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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>OIL INVENTORIES SHOULD BE BASED ON MARGINS, SUPPLY RELIABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/462966</link>
      <description><![CDATA[U.S. oil inventories have plummeted to their lowest recorded levels this year, leading industry observers to conclude that refiners have adopted new just-in-time (JIT) inventory policies. The authors submit that the shift towards reduced oil inventories is not related to a concerted adoption of JIT by U.S. refiners, and that oil inventory management decisions should instead be based on refining margins and supply reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>TANKER FREIGHT COSTS AND CRUDE OIL PRICES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/159083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study analyses the costs associated with tankers, showing the relative importance of capital, operating and voyage costs for various sizes of tanker.  It also indicates how these cost elements are recovered under differing market conditions, and the relationship between cost recovery and the landed price of crude oil, with special reference to AFRA.  Finally, the mechanism whereby higher crude oil prices can affect the tanker market, ship preferences and tanker operating procedures is discussed.  As it now appears that continuing increases in the price of crude oil are a fact of life for the oil industry, the relationship between oil price levels and freight costs is likely to be of considerable importance in the evaluation of tanker economics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Feb 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/159083</guid>
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      <title>THE WORLD BUSINESS CYCLE, ENERGY AND THE FUTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/151662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper provides a general background discussion of prospects for world output and trade in the 1980's as follows: Section (1) examines the underlying trends of output and trade and provides several explanations for the general slowdown in the world economy.  Section (2) discusses energy trends; the impact rising oil prices and diminishing energy supplies will have on world trade and shipping demand.  Section (3) describes the short-run behavior of the world economy and how well one can explain year by year fluctuations in output and trade.  The author concludes with a forecast of trade developments in the 1980's and how they are likely to affect merchant shipping. Highlighting the forecast are a number of charts illustrating world output, trade, petroleum production, energy consumption and shipping demand.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>BUNKERS: RADICAL CHANGES NEEDED IF COMPANIES ARE TO SURVIVE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/154500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maritime industry has been thrown into disarray by the surge in bunker prices and the deterioration in quality of fuels.  There are already signs that world bulk trade is being distorted because of the huge price rises as bunker costs often represent over 60% of operating costs. Shipowners, charterers, oil companies, etc. contacted by Lloyd's Shipping Economist could only see the situation getting worse.  If OPEC nations carry out their threat of yet another increase in oil prices this year--dependent, of course, on how the dollar's value changes--then shipowners will face some horrendous problems.  In many respects control of the oil supply situation has been taken out of the hands of the oil companies and is being increasingly exercised by the producers.  This distortion of traditional supply/demand factors works to the disadvantage of a shipping industry which is still balanced on the knife edge between slump and recovery.  And when liner companies ask shippers to pay bunker surcharges now, how can they expect these shippers to pay increased freight rates in the near future to cover inflation, etc.?  In the analysis, Lloyd's Shipping Economist has taken a macro look at the world bunker consumption scene.  The Middle East, Western Europe and the United States are the main supplying areas for international trade.  And total world bunker consumption last year was 149.6m. tons, just over 5m. tons more than in 1977.  Included in the analysis are bunker prices, quality, competition among ports and shipowners for limited supplies and sources of supply.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/154500</guid>
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      <title>TANKER REVIEW: THE END OF AN ERA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/153373</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Lloyd's Shipping Economist has used two powerful computer-programs to unravel what has happened in the medium and large sectors of the tanker market.  Firstly, supply and demand trends in each sector of the tanker market have been identified by creating pictures of the employment of the different tanker fleets.  Demand has been calculated by deducting the surpluses (laid up vessels and the slow steaming elements of the fleets) from the respective supplies.  Secondly, changes in trading patterns have been analysed using Lloyd's Shipping Economist's statistics on tanker and combined carrier sailings from the major exporting and importing regions of the world.  Some important insights into developments in the tanker and combined carrier sailings from the major exporting and importing regions of the world.  Some important insights into developments in the tanker market have emerged from this analysis.  In the medium size range, the rapidly growing importance of the new oil exporting areas such as North and West Africa, combined with a gradual reduction in the tonnage of this ageing fleet, has resulted in a significant convergence between supply and demand.  For the VLCC and ULCC sector, the confused oil supply situation following the Iranian revolution, and the oil majors' continuing loss of control over crude production, has led to a surge in demand for these ships.  The uncertain future of the tanker market is also probed.  It is forecast that the inefficiencies which have emerged, particularly in the VLCC sector, are permanent features of a new market structure. Prospects for medium size tankers look promising but much depends on the development of "super ports" in the US, and the widening/deepening of the Suez Canal.  But all predictions could prove futile if another political storm were to blow up the oil world.  In this issue recent and future trends in the medium-size tanker and VLCC/ULCC sectors have been analysed in detail.  The February edition will contain a review of the products tanker market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/153373</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DEEPWATER PORTS IN THE UNITED STATES. AN ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/149114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Explores the economic factors of future deepwater port development, including the demand for foreign oil, petroleum prices, tankship market and construction trends.  Reviews factors that may lead to refinery construction and petrochemical plant development.  Assesses the environmental impact of deepwater port development, the probability of oil spills, air and water quality issues, and petro-chemical complex development.  Analyzes the politics, economic questions, and environmental issues, and assess technology and environmental regulations pertaining to capital investment in tankships and refineries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/149114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHINA: A SEATRADE STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144754</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This special issue of Seatrade magazine examines the development of China's shipping industry and foreign trade in the last ten years.  The study investigates the tremendous growth of China's merchant fleet in the decade of the seventies; a decade which saw its tanker fleet double in size between 1974 and 1978, and its bulk fleet quadruple during the same time period.  Also highlighted are China's plans for modernization through increased foreign trade, in particular, the expansion of oil production and exports to offset the trade deficit from imports.  The article discusses efforts to modernize and upgrade Chinese port facilities and shipyards so as to acquire export orders for newbuildings.  Finally, China's future as an oil producing nation is examined, including its potential as a world supplier of petroleum and the cost, in terms of technology, of development and production.  The volume contains a number of tables that provide statistical data on China's balance of payments, its imports and exports, its shipbuilding industry and fleet size.  A chart depicting the country's complicated bureaucratic structure is also included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144754</guid>
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      <title>ENERGY MATERIAL TRANSPORT, NOW THROUGH 2000, SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS. TASK 3. FINAL REPORT. PETROLEUM TRANSPORTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/144753</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report contains a summary characterization of the petroleum transportation system and an assessment of some potential problems that may impact petroleum transportation in the United States during the balance of the century.  A primary purpose of this task is to provide information and perspective that contribute to the evaluation of research and development needs and priorities in future programs. The system characterization in Section 3 includes a review of petroleum product movements, modal operations and comparisions, and transportation regulations and safety. This system overview summarizes domestic production and consumption scenarios to the year 2000.  A median scenario based on published projections shows that the US will probably rely on foreign oil to supply between 40 and 50 percent of domestic petroleum transportation were identified by the analysis and prioritization of current issues.  The relative priorities of problem concerns were judged on the basis of their overall impact on the system and the immediacy of this potential impact.  Two classes of concern are distinguished: 1. Potential problems that appear to require new programmatic action, in addition to effort already committed, to minimize the possible future impact of these concerns.  2. Latent concerns that may increase or decrease in priority or entirely change in nature as they develop.  While the trend of these concerns should be monitored, new program action does not appear necessary at this time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/144753</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MARINE BUNKER FUELS - ANALYSIS AND FORECAST OF PRICE AND AVAILABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/78061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study develops forecasts through 1993 of the refiner's acquisition costs for crude oil from domestic sources and for crude oil imports. Domestic crude oil price and availability are analyzed by producing region, taking into account the effects of energy legislation on domestic crude oil prices. The level of imports is based on U.S. energy requirements and the supply of energy from domestic sources. The prices of Marine Bunker Fuels are forecast based on the refiner's acquisition costs of crude oil and the processing and desulfurization costs. The effects of the rising ratio of high to low sulfur crude oil on the availability of Marine Bunker Fuels are analyzed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/78061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/77933</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study of the international oil market includes the changing structure of the industry, the worldwide surplus in refinery capacity and tankers, and the role of the spot market and movement of petroleum products between regions. The study shows there have been significant changes in the structure of the international oil industry in recent years. In the OPEC countries the major international oil companies have lost the power of decision-making with regard to investment, volume, and price, although their role in downstream activities in the major industrial consumer countries remains substantial. At the same time as the control levers of oil supply have passed into OPEC hands, the USA has increased its dependence on foreign oil supplies up to almost 50 percent of demand. Unless either greatly increased efficiency of energy use can lead to a substantial reduction in energy demand growth--or higher energy prices cannot be absorbed by the economic system, resulting in a prolonged period of recession--constraints are likely to exist in energy supplies some time before the mid-1980s, bringing about a substantial increase in oil prices in real terms. Such a situation will call for careful management by all concerned--consumers and producers, government and industry--if competitive bidding for available supplies is to be avoided and economic activity is not to be affected. Monitoring the evolution of supply developments would be an important adjunct of policymaking. This would necessitate keeping a close track of world energy and oil supply/demand developments on a broad regional basis at regular (e.g., quarterly) intervals. (ERA citation 03:049553)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/77933</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TWO PLANNED OFFSHORE OIL PORTS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO, VOLUME 4, ON THE ECONOMY OF SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA. GENERAL PETRO-INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTICS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69970</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report complements research on the economic impact of a superport upon southwest Louisiana.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69970</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRENDS IN U.S. OIL AND TANKER SUPPLY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/32064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Provides an up to date overview of significant trends in US oil at the end of 1975 and indicates the implications of these trends for the structure of US oil trades in 1980. Special reference is made to the level and broad pattern of US oil imports and tanker demand.  Pre-Crisis expectations regarding the development of US oil are outlined and contrasted to actual experience of the years 1974 and 1975. As U.S. policies are liable to be of critical importance to oil developments, the political response to the Crisis (including Project Independence, President Ford's energy programme and the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of December 1975) receives extensive coverage.  Implications of present policies for US oil in 1980 are critically evaluated and again import requirements are highlighted, these requirements being placed in the context of the likely 1980 infrastructure for their reception and distribution, including pipelines and superports.  After forecasting the tanker demand expected in 1980 as a result of US oil imports and coastwise movements, the study analyzes methods whereby the problems associated with limited draft tanker ports in the Eastern US may be circumvented (i.e. lightering, lightening and transhipment).  Finally, present and likely future supply of US flag tankers is discussed with the focus on the implications of possible US flag preference and anti-pollution legislation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Mar 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/32064</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROTECTING THE U.S. PETROLEUM MARKET AGAINST FUTURE DENIALS OF IMPORTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/28130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considers precautionary policies to counter the threat of future disruptions in the supply of U.S. oil imports. Such disruptions are highly possible, since the conditions that produced the Arab embargo of 1973-74 have not been eliminated. The authors review the recent oil embargo and U.S. responses to it, examine the history of U.S. petroleum imports, and weigh the outlook for future imports by source and relative vulnerability. On the basis of this examination, they discuss various policies that could be implemented to counter future embargoes, emphasizing a precautionary import policy to partially control the sources of U.S. imports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 18 Oct 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/28130</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PROJECT INDEPENDENCE, NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26766</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Armed Forces Journal recently carried a quotation: "...Make no mistake, the nation is in a critical oil situation. The government has been guilty of half-hearted action in its dealings with the petroleum problem. Petroleum is the most critical logistic matter in our entire security..."   The interesting thing that the Journal brings out is that these words were written 26 years ago, and, it was felt, were largely ignored by policymakers and the public who continued to live in apathy in regard to the energy problem. This paper discusses actions which can be taken to deal with the petroleum problem, and points out that, in the final analysis, it is independence on a great variety of natural resources that will lead to world stability, rather than national independence relying on a nation's gifts in cheap, convenient natural resources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 May 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26766</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HOST GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE OIL TRADE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/16151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oil producing countries "Host Governments" which are net exporters of oil have mainly concerned themselves with crude oil production.  The energy hungry world markets have changed "Host Government" markets from a sellers to a buyers situation to the point that profits have increased five fold in one year.  These increased profits are leading "Host Governments" into other phases of the petroleum trade.  Host Government Participation in crude oil production is already bringing about fundamental changes in crude oil availability and prices.  The industrialized world has for long been accustomed to unlimited acess to crude oil at very low prices.  Now it is having to live with limited supplies at rapidly increasing cost.  If the Host Governments carry their Participation downstream either in their own countries or in the oil-importing countries, the changes in these phases of the oil trade could be equally fundamental, but need not be as traumatic as the present stage of transition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Jun 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/16151</guid>
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