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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Identifying individual priorities for walking infrastructure investments: A Best-Worst Scaling approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647874</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The built environment significantly influences individuals' propensity to walk, prompting local authorities to allocate financial resources for its improvement. Organisations overseeing the built environment have developed audit tools as standards to evaluate pathways and highlight developments to facilitate active travel. Using these audit tools as a foundation, this study developed 21 walking investment-relevant factors that were embedded into a preference-based elicitation approach known as Best-Worst Scaling (BWS). We report findings from a UK-wide sample of 364 adults aged 18 years or older. Data were analysed using aggregate (counting) and disaggregated (regression) approaches. Both approaches confirmed that footpath provision, footpath condition, lighting, footpath width, and buffer zone were the top-five priority areas for investment. The instrument is transferable across diverse cultural and country contexts, enabling international comparisons and further refinements by academics as well as policy makers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 17:11:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647874</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Do car-free initiatives enhance urban diversity? Causal evidence from CicLAvia in Los Angeles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Car-free initiatives are increasingly recognized for boosting public transit use, retail sales, and physical activity. However, there remains a gap in research exploring such initiatives on diversity and social segregation, particularly within urban ethnic enclaves characterized by cultural, linguistic, and ethnic isolation from the broader society. This study delves into CicLAvia in Los Angeles, the largest car-free street program in the United States. By analyzing five million geotagged tweets, three-year Point-Of-Interest (POIs) data, and five-year community survey data, we aim to quantify the initiative's impact on urban diversity, measured by the entropy of language types expressed on Twitter, POI categories in proximity to Twitter users, the lexical richness within tweets themselves, and the ethnic diversity by American Community Survey. We adopted a quasi-experimental Difference-In-Difference analysis, seeking to ascertain the causal impact of nine CicLAvia events held between July 2016 and December 2018 on diversity metrics. Findings revealed that CicLAvia events, in general, significantly enhanced the diversity of the experiment groups, measured by language, surrounding POIs, and lexical richness expressed on Twitter, with consistent findings on ethnic diversity at the census tract level. Such effects were found to be insignificant in low-density suburbs away from the downtown, especially the Latino and Southeast Asian communities, indicating limitations of such initiatives in alleviating segregation. The study offers data analytical protocol and insights for planners and policymakers interested in fostering inclusiveness and diversity through car-free initiatives in the era of political polarization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 08:56:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decoding pedestrian and cyclist mobility perceptions through drawings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This exploratory study employs a drawing-based participatory methodology to examine how four groups in Panama City: Primary Level Students (PLS, 𝘯 = 10), High School Students with an Advanced Academic Approach (HSAA, 𝘯 = 20), Pedestrian Users of Educational Environments (PUEE, 𝘯 = 40), and Transport and Urban Planning Specialists (TUPS, 𝘯 = 13) perceive pedestrian and cyclist needs. Each participant drew their vision of an ideal environment that would facilitate walking or cycling in a sustainable city. These drawings were then coded using 20 key elements (e.g. sidewalks, ramps, tactile guides). Correlation analysis revealed significant co-occurrences among elements, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified three main dimensions underlying group-level representations: ‘Safety and Comfort in Pedestrian Infrastructure’, ‘Accessibility and Support for Universal Mobility’ and ‘Sustainability and Inclusion in Active Mobility’. Sidewalks emerged as the most frequently represented element (84%) across all participants, underscoring a shared emphasis on fundamental pedestrian infrastructure. Even so, each group highlighted different priorities: PLS underscored functional zones and social interaction, HSAA emphasized universal accessibility, PUEE focused on walkway conditions and lighting, and TUPS prioritized cycling infrastructure and intermodal connectivity. These findings illustrate how drawing-based methods can reveal group-specific perspectives often overlooked by traditional approaches, informing more inclusive, data-driven strategies for sustainable urban mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>State of the art for walking as a transport mode within 15-minute cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643168</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Walking is well known for its societal benefits, including promoting sustainability, health, and environmental well-being. In recent years, urban planners and traffic designers have increased their focus on creating pedestrian-friendly zones. The 15-minute city concept, which gained recognition in recent years, emphasizes proximity, aiming to keep daily amenities close to residents to reduce travel time and encourage walking and cycling as modes of transport. This literature review, using an abductive qualitative approach, examines how the factors influencing planning for walking are addressed within the 15-minute city concept. The goal is to compile the state of knowledge and identify critical issues and priorities in the field of walking as a mode of transport. The findings are predominantly from China and Italy, and indicate a global concern about urban centres’ accessibility within the 15-minute city concept and highlight that walking is a multidisciplinary topic. However, the review reveals under-researched areas such as individual factors, smaller settlements, and lack of standardized methods. This stresses the need for further research to encourage walking and its multiple benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643168</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Walkability assessment for university campuses in the MENA region. Case of Applied Science Private University (ASU), Amman, Jordan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the quality of pedestrian environments’ walkability at university campuses in MENA contexts. The Applied Science Private University (ASU) in Amman, Jordan, was employed as a study case; a total of (19) street segments were analysed, and a sample total of (57) campus users were considered. The study adopted mixed-methods including spatial mapping, photographic documentation, a tailored survey, and, an adaptation of the CDC audit tool which was developed for the study context – considering shade and terrain as two unique factors. The results were analysed using statistical tests, including the Cronbach alpha test, mean and standard deviation analysis, T-test, One-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test. The results yielded that the campus has medium walking attractiveness. The average score for walkability suggests that it is considered a setting with intermediate risk for pedestrians and generally provides a pleasant and visually attractive environment. The study’s findings indicate that pedestrian facilities scored higher than vehicle-pedestrian roads. The mean value for both variables suggests that the presence of campus roads impacts the walkability of the environment. Overall, the study concludes that ASU has an opportunity to develop a more walkable campus by utilizing available landscapes to improve environmental quality and resources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643166</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Crowd Flow Forecasting Algorithms for Indoor Pedestrian Spaces: A Benchmark Using a Synthetic Dataset</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2561854</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crowd management plays a vital role in urban planning and emergency response. Accurate crowd prediction is important for venue operators to respond effectively to adverse crowd dynamics during large gatherings. Although many studies have tried to predict crowd densities or movement dynamics with data-driven predictive models, their validation is often limited to data within the same scenario. As a result, the predictability of the data-driven model in unseen scenarios, such as evacuation scenarios, remains unknown due to the challenges of collecting out-of-distribution data regarding emergency conditions. To address this problem, we present an evaluation pipeline to evaluate different kinds of data-driven models. A method is proposed to generate realistic scenarios by simulation and collect synthetic data from these scenarios to acquire a comprehensive dataset. With these synthetic data, we evaluated different predictive models, from traditional machine learning methods to deep learning time-series prediction models, to explore their generalizability. Furthermore, we propose a weighted average metric, which is better suited to determine the performance of forecasting algorithms under adverse conditions. Through extensive experimentation, we showcase the heterogeneity and diversity of the simulation dataset. The evaluation results also revealed that all the data-driven models performed poorly in unseen scenarios, highlighting the urgent need to develop a robust and generalizable model for predicting crowd flow in indoor spaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 17:14:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2561854</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Walkability in Kathmandu Metropolitan City Through Urban Density and Land Use Diversity Using GIS-Based Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Walkability is the extent to which built environment is friendly to pedestrians. It plays a crucial role in urban planning and public health. This study develops a GIS-based Walkability Index for Kathmandu Metropolitan City, aiming to assess and quantify pedestrian-friendly environments across its 32 wards. The index integrates three key criteria; Dwelling Density, Intersection Density and Land Use Diversity, using data from OpenStreetMap, Survey Department records, and the Comprehensive Master Plan of Kathmandu Valley. Methodologically, z-scores standardize each criterion for comparability, enabling the calculation of a comprehensive Walkability Index per ward. The results categorized wards into five walkability classes reveal significant variations in walkability levels, identifying areas with high potential for pedestrian infrastructure improvements. The study underscores GIS's utility in urban planning for enhancing sustainability and public health through walkable city design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:21:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Street as a Place: Designing Urban Streetscapes Based on Visitor Demand and Perceptions During Car-Free Days</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669843</link>
      <description><![CDATA[After the Covid-19 pandemic, the demand for a better public space has continued to grow. The significant growth of car-free day locations in the Makassar urban area indicates the demand for a quality public space. This research aims to 1) identify visitors' perceptions on road use as temporary public spaces; 2) analyze the demand for street as place according to place-making principles; and 3) design Boulevard Street Streetscape based on place-making principles. Data were collected through direct observation at the location and interviews with 207 car-free day visitors. The results indicate that 1) most visitors were satisfied with Boulevard Street being vehicle-free despite the poor condition of the pedestrian pathways; 2) most of the visitors enjoyed the car-free environment; almost 60% of them are people who live nearby. This highlighting the city residents' need for streets as social spaces; and 3) based on visitors' perceptions and their needs, the design proposed on widening pedestrian pathways and providing plazas for social interaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:21:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669843</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reported pedestrian and bicyclist comfort with sidewalk autonomous delivery robot interactions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[University campuses, characterized by robust walking networks with limited vehicle traffic and a young adult population, have become attractive sites for the deployment of sidewalk autonomous delivery robots (SADRs). Yet, college students are also more likely to adopt active travel modes and introducing SADRs on transport facilities that promote safe walking and bicycling conditions could generate traffic safety concerns. While earlier studies of SADRs have analyzed their market demand and potential as a last-mile delivery option, limited evidence exists regarding the impacts of SADRs on pedestrian and bicyclist travel. This study describes the results of a survey instrument administered to a college population with real-world experience in the adoption of automated food delivery services and interaction with SADRs as active travelers. Findings offer a profile of SADR service users and analysis of their reported comfort sharing facilities with SADRs as pedestrians or bicyclists, collected using a stated choice experiment methodology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669897</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advancing Education for Inclusive, Sustainable and Resilient Cities: Insights from the UNIZA Pilot Course on Learning by Developing (LbD)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the design, implementation, and outcomes of the UNIZA BIP pilot course conducted under the InCITIES project, which integrates the Learning by Developing (LbD) pedagogical model. The pilot aimed to address key educational challenges in Inclusive, Sustainable and Resilient (ISR) Cities by engaging participants in authentic, multidisciplinary projects. The course incorporated themes such as knowledge transfer, innovative communication, and STEM education using ICT, with a focus on fostering green and sustainable transport in two separate real-life case studies in the city of Žilina. Lessons learned from this Slovak pilot demonstrate the effectiveness of the LbD model in addressing real-world urban challenges through experiential, interdisciplinary education and its potential for replication and scaling across diverse educational contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing accessibility barriers at public transport stops for people with disabilities: Study in Hungary</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674365</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Public transport systems play an instrumental role in promoting mobility, independence and the equitable participation of all individuals in daily activities Despite accessibility having become a fundamental component within transport planning, a significant proportion of public transport systems continue to exhibit notable barriers, thus impeding the mobility of individuals with disabilities to a considerable extent. The present study employs a qualitative methodology to evaluate the accessibility of the public transport system in the city of Győr, Hungary. This evaluation is based on field study, photographic documentation, and a user survey, the latter of which was conducted to support the findings derived from the qualitative methods employed. The analysis identifies four main categories of accessibility barriers: pedestrian environment barriers, stop infrastructure barriers, transport-information barriers, and vehicle-boarding barriers. The findings indicate that inadequate pedestrian environments, poorly designed stops, insufficient tactile and auditory guidance, and difficulties in boarding vehicles significantly restrict accessibility for users with disabilities. This paper proposes practical recommendations and solutions that have the potential to enhance accessibility and ensure compliance with accessibility standards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2674365</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>School commute safety: Comparing objective and perceived safety of the journey to School in Urban Areas in Uganda and Ghana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666646</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper contrasts the objective safety conditions of the children's route to school with their perception of the safety of their commute in Kampala and Kumasi. While walking would be the ideal mode due its health benefits, children in these cities have to walk on unsafe routes with no sidewalks and crossings few and far between. There is hardly a systematic effort to improve the safety of the school commute and safety interventions around schools are often implemented in an ad hoc manner following complaints from the school or community. The study findings confirm that 69–82% of the children in the selected schools commute by walking for about 19 to 23 min, with 74.6–78.8% having to cross at least one paved road during their commute. Analysis of the objective risk of the routes around selected schools showed them to be unsafe with the absence of sidewalks and low number of crossings of about one crossing per km, contributing to the overall risk rating of the road network around the selected schools. In contrast, 66.5–72% of the children perceived their commute to school as very safe or fairly safe. This should cause transport planners and other decision makers to pause and not only consider the children's views but also understand why they hold those views, to inform how to provide the children and the adults around them the right information, tools and environment to ensure a safe commute.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666646</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An observational survey of the use and non-use of footbridges by school children in Ghana</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pedestrian facilities, especially footbridges, are provided to minimize pedestrian-vehicle interaction, which may result in pedestrian crashes. Schoolchildren constitute a critical pedestrian population group, and their use of footbridges to cross highways is highly encouraged. However, studies have shown that the use or failure to use footbridges by school children are characterized by certain behavioral patterns. This study aims to investigate the behaviors exhibited by school children in Ghana when using and not using footbridges. Seven behaviors (i.e., accompanied, talking among themselves, talking on the phone, wearing earpieces, carrying luggage, running, and riding a bicycle) were observed together with demographic and contextual factors. A total of 8056 schoolchildren were observed during seven days in the vicinity of seven footbridges in the Greater Accra (6) and Kumasi (1) Metropolitan areas of Ghana. Most of the schoolchildren who used the footbridges were talking among themselves, wearing an earpiece, or being accompanied. A binary logistic regression was fitted to establish an association between the seven behaviors, using demographic and contextual explanatory variables and the use of the footbridges. The results revealed that gender, location of the footbridges, day of the week, time of observations, being accompanied, wearing of the earpiece, carrying a piece of luggage and riding a bicycle were significantly associated with the use of footbridges in Ghana. The findings of this study have significant policy implications for the development of targeted education and footbridge policing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647740</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Walking in an unwalkable context: Exploring methodology for co-producing knowledge in secondary cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the methodologies used to acquire knowledge on pedestrian walking experience in secondary cities in Ghana and Nigeria. The study adopts a participatory and community-based approach, leveraging digital innovation (eyeglasses concealing a camera) and other approaches to capture data. In contrast to conventional walkability studies in African cities, which use traditional methods, this innovative approach positions participants as active contributors to knowledge production. Moreover, it provides rich, real-world audio-visual data that offers deeper insights into the quality of their walking experiences. The study highlights how effective planning and timely execution of community engagement in the walking environment affect urban residents. Despite the cost-free nature of walking and its critical role in connecting people to opportunities, video evidence and other methods highlighted significant dissatisfaction with walking environments. Participants expressed varying levels of discontent: residents of Cape Coast described their walking spaces as unattractive and inconvenient, while those in Owerri identified safety and security concerns. This collaborative approach effectively uncovered and documented essential insights into commuters' walking experiences across both locations. The study recommends extending this method to vulnerable population groups to provide a more inclusive understanding of walkability challenges from diverse demographics perspectives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635960</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pedestrian fatalities on U.S. interstates: a pattern mining approach to investigating pedestrian actions and policy implications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647855</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Interstate highways prioritize high-speed, long-distance, uninterrupted traffic, and exclude facilities for pedestrian access. This stems from the primary goal of facilitating efficient vehicular travel while minimizing hazards, as infrastructure like pedestrian crossings or sidewalks could disrupt traffic flow, increase crash risks, and impair interstate mobility. Despite regulations prohibiting pedestrians on U.S. interstates, fatal vehicle–pedestrian crashes are increasing, with limited studies addressing the issue. This study extracts pedestrian crash data (total = 2,321) from the Fatality Analysis and Reporting System (FARS) database (2015–2019) and uses Association Rule Mining (ARM) to identify patterns in pedestrian actions associated with fatal pedestrian crashes on interstates. Key findings indicate that posted speed limits of 60 mph or higher and multiple traffic lanes (3–4) are common factors contributing to fatalities in pedestrian crossing-related crashes. Pedestrian fatalities involving walking or running along interstates frequently occur between midnight and early morning, near ramps, in poorly lit rural areas, and on roads with posted speed limits of 70 mph or higher. Crashes involving disabled vehicles are linked to driver distraction and alcohol impairment, typically occurring on interstate shoulders. Hit-and-run crashes, work zone incidents, and alcohol-related crashes predominantly involve male pedestrians and drivers, and often occur in rural areas or on weekends. This comprehensive analysis enhances the understanding of fatal pedestrian crashes on interstates, providing valuable insights into potential context-based strategies for transportation safety planners and policymakers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 17:00:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647855</guid>
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