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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Safer Trucks for India: Smart Tech Fusion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663329</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Commercial vehicle sector (especially trucks) has a major role in economic growth of a nation. With improving infrastructure, increasing number of trucks on roads, accidents are also increasing. As per RASSI (Road Accident Sampling System India) FY2016-23 database, commercial vehicles are involved in 42% of total accidents on Indian roads. Involvement of trucks (N2 & N3) is over 25% of total accidents. Amongst all accident scenarios of N2 &N3, frontal impacts are the most frequent (26%) and causing severe occupant injuries.Today, truck safety development for frontal impact is based on passive safety regulations (viz. front pendulum – AIS029) and basic safety features like seatbelts. In any truck accident, it is challenging rather impossible to manage comprehensive safety only with passive safety systems due to size and weight. Accident prevention becomes imperative in truck safety development due to extremely high energy involved in front impact scenarios.The paper presents a unique safety development approach (for frontal impact safety development for N2 and N3 trucks) which enables smart synthesis of active and passive safety systems to comprehensively address real world safety.Four major areas are identified for truck safety development viz. structural crashworthiness, compatibility, occupant safety and ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System). The innovation lies in smart mix of these areas during product safety development. The study presents the safety development of light commercial vehicle (truck) with this approach. Structural crashworthiness & occupant safety are developed with extensive number of CAE simulations. Design is physically validated with frontal impact test. In addition, extensive mileage accumulation is generated across Indian roads to validate ADAS system performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 16:36:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663329</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An integrated active–passive safety strategy for automobiles based on driver state recognition and injury risk prediction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes an integrated active–passive safety strategy based on driver state recognition and injury risk prediction, aiming to enhance vehicle safety by dynamically coordinating the operation of the autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system and occupant restraint systems. First, injury prediction and driver state recognition models were developed using machine learning and deep learning techniques, respectively, based on real-world traffic accident data and physiological signals. These predictive outcomes were then incorporated into a fuzzy control algorithm to optimize the AEB system, enabling it to dynamically adjust activation timing according to varying driver states and potential injury risks. Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized AEB system effectively adapts braking initiation based on driver responsiveness and injury severity, significantly improving collision avoidance performance. Furthermore, by integrating passive safety mechanisms, the control parameters of seatbelts and airbags were optimized, resulting in a 30.60% reduction in the head injury criterion (HIC) and a 22.44% decrease in the weighted injury criterion (WIC). This study provides novel insights and methodological approaches for the integrated optimization of intelligent vehicle safety systems, offering both theoretical and practical value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 09:34:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608642</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementation Study of a Passive Safety Feature in the Rescue Systems of Small Aircrafts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of implementation of a passive safety feature in the form of an under-fuselage airbag in the rescue systems of small aircraft. The paper presents a multidisciplinary approach for the viability of the implementation. It presents the development of mathematical model for airbag performance analysis. The model is validated against the experimental data to account for various simplifications. Validated mathematical model is used to design a full-scale airbag for the chosen airplane to perform in the designed range. Weight penalty for increased safety is determined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2024 17:01:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Intelligent Estimation of Dynamic Vehicle Mass for Electric Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2474910</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dynamic Vehicle mass is one of the most critical parameters in automotive controls such as battery management, transmission shift scheduling, distance-to-empty predictions and most importantly, various active and passive safety systems. This work aims to find out dynamic Vehicle mass for Electric Vehicles in real time transient driving conditions. The work proposes a real-time approach in finding Dynamic vehicle mass where accumulated Energy based vehicle performance, an improvement to the vehicle dynamics equation, has been employed for consistent and accurate results. Factors affecting vehicle mass such as road grade, dynamic friction coefficient, driving pattern, wheel slip etc. have been considered for model optimization. Here recursive Bayesian state estimator has been used for finding vehicle mass as a constant state variable while time varying forgetting factors are used to nullify the impact of major losses. Algorithm is auto tuned using Machine Learning techniques to first find out stable driving conditions and subsequently go for model application to converge towards the end results. The performance of the proposed vehicle mass estimator is validated against several groups of payload in varying surrounding conditions. The results demonstrate that the output of the model is well within 10% to 15% error in all such cases and consistent results are obtained for more than 90% of the test scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Dec 2024 11:51:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2474910</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Toward zero traffic deaths and disabilities with active and passive safety technologies in the association of southeast Asian nations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445424</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic crashes caused more than 108,000 deaths and 6,200,000 injuries resulting in 7.7 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2019. This study estimates that 59 % of these casualties could have been avoided if all vehicles were designed to provide crash protection equivalent to that of the best vehicle safety design in their class and all road users adhered to safety best practices. Results of comparative risk assessments indicate that the application of safety technologies that are considered high priority by the United Nations (anti-lock braking, electronic stability control, occupant restraints, frontal and side airbags, crashworthiness, side-door beam, side structure and padding, and helmets) can save 34,373 lives and avert 2.5 million DALYs annually in ASEAN. While implementing Autonomous emergency braking and lane keeping assistance systems would provide additional reductions estimated at 13,077 fewer deaths and 1,021,220 fewer DALYs, speed-limitation systems would have a larger additional benefit, estimated at 21,394 lives saved and 1,382,530 fewer DALYs. The investigated technologies can be among the best approaches toward zero traffic deaths and can elevate public health burdens in low and middle-income countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 2024 15:26:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2445424</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Anthropometry and Passive Restraint Deployment Timing on Occupant Metrics in Moderate-Severity Offset Frontal Collisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are established federal requirements and industry standards for frontal crash testing of motor vehicles. Consistently applied methods support reliability, repeatability, and comparability of performance metrics between tests and platforms. However, real world collisions are rarely identical to standard test protocols. This study examined the effects of occupant anthropometry and passive restraint deployment timing on occupant kinematics and biomechanical loading in a moderate-severity (approximately 30 kph delta-V) offset frontal crash scenario. An offset, front-to-rear vehicle-to-vehicle crash test was performed, and the dynamics of the vehicle experiencing the frontal collision were replicated in a series of three sled tests. Crash test and sled test vehicle kinematics were comparable. A standard or reduced-weight 50th percentile male Hybrid III ATD (H3-50M) or a standard 5th percentile female Hybrid III ATD (H3-5F) was belted in the driver’s seating position. In the crash test, the frontal airbag and lap and shoulder belt pretensioners deployed on commands from the vehicle’s airbag control module (ACM). In the sled tests, deployments were commanded with either similar timing or 12 milliseconds earlier. Small, measurable differences in occupant kinematics and biomechanical loading were observed. All biomechanical metrics were low compared to injury assessment reference values (IARVs), consistent with the moderate severity of the tests. The variations in parameters in these tests did not result in suboptimal interactions with restraints, such as submarining, belt webbing migration, or bottoming-out of the airbag resulting in direct occupant loading to the steering wheel. These results indicate that the variations in occupant anthropometry and restraint deployment times investigated did not substantially alter the low risk of serious injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2024 09:52:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2367277</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on Estimation Tool of Occupant Injury Risk for Deriving Integrated Safety Scenarios</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2156023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[‘Active safety systems’ are actively being developed to prevent collisions. The integration of ‘active safety systems’ and traditional ‘passive safety systems’ such as seatbelt and airbags is an important issue. The ‘Integrated safety’ performance is that comprehensively controls the performance of ‘active’ and ‘passive’ safety systems to reduce occupant injuries. To develop ‘integrated safety’ performance, it is important to develop crash scenarios for autonomous vehicles. This study is about the development of ‘Estimation Tool of Occupant Injury Risk’ for deriving risk integrated safety scenarios focused on occupant injury. The results of random traffic simulation using ‘Virtual Prototype’ were used to select parameters, and ‘MADYMO Equivalent Simplified Vehicle Crash Analysis Model’ was used to derive F-D characteristics for each vehicle collision condition. The ‘Estimation Tool of Occupant Injury Risk’ was developed through the analysis of occupant injuries using the Hyundai Active Human Model for Safety (HAHMS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Apr 2023 09:56:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2156023</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Passive Safety Systems Analysis for Protecting the Second-Row Unbelted Occupants in Frontal Collision</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2046663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Though there are active safety features in the passenger cars, unfortunately not all accidents are avoidable. Airbags are the passive safety feature which avoid occupants in colliding with the car interiors and help to mitigate the fatal injuries. Trend and interest in the recent times is to study the occupant injury for front row seats. The second-row occupants are usually protected with the passive safety systems by Seat belts, Inflatable Curtain airbags, seat airbags, Windshield airbags etc. These are installed in the side and rear areas of car to pass on the regulations like FMVSS, ECE and other global standards. This particular case study is to evaluate or say how effective are the occupants in the second rows if they are unbelted. In few of the crash tests and experiment of frontal impact collision, the child dummies will be placed on female dummy lap without wearing the seat belt. In this, we see the second-row occupants will be seriously injured in most of the cases. Though the rear seats are statistically safer for the belted occupants, there is high chances of unbelted occupant being thrown out of the seats and collide with the front seat or windshield and hence it becomes important to study the occupant injury parameters by bringing in some additional safety restraint systems such as airbag mounted in between the first and second row where the occupant jumping into the front-end can be avoided during collision.According to survey of NASS-CDS data survey, USA, between 2011-2015 the accidents involving rear occupants, the fatal injuries of unbelted occupant during the collision is statistically 9% of the total accidents [1]. In this study a passenger car is considered, and current passive safety systems will be evaluated with respect to rear seat occupant. Thus, the occupant injury levels will be evaluated using the simulation software and compare it by using accidental research data particularly with rear occupants in subjected to frontal collision. Based upon the comparison an enhanced passive safety system will be implemented to reduce unbelted occupant injuries in rear seat]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Oct 2022 17:00:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2046663</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A review of train passenger safety—Inspiration from passive safety passenger protection technology of automobile</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2007946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A train collision accident will cause many casualties, so the passive safety protection of the train occupants is very important. The purpose of this article is to obtain recommendations on the research directions of train passenger safety by comparing the passive safety protection of passengers in the fields of automobiles and trains. First, the authors analyse the collision standards and regulations of automobiles and trains and summarize the content related to the passive safety protection of occupants. Then, based on an extensive literature review, the development status of passive safety protection for automobiles and trains is analysed from three aspects: interior, human characteristics and passenger posture. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations on passive safety protection of train passengers are put forward. The protection method provided by automobile interiors is mainly restraints, while in trains it is mainly separation. For human characteristics, in addition to male and female, the elderly, obese and children are also studied in the automobile. As for posture, the automobile mainly focuses on the posture in reality and future automated vehicles, while in train, there is more research on lateral passengers and standing passengers. Although the protection of automobiles and trains is different, for the passive safety protection of train passengers, the design of automobile interiors can be used for reference to reduce passenger injuries. In addition, human characteristics and posture have a great impact on passenger injury, which should be considered in the passive safety protection of trains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2022 09:55:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2007946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessment of passenger safety in future cars</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The population is becoming older and the diversity in car passenger sizes is growing. Future cars will likely include a higher degree of collision mitigation systems, and a larger range of seat positions and seating configurations, in addition to increased degree of car sharing, such as car-pools and taxis. These aspects call for assessment tools and evaluation methods beyond the standardized crash test methods of today. This project addresses the research question on how to assess the protection of the heterogeneous population of passengers in future car crashes. Specifically, the project aims to achieve method developments based on enhancement of tools (physical and numerical human substitutes) and to create knowledge on passenger protection needs, focusing restraint interaction. The project combines multiple competences, a range of studies using different methods and international collaboration. The methods include real-world crash data analyses to identify scenarios and situations, human-product interaction user studies on attitudes, expectations, comfort and usability, in addition to crash testing and simulation. Furthermore, the project includes evaluation of novel adult crash test dummies (ATDs) and a child-sized Human Body Model (HBM), in addition to the development of adult morphed HBMs of various sizes and applying these for investigating protection principles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:08:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Postural and muscular responses of car occupants under pre-crash conditions : the biomechanics of pre-crash: in vehicle experiments, data analysis and statistical modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Advanced integrated safety technologies in modern cars such as collision avoidance intervention and pre-crash activated restraint systems require comprehensive research on how vehicle occupants respond to these systems. The aim of this thesis is to provide insights into car passengers’ body kinematics and muscle activations in representative pre-crash circumstances with respect to two belt configurations (i.e., standard versus pre-pretensioner). Another objective is to explore the influence of occupants’ individual characteristics — namely age, stature, and sex — on their body kinematics. A complementary objective is to provide validation data for human body models (HBMs). A set of in-vehicle experiments was carried out in which front-row passengers were traveling at 73 km/h and subjected to autonomous lane changes and lane changes combined with braking, each with two belt configurations: standard and reversible pre-pretensioner belts. Volunteer muscle activations were measured by the surface electromyography (EMG) technique. Transformation of coordinates corresponding to several film targets attached to the head and upper torso was used to calculate the kinematics in 3-D. The volunteers’ EMG and kinematics were processed, and the quantified kinematics were statistically explored using principal component analysis and linear mixed model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:06:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948833</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Simulation of a Formula SAE Impact
                    Attenuator</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1942531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[
                
                The preeminent obligation of the automotive engineers, while designing a car, is
                    to assure the driver’s well-being during any kind of impact by suppressing
                    intrusions into the cockpit or minacious deceleration levels. Technologists and
                    designers are advancing various modern active and passive safety systems to
                    augment vehicle occupants’ safety. To mitigate the research and development
                    expenditure in time and money, it is recommended to utilize computational crash
                    simulations for the early evaluation of safety behavior under vehicle impact
                    tests. Therefore, in this research study, an attempt is made to simulate
                    crashworthiness and design the impact attenuator utilized in Formula SAE (FSAE)
                    vehicles to absorb the kinetic energy of a car during a frontal collision.
                    Closed-cell aluminum foam is selected as its material because of its less
                    density than solid metals and ability to undergo large deformations at almost
                    constant load. CAE software is used to carry out explicit dynamic impact
                    analysis on 12 distinct samples having four different geometries and three
                    relative density combinations to get the best design with maximum energy
                    absorption incoherence to the norms and boundary conditions provided in the FSAE
                    rulebook. It is noticed that the shape of the geometry plays a significant role
                    in determining the results of the impact. Furthermore, 15% relative density
                    worked the best for this application out of the other potential combinations. To
                    conclude the research study, 3 out of the total 12 potential IA designs are
                    finalized, resting on the level of kinetic energy absorption and deceleration
                    provided by them by taking into consideration the mass of all the designs.
            ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Apr 2022 16:15:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1942531</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Occupant Age Impacted Health Diagnosis for Integrated Safety Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1938072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous Driving is the next big thing in the Automotive future. With growing automation, there is also growing need for In-cabin and Occupant monitoring. Impaired driving as a cause constitute a statistically major portion of the total accidents in the world. Additionally, the aging society of road users add to health concerns of possible drivers behind the wheel which might lead to severe accidents. Since the accident and the associated damage would have been occurred due to incapacitated drivers in the first place, there arises a need to know the state of drivers while driving to ensure the safety of him and other road users. Therefore, the monitoring of the driver's state and detection of any deviation from the suitable driving condition is significant to reduce the number of accidents on the road. One of the efficient ways to know the drivers’ state is to monitor the health - physical, mental and emotional, of the drivers essentially. Understanding the impact of age and health helps prognosis of medical conditions that could impair the driving of the driver and endanger the safety of vehicle and its occupants. This paper details the relevance of occupant age detection, health monitoring and diagnosis of medical ailments for prior preparation and activation of active and passive safety systems to avoid impaired driving caused accidents on road. Occupant State Monitoring and Integrated Safety solutions together takes the automotive industry one step closer to achieve the objectives of Vision Zero.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Apr 2022 14:18:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1938072</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated Active Safety System for Motor Graders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882493</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Safety of the operators in any equipment can be achieved by both passive and active systems. Passive safety system includes Seat belt, air bag, bumper, and other structural components which protects the operator from injuries during accidents. On the other hand, Active safety systems like Braking, Steering, Collision avoidance system, operator fatigue monitoring systems, etc., minimize and eliminate the accidents among which the Brake system is primarily used to control and stop the equipment. Considering the field operating conditions of motor grader, it is very essential to provide fool proof braking system to control and stop the equipment. In order to obtain maximum productivity the equipment speed is kept substantially high. Brake systems are operated using Air, Hydraulics, etc., among which the Air brake system offers simple and easy serviceability over hydraulic system. Integrated air operated service brakes and hydro pneumatic parking brake system designed and developed for 12 feet working blade class motor grader with BSIV emission electronic engine. Two independent criss-cross service brake lines designed to be fail-safe. As one service brake line fails, even equipment can be controlled and stopped by another service brake line. An internally expandable shoe brakes at all four driving wheels of the tandem axle provides effective braking without any brake lag. Low pressure warning signals in two independent service brake lines provided. Fool-proof sliding disc spring applied hydraulic release type parking brake at transmission output shaft actuated by Patented hydro pneumatic system prevents faulty usage by the operator. Electronic interlock provided to avoid gear shifting when parking brake is applied. Service and parking brakes are tested as per ISO 3450 standard and found satisfactory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:38:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882493</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Analytical Method for Calculating the Hysteretic Behavior of an Asymmetry Tensioner</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An automatic tensioner with an asymmetric damping structure used in an engine front end accessory drive system is analyzed. An analytical model is established to calculate the hysteretic behavior of the tensioner. The contact characteristics of contact pairs are modeled and investigated for disclosing relation between contact pair, friction and hysteretic loop of an automatic belt tensioner. The presented models are validated by a torque measurement versus angular displacement of a tensioning arm. The errors between the calculation and the measurement are analyzed. The working torques of the tensioner during loading and unloading process are described by a bilinear hysteretic model and are written as a function with a damping ratio. The influence of damping structure parameters on the hysteretic torque is investigated. The method presented in this paper can be used for predicting the nonlinear characteristics of a tensioner before prototyping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:38:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856236</guid>
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