimation of penetration resistance of the bucket foundation is the key step for its installation, and the core part of the estimation of the penetration resistance is the exact prediction of the drag reduction effect due to suction. Therefore, in the present paper, the change regularity of the excess porewater pressure along the bucket wall and at the tip is analyzed by combining the model test and finite element analysis method, along with the soil pressure of the bucket foundation during the suction penetration process in sand. The results showed that, during the suction penetration process of the bucket foundation, the soil pressure and excess porewater pressure change approximately linearly with the depth of the bucket wall, and the reduction degree of lateral resistance due to seepage increases in a power function growth trend. Based on the effective stress principle of soil and basic theory of seepage and considering the effect of seepage on penetration resistance, the change regularity of the effective stress of soil along the bucket wall during the penetration process is obtained. Besides, the calculation method for penetration resistance and required suction of bucket foundation in sand soil is established, and the effectiveness of the present method is verified by comparing with the model test and engineering case, which can provide theoretical basis for engineering design and construction of bucket foundation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Aug 2022 16:49:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2005293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analytical method for predicting pile running during driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1982245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most offshore structures, such as conventional oil and gas jacket platforms or wind turbines, are typically supported by driven large-diameter steel piles. The piles resist the loads of the superstructure and environmental wind and wave forces. Pile running is a major hazard associated with the installation of driven piles in a layered seabed. An analytical method based on Newton's second law of motion is proposed to predict pile running. Two methods are used to calculate the soil resistance to dynamic penetration: (1) the conventional American Petroleum Institute (API) method, where the strain rate dependency and remoulding of the surrounding soil are considered, and (2) the Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based method, which accounts for friction fatigue. The drag resistance in the context of fluid mechanics has also been considered for pile running. The velocity at the start of pile running was determined by the energy delivered by the piling hammer. A numerical programme was implemented and validated, and then used for three case studies; the results obtained were in good agreement with field measurements. The method presented in this study is dependable for analysing pile running and can provide significant support for pile installation assessment and risk management in offshore engineering design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2022 15:02:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1982245</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigations of chloride ions permeability of pavement concrete under coupled effect of fatigue loading and hydrodynamic pressure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To investigate the combined effects of fatigue loading and hydrodynamic pressure on the chloride penetration and damage process of pavement concrete, a series of chloride penetrations tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were carried out on specimens after they experienced different conditions. Three exposure conditions (i.e. (i): fatigue loading, (ii): fatigue loading and hydrodynamic pressure, (iii): fatigue loading, hydrodynamic pressure and salt–freezing-thawing) were set, and two stress levels (0.5 and 0.7 f) and two pressure values (0.25 and 0.5 MPa) were applied to the specimens. The variation of pore and crack structures of the concrete under different conditions and loading stages was characterised. The results showed that the stress level had a prominent influence on the chloride ion diffusion coefficient (DRCM) when the number of loading cycles ranged from 30 to 60 thousand times, while hydrodynamic pressure promoted the accumulation of damage and presented a distinct effect on DRCM at the latter loading stage. The total capillary pore volume, threshold pore diameter and fractal dimension showed a close positive correlation with DRCM, suggesting that the diffusivity change of concrete accorded well with microstructure evolution during the loading process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2022 12:25:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1934235</guid>
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