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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The impact of Russia-Ukraine war on international maritime petroleum trade and tanker fleet productivity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647646</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine represents one of the most significant geopolitical disruptions in recent decades, profoundly affecting international petroleum trade flows and tanker fleet operation patterns. This study investigates the impact of this geopolitical event on maritime petroleum trade dynamics by analyzing tanker movement data obtained from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) from 2018 to 2023. Through a systematic evaluation, this study quantifies transformations in global maritime petroleum trade structures and tanker fleet productivity, measured by tonne-miles per deadweight. The findings indicate that, despite sanctions, Russian petroleum exports maintained volumetric resilience, there was a considerable market redistribution from European destinations to Asian, African, and South American markets. This restructuring led to notable shifts in fleet productivity, with significant differences across vessel classes and trade lanes. The findings provide critical implications for asset investment decisions, vessel operation strategies, and the development of energy trade networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 10:53:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647646</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An MIP-heuristic approach for solving multiobjective helicopter flight scheduling in an oil and gas company</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oil and gas extraction from offshore platforms usually requires regular helicopter transport to shuttle personnel to these remote sites. Effective organization and scheduling of flights to these maritime units ensure uninterrupted services, enhance operational efficiency, and guarantee service continuity. However, flights are subject to disruptions and might require rescheduling. To assist with decision-making in such situations, we present optimization approaches based on a discrete-time multiobjective integer linear optimization problem. This problem focuses on rescheduling flights from previous days into the current day’s flight schedule, aiming to minimize: (i) transferred flights to upcoming days; (ii) reduce helicopter usage; (iii) the total flight delay. Solving this problem using classic multiobjective scalarization methods for real instances takes several hours. This motivated the development of an MIP-heuristic that efficiently exploits special characteristics of this problem. Numerical results using data from a Brazilian company and in randomly generated instances showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach, producing a variety of high-quality solutions and consuming around 8% of the effort of an exact solution method. A strong conflict between these objectives was also observed. The trade-off analysis carried out made it possible to quantify how much the prioritization of the level of service (objectives (i) and (iii)) impacts helicopter costs and vice versa. Disregarding the subjectivity of the weight given to each goal, the proposed approach and technique proved to be effective in this context, capable of offering a wide range of alternative solutions to help the decision-maker choose a safe decision.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 08:52:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635410</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Methodology for Assessing the Effectiveness of Outsourcing for Oil Products’ Transportation by Rail</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The oil industry in Russia is currently rapidly developing. According to the ratings, Russia is one of the three world leaders in oil production. In early 2020, due to the spread of the epidemic and the restrictions imposed on the world market, there was a sharp drop in oil prices, which negatively affected the income of oil companies, which in turn could not but affect transportation. The choice of the transport mode depends on many factors: on the transported cargo volume, the location of oil refineries and consumers, the degree of the transport infrastructure development. The fall in global oil consumption due to the pandemic, the adoption of the agreement OPEC + to limit production led to the need to reduce the costs of oil companies. The task of reducing the transport component and, accordingly, the costs of operating companies of railway rolling stock for the oil and oil products’ transportation is becoming urgent. This can be achieved by outsourcing some of the work performed by the rolling stock operators. This article discusses the conditions necessary for the termination of work by the forces of the rolling stock operator. A tool for performing such an analysis is presented, and the outsourcing effectiveness is assessed. The use of outsourcing will allow railway rolling stock operators to reduce their costs, focus their efforts on the processes that are core for the company, i.e., on those that directly bring profit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2025 11:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prospects for the Use of Free Software Systems of Corporations in the Automotive and Oil and Gas Industries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Enterprises that practice centralized repair of aggregates and systems according to technical condition (CRTC) have become widespread in the structure of repair enterprises of special equipment in the oil and gas industry. The growing interest in modular and distributed approaches to the design and management of technological production structures creates new problems. One of the main problems that has not yet been properly solved is the monitoring, diagnostics and distribution of technological processes of CRTC in specific production systems. In this paper, the analysis of generalized methods for forming the quantity and composition of repair work complexes for various ways of implementing centralized repair of car aggregates according to technical condition is carried out and recommendations for choosing the most rational of them for various organizational and management systems are developed. Three methods of optimization of technological processes of CRTC aggregates of special equipment were subjected to efficiency comparison. In this case, the performance indicators were evaluated on a five-point scale. The apparatus of multidimensional cluster analysis is used as a mathematical optimization tool. In the work carried out by order of PJSC “Surgutneftegaz”, the analysis of generalized methods for forming the quantity and composition of repair work complexes (RWC) for various forms of organization of CRTC of car aggregates was carried out and recommendations were developed for choosing the most rational of them, taking into account the appropriate structure of the production process. It is taken into account that the parameters of learning algorithms are heuristic in nature, depending on the types of artificial neural networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2025 11:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2406939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driving on rural roads but crashing on busy roads: A survey study examining non-fatal motor vehicle crashes among U.S. Oil and gas extraction workers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transportation incidents are the leading cause of worker injuries and fatalities in the U.S. oil and gas extraction (OGE) industry. This study examined potentially distinct characteristics of motor vehicle crash (MVC) risks among US OGE workers. Seventy-four OGE workers who regularly drive as part of their jobs completed a comprehensive survey, answering questions about driving history, self-rated driving safety and experience, frequency of prior warnings, traffic tickets, near-crashes, and crashes, and attentional and cognitive failures. They also self-reported details of their non-fatal crash events in the past five years, including driver-related, traffic, and environmental conditions and contributing factors. The OGE workers’ non-fatal MVCs frequently occurred 1) in relatively developed areas and on urban and commercial roads, 2) while performing challenging driving tasks such as merging or making left turns, and 3) in situations involving an inability to predict future conflicts, gap judgment errors, and a lack of understanding of traffic rules. OGE drivers at higher risk had shorter licensed years, drove at night frequently, had attentional declines, and drove longer distances. Verbal warnings and traffic citations were ineffective in reducing OGE drivers’ traffic violations and risky driving behaviors. Despite the small sample size, the current comprehensive survey helped uncover the distinct characteristics of U.S. OGE workers’ MVCs, including specific driver performance errors and traffic conditions, which are not monitored by existing surveillance systems. The findings suggest that developing industry-specific interventions and training may be warranted to address OGE workers’ elevated MVC risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 14:01:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Infrastructure Needs: North Dakota's County, Township and Tribal Roads and Bridges: 2024-2043</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is the response to the North Dakota Legislature's request for a study of the transportation infrastructure needs of all counties, townships and tribes in the state. In 2019, the North Dakota Legislature advanced HB 1066 which had a provision for funding distributions to non-oil producing counties based on the most recent version of this study. HB 1066 also stated: "If the data compiled by the upper great plains transportation institute includes more than one twenty-year estimate for the total needs of each county, the state treasurer shall use an average of the twenty-year estimates for each County." In this report, the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute (UGPTI) estimated infrastructure needs using the most current production forecasts, traffic estimates, and roadway inventory and condition data available. Agricultural- and oil-related traffic are modeled in detail at the sub-county level. Oil-related traffic is predicted for individual spacing units, whereas agricultural production is estimated at the township level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Nov 2024 14:55:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441652</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The multi-compartment truck and trailer petrol station replenishment problem with domino hazard risks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2438081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Petroleum is the foundation of the oil industry and many transportation systems. As a typical hazardous material, transportation of petroleum products by road trucks will create an explosion risk and pose a potential threat to safety. The petrol distribution system with economic viability and safety calls for a well-designed distribution network and effective transportation management. In this paper, the authors introduce a new multi-compartment truck and trailer petrol station replenishment problem with domino hazard risks, a topic of great practical significance but with limited research attention. The problem jointly optimizes truck routing-scheduling, trailer routing-scheduling, and inventory decisions for oil depots and petrol stations. The evaporation effects of petrol during the transportation, transfer, and inventory process are explicitly considered. Multi-source data are acquired to construct the weighted social factor, including population density, GDP output intensity, POI density, and travel intensity. The comprehensive risk assessment model tailored with the domino effect and social factor is applied to quantitatively measure the risks associated with storage and transportation processes. To tackle this complex non-convex multi-objective problem, the authors propose a problem decomposition strategy that decomposes the original master problem into two subproblems. A customized multi-objective adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm, combining the benefits of multi-objective random variable neighborhood descent search procedure, archived multi-objective simulated annealing, and hypercube-based selection mechanism, is developed to solve the trailer-related subproblem. For the truck-related subproblem, a first-in-first-out heuristic and a linear relaxation method combined with valid inequalities are employed to rapidly compute the upper and lower bounds. This integrated matheuristic framework effectively coordinates the solutions of the two subproblems. The authors' model is applied to a metropolitan-wide real-world case study in Guangzhou, China. The results highlight a trade-off between distribution cost minimization and social risk minimization. The detachable mode for trucks and trailers reduces transportation costs, particularly as the distribution network expands. The compartment structure of the trailer greatly affects the efficiency of the distribution network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2024 09:15:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2438081</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study of Riser Oscillations Caused by Slug Flows During Subsea Petroleum Production</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974396</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The theoretical influence of the internal slug flows on the motion of suspended slender pipes is presented here through two examples of computer simulations applied to two types of risers employed in offshore petroleum production – a steel catenary riser (SCR) and a steel lazy wave riser (SLWR) hanging from a floating platform. The results presented here provide strong evidence that slug flows may induce hazardous oscillation, even in the absence of other excitations. The exploitation of hydrocarbons from underground reservoirs in open sea is undertaken amidst very adverse environmental conditions, below ultra deep waters and usually very deep reservoirs, as in the pre-salt and carbonate formations discovered in the Brazilian southeast Atlantic coast basin. In this scenario, large production rates of oil and gas are required to achieve economically feasible operations; which means successfully maintaining an uninterrupted flow of reservoir fluids under safe conditions from many subsea wells. The multiphase petroleum flowing from the wellhead at the sea bottom to the floating process facility at the sea surface is conducted by lengthy pipelines lying on the seabed up to the point where the flow ascends to the sea level through very long and slender pipes – named risers – suspended by its top end at the floating production unit. Risers may be flexible or made from steel rigid pipes and are often subjected to sea current and wave loads and to the movements of its supporting ship or platform, which are dangerous to the pipe integrity. Risers are also excited to oscillate due to the multiphase flow inside them. It is of paramount importance to understand and determine the dynamic behavior of the suspended pipes due to those loads, in order to achieve a service life as extensive as economically possible. The method employed in the present research consists of modifying a computer dynamic simulator of pipeline movement, adding the internal fluid loads arising due to the weight and momentum of the flowing masses of liquid and gas. The simulations show that a steady slug flow may alone produce oscillatory displacements of the riser of rather significant amplitudes, without any other external cause; particularly when the slug’s excitation is near the natural frequencies of the riser. The results indicate that the oscillations are strongly dependent on the slug frequency. The modified simulator is flexible enough to compute the effect of a wide range of slugs’ configurations (geometry, fluids, flow rates etc.), allowing the analysis of fatigue damage and risk of failure under many production conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Sep 2024 10:24:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974396</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing Petroleum Redistribution in Sri Lanka: A Cost-Benefit Transportation Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This case study is based on Ceylon Petroleum Corporation, Sri Lanka, the national oil and gas company and market leader in Sri Lanka. The company’s outbound logistics consists of a centralized distribution method and a redistribution process of its products across the island. However, this study mainly focused on one regional depot and one petroleum product, Kotagala depot and Lanka Auto Diesel. The currently centralized redistribution process has noticed extra routing costs due to the unreasonable consumption of additional distance. This problem is modelled as a variant of the vehicle routing problem with a heterogeneous vehicle fleet. The objective is to minimize the routing costs (or milk-run) by imposing constraints on the capacity and the volume. The researcher introduces a centralized vehicle routing problem that is presented. The proposed vehicle routing problem has been used to find the optimal path between clusters. The computational investigation highlights the cost savings that this new VRP can accrue. Cost savings can be accrued as large as 32.35% compared to a company's existing method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Aug 2024 15:51:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modal Parameter Identification of an Electrical Submersible Pump Installed in a Test Well Using Drop Tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are used in the petroleum industry to pump large amount of fluids from subsea deep wells. Currently, ESPs are responsible for approximately 10% of the world’s crude oil production. When high flow rates are required, gas lift and the ESP are the only available technologies that can be applied. ESP systems are much more complex and less reliable than the gas lift method, but they are more efficient and able to yield higher flow rates and pressure. ESPs are installed inside or near production wells, with the entire auxiliary infrastructure for power supply and control system. This means that maintenance is prohibitive because of production losses and the need for expensive and unavailable drill ships. In order to increase ESP’s reliability, is highly important to know the equipment dynamic behavior while it is operating. The objective of this work is to identify the modal parameters of an ESP with 62 stages and 10.42 m in length, weighing 616.8 kg and installed 9.02 m deep in a test well circuit using water as working fluid. Drop tests were carried on and the vibration responses collected by water proof accelerometers were used to perform an output-only modal analysis using the Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) technique. Results were compared with modal parameters obtained using impact tests and showed that the drop test is an useful method for modal testing of ESP’s in test wells.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2024 09:11:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying and modelling focus and control drivers for transporter's performance in downstream logistics of the Indian oil sector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of this research are to develop an integrated model by identifying and classifying the focus and control drivers for transporters' performance in the oil industry of India and establish their contextual relationships using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis. Sequential mix method design is used for the study. The expanding petroleum sector and increased completion in Indian markets, has motivated the oil companies to bring in effectiveness in performance to reduce costs to improve their bottom-line. Down-stream logistics cost, that is cost of delivery of product from terminals depots to the retail network and bulk customers, is in focus and exemplary performing transportation system shall ensure the same. The model designed, shall enable the oil industry management to move from Performance measurement to performance management with clear directions for interventions for exemplary transporters performance as the linkages between the focus and control drivers of transporters performance will help managers to know what is to be focused and how to control and the academicians shall understand the complexity of transporters performance in oil industry in India and instigate them for further research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Aug 2024 15:11:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2387234</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid threats in the Norwegian petroleum sector. A new category of risk problems for safety science?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2393321</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The new geopolitical situation after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has fundamentally changed the role of the Norwegian petroleum industry and many other private businesses. Private companies have become important security actors in the new threat landscape. This article offers an empirical study of how private operator companies in the Norwegian oil and gas sector understand and carry out their role in detecting and handling hybrid threats prior to the sabotage of the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines in 2022. By investigating how they understand the phenomena of hybrid threats, and how they understand their role and responsibility in detecting and handling them, this case serves as an example on why societal resilience to hybrid threats only can be achieved through a collaboration between a multiplicity of actors across different scales. Additionally, this article uses the private companies in the Norwegian petroleum sector as an illustrative example on how hybrid threats entail a new category of risk problems where private companies play a pivotal role, and seeks to open up a discussion on whether safety science should include hybrid threats and the new geopolitical situation into its scope. The authors conclude that safety science should further develop perspectives for developing resilience as a system and societal property and that also take geopolitics into account. At a time when private companies play a more pivotal role in the co-creation of societal resilience against hybrid threats, it is important to investigate and understand this role and how it affects private businesses and their employees’ working conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 10:31:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2393321</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automotive/Fuel Cooperative Research - Past, Present and Future</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the United States, the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) is the organization that for 58 years has been the mechanism through which the automotive and petroleum industries have undertaken to solve technical questions of mutual interest to the two industries. This paper presents a brief overview of the CRC, its relationship to SAE, its role in automotive research, current and future studies, and the need for worldwide cooperative research efforts. Discussion of current studies includes a CRC program to examine how to measure diesel particulate in the laboratory to accurately reflect on-road conditions and a study to develop a combustion chamber deposit (CCD) test for use as a research tool.         Cooperative research is an important mechanism for generating the data necessary for solving well-defined technical issues of importance to both the automotive and petroleum industries and the public. With the advent of the “World Car,” and mandated air quality improvement worldwide, research needs will most likely exceed the financial resources individual companies and countries are willing to spend. Cooperative research, in addition to cost saving, also provides the important advantage of leveraging technical expertise. Means by which the automobile and petroleum industries can cooperate worldwide need to be improved so that both the environmental and associated automotive technical issues can be addressed in a cost-effective manner. Addressing these issues requires research on both vehicles and fuels. Cooperation can begin with an exchange of technical reports, evolving into each organization addressing a part of the research problem, and finally co-funded research programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2024 11:08:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1787942</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multimodal Transportation Optimization of Refined Oil Logistics Considering Daily Scheduling: Case from China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid development of global industrialization, the consumption of refined oil is at a high level. The scale of refined oil transportation is huge. For refined oil sales enterprises, determining a method for making reasonable transportation plans and reducing transportation cost has become an important means to improve competitiveness. The current method of developing a primary logistics plan does not consider the characteristics of various transportation modes, which can lead to an increase in overall costs. The logistics system in this case has multiple transportation modes, including road, rail, and pipeline. In addition, a multiproduct pipeline has multiple injection points. For such a complex system, this work unifies the time dimension of continuous transportation by pipeline and discrete transportation by rail and road based on the idea of multimodal transportation. This paper couples a pipeline scheduling submodel and a logistics optimization submodel to construct a daily scheduling model for refined oil which is close to the actual operation in the field. This model was validated using a refined oil logistics system in China, and the results show that the optimized logistics solution decreased total transportation costs by 14.5% compared with the actual cost. This model can serve as a guide for actual operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 14:12:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Oil Supply Chain Cost Distribution Based on Stackelberg Game Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282259</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The concentration rate of Chinese oil industry is very high, and there are clearly leaders in supply chain, the Stackelberg game model is specially designed to analyze oil supply chain. In this paper, the authors discussed the relationship between the oil exploring company who was the leader enterprise and prospecting company with high risk and high cost, based on the features of Chinese oil supply chain. The authors used the Stackelberg game model, to analyze the cost-sharing of the two parts. The authors think that if the marginal revenue of exploring company was higher, for keeping the supply chain stable, they should pay subsidization to the prospective company and it will encourage the investment by the latter, and then the exploring company can maximize their and the supply chain benefit.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jan 2024 11:50:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282259</guid>
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