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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>FOUNDATIONS OF ANALYTIC METHODS OF STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC PREPARATION OF MATERIALS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/91349</link>
      <description><![CDATA[VARIOUS ASPECTS OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY ARE TREATED IN THREE MAIN PARTS. PART I INTRODUCES THE EXACT ANALYTICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE COORDINATES OF PERSPECTIVELY CONJUGATE POINTS OF OBLIQUE AND VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS, EMPLOYING VARIOUS AUXILIARY COORDINATE SYSTEMS LOCATED IN THE PLANE OF INCLINATION OF THE PHOTOGRAPH. THE ACCURACY OF WORKING FORMULAE IS ALSO INVESTIGATED AND APPROXIMATION FORMULAE WHICH SATISFY PREESTABLISHED REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCURACY AND THOSE USED TO DETERMINE OR ORIENTATION ELEMENTS AND THE ELEVATIONS OF GROUND POINTS, DEPENDING UPON THE ABSOLUTE VALUES OF THE ANGLES OF INCLINATION OF AERIAL PHOTOS, TERRAIN RELIEF, ECT. ARE GIVEN. PART II DISCUSSES THE DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION ELEMENTS AND THE SUBSTANTIATION OF THEIR DIFFERENT SYSTEMS. PART III GIVES FORMULAE WHICH COMBINE CORRECTIONS FOR X-PARALLAX MEASUREMENTS WITH RELATIVE ORIENTATION ELEMENTS, DEPENDING UPON THE ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF RELATIVE (OR EXTERIOR) ORIENTATION AND THE CHOSEN INITIAL DIRECTION IN WHICH A PAIR OF OVERLAPPING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS WERE ORIENTED IN THE APPARATUS. THE AUTHOR STATES THAT ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS ARE BEING USED TO SOME DEGREE IN THE SOVIET UNION FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC COMPUTATIONS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Apr 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/91349</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PARALLAX ERROR IN VIDEO-IMAGE SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Parallax error is a distance-related measurement error occurring when the measurement has to rely on field of view, such as with video-image systems. This paper provides a detailed study of the geometric elements associated with parallax error in video-image systems. A field-of-view calibration model is presented based on a study of various geometric elements, including camera height, camera location, view of image, and vehicle dimension. The study found that parallax error ranges from 10-50% based on normal camera setup. The model presented provides a better understanding of the parallax error; thus, the accuracy of distance-related measurements can be improved when video-image systems are used. The proposed model has special application values at signalized intersections where video-image systems are deployed. One of the applications is to identify the range of possible blockage by a leading vehicle, which is one of the major causes of missed detections; and another is to identify the conditions that result in vehicle occlusion, which is a source of false detections.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711771</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEPTH PERCEPTION IN DRIVING: ALCOHOL INTOXICATION, EYE MOVEMENT CHANGES, AND THE DISRUPTION OF MOTION PARALLAX</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/709404</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motion parallax, the ability to recover depth from retinal motion, is a crucial part of the visual information needed for driving.  Recent work indicates that the perception of depth from motion parallax relies on the slow eye movement system.  It is well known that alcohol intoxication reduces the gain of this slow eye movement system, the basis for the "horizontal gaze nystagmus" field sobriety test.  The current study shows that alcohol intoxication also impairs the perception of depth from motion parallax due to its influence on the slow eye movement system.  Observer thresholds in both active and passive motion parallax tasks are significantly increased by acute alcohol intoxication.  Perhaps such a failure of motion parallax plays a role when intoxicated drivers must make quick judgements with what could be inaccurate or missing perceptual information about the location of obstacles around them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/709404</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STATIC AND DYNAMIC VISUAL FIELDS IN VEHICULAR GUIDANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/116209</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PERCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN VEHICULAR GUIDANCE ARE CONSIDERED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POSITIONAL, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION FIELDS AROUND THE MOVING VEHICLE. THESE ARE VERY GENERAL AND PERSISTENT ASPECTS OF THE DRIVERS VISUAL ENVIRONMENT. THE EQUATIONS GOVERNING THESE FIELDS AND THE FIELDS THEMSELVES, ARE EXAMINED FOR FEATURES AND REGULARITIES WHICH MIGHT SERVE TO EXPLAIN HUMAN SPATIAL PERCEPTION. ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT THE KEY FACTOR IN SIZE, DISTANCE AND MOTION PERCEPTION IS THE INTERPRETATIVE SCALING OF VISUAL ANGLE, WHICH IS IN THE INVERSE OF PERSPECTIVE EFFECTS IN THE POSITIONAL FIELD. SIMPLE AND OBVIOUS FEATURES OF THE VISUAL ENVIRONMENT ARE BELIEVED TO PROVIDE THE MOST IMPORTANT AIDS FOR VEHICLE GUIDANCE. THE ROADWAY AHEAD OF THE VEHICLE, FOR EXAMPLE, MAY BE USED TO OBTAIN THE SCALE OF THE TERRAIN AND OBJECTS IN IT. THE VELOCITY FIELD FURNISHES A REFERENCE FOR THE SEEN MOVEMENT OF OBJECTS. SOME DIFFICULTIES ARE POINTED OUT IN THE MOTION PARALLAX INDICATION OF DISTANCE. ROADWAY BOUNDARIES AND LANE MARKINGS ARE USED IN ALIGNING THE MOVING VEHICLE WITH THE ROAD. THE FORMULAS DERIVED INDICATE THAT ANGULAR ACCELERATION INCREASES AS THE SQUARE OF VEHICULAR SPEED. SINCE THE PATTERN OF THE ANGULAR ACCELERATION FIELD DOES NOT RESEMBLE ANY FAMILIAR PATTERN OF VISUAL EXPERIENCE, EVIDENCE IS PROVIDED THAT ANGULAR ACCELERATION IS NOT DIRECTLY SENSED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/116209</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NUMERICAL METHOD OF ORIENTATION FOR THE KELSH PLOTTER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/93429</link>
      <description><![CDATA[IN LARGE SCALE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PLOTTING, PARTICULARLY IN THE FIELD OF HIGHWAYS, THE KELSH PLOTTER IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED INSTRUMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA. AT PRESENT A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF WORK TIME IS STILL BEING SPENT ON MODEL ORIENTATION. ONE DISADVANTAGE IN PRESENT TRIAL-AND- ERROR PROCEDURES IS THE NECESSITY OF REPEATING THE ORIENTATION PROCEDURES FOR RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION A NUMBER OF TIMES BEFORE Y-PARALLAXES ARE REMOVED AND BEFORE SCALE AND ELEVATION DIFFERENCES ARE ELIMINATED BETWEEN MODEL AND CONTROL POINTS. SUGGESTIONS FOR APPLYING NUMERICAL ORIENTATION TO KELSH PLOTTERS WITHOUT MODIFICATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS ARE GIVEN. SUCH NUMERICAL ORIENTATION CAN BE APPLIED TO RELATIVE ORIENTATION ACCORDING TO MEASURED PARALLAXES, TO ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION ACCORDING TO CONTROL POINTS, AND TO SETTING OF PRECOMPUTED ORIENTATION ELEMENTS, DETERMINED FROM INSTRUMENTAL OR ANALYTICAL AERIAL TRIANGULATION. THE LATTER TWO APPLICATIONS WILL BE MOST ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT, WHILE THE FIRST WILL BE OF INTEREST IN AREAS WHERE TRIAL-AND-ERROR RELATIVE ORIENTATION HAS A SLOW RATE OF CONVERGENCE, SUCH AS HILLY TERRAIN.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/93429</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MONO VERSUS STEREO ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/91352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PRECISION OF POINT TRANSFER IN THE MONOCULAR AND THE STEREOSCOPIC APPROACHES IN ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IS COMPARED. BASICALLY, THE PROBLEM IS THE ELIMINATION OF Y- PARALLAX, WHETHER IN THE POINT TRANSFER DEVICE DURING DUAL TRANSFER, OR IN THE STEREOCOMPARATOR DURING MEASUREMENT. THE RESULTS SEEM TO INDICATE THAT THE PRECISION OF THE MONOCULAR APPROACH IS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT OF THE STEREOSCOPIC APPROACH. THIS LOSS OF ACCURACY IS MAINLY DUE TO THE POINT MARKING SYSTEM IN THE POINT TRANSFER DEVICE USED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/91352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE USING PARALLAX RANGE LIGHTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/404235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At the present time, the U.S. Coast Guard employs a two-station or parallax range method for indicating to a vessel's operator the correct path to follow while proceeding along certain navigation channels.  Experiments show that the currently used two-point fixed range light configuration affords a high degree of sensitivity in determining lateral position and motion. With a two-point flashing range, sensitivity is slightly decreased, and errors in judging direction of motion are significantly higher than with the fixed range lights. Two alternative parallax range light configurations afford a slight potential improvement in sensitivity over the two- point fixed range lights. Strong evidence was found that training or experience could improve performance regardless of range light configuration. Judgments of motion toward the range axis were significantly more sensitive than judgments of motion away. These findings describe the sensitivity afforded by present parallax ranges and will allow comparison of proposed single-station ranges with present configurations in order to evaluate their adequacy as aids to navigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/404235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF THE ZEISS STEREOTOPE FOR HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PURPOSES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/93444</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE NEED TO EVALUATE A THIRD ORDER PHOTOGRAMMETRIC INSTRUMENT FOR GENERAL USE TO PROCURE DATA FOR HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PROMOTED THE IDEA OF TESTING THE ZEISS STEREOTOPE. TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE STEREOTOPE WOULD MEET BETTER THAN THIRD-ORDER ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS, A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FIRST AND THIRD ORDER PHOTOGRAMMETRIC INSTRUMENTS WAS MADE AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. AN EVALUATION IS PRESENTED OF THE STEREOTOPE IN TERMS OF THE ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS SET FOR PROCUREMENT OF CROSS-SECTION DATA USED IN COMPUTING EARTHWORK QUANTITIES. THE COMPARATIVE STUDY CONSISTED OF 2 PARTS. THE FIRST PART WAS A CALIBRATION TEST OF THE STEREOTOPE TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF USING IT FOR LARGE-SCALE MAPPING AND CROSS-SECTION DATA PROCUREMENT. THE SECOND PART CONSISTED OF EVALUATING IT IN TERMS OF SPOT- HEIGHT ACCURACY AND EARTHWORK QUANTITY MEASUREMENTS OF FINAL-PAY QUANTITIES. TO EVALUATE THE ACCURACY OF ITS MEASURING OF SPOT HEIGHTS, THE LATTER WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE READ BY MEANS OF THE WILD A-7 AUTOGRAPH. THE PHOTOGRAPHY OF A 1-MILE SECTION OF INTERSTATE ROUTE HAD BEEN TAKEN FOR DETERMINING FINAL-PAY QUANTITIES ON AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT CONSTRUCTED IN 1960 BY THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. IT WAS FOUND THAT WITH NORMAL GROUND-CONTROL DATA AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS THE STEREOTOPE WOULD BE AN INSTRUMENT AS SATISFACTORY AS THE KELSH PLOTTER FOR PROCURING CROSS-SECTION DATA FOR FINAL-PAY QUANTITY MEASUREMENTS, PROVIDED THAT CARE IS TAKEN IN PERFORMING THE PARALLAX MEASUREMENTS, USING EITHER DIMENSIONALLY STABLE PLASTIC-BASE PRINT FILM OR GLASS DIAPOSITIVES. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/93444</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMPIRICAL OBSERVATIONS ON RELATIVE ORIENTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/93439</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PROCEDURES FOR RELATIVE ORIENTATION OF STEREO PAIRS WHEN WORKING WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRIC STEREOPLOTTING INSTRUMENTS HAVE EVOLVED FIRST AS TRIAL-AND-ERROR TECHNIQUES AND LATER AS TECHNIQUES BASED UPON MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS. CLASSICAL METHODS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED WHICH ARE NOW UNIVERSALLY USED AND ARE RARELY QUESTIONED AS TO THEIR EFFICIENCY. UNFORTUNATELY, THESE CLASSICAL METHODS ARE NOT READILY ANALYZABLE WITH CONVENTIONAL STEREOPLOTTERS. THE USE OF AN AP/C ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTER FACILITATES THE STUDY OF A WIDE VARIETY OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES WITH VARIATIONS IN TERRAIN PARAMETERS AND PARALLAX-REMOVING STATION ARRAYS. CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN FROM THE EMPIRICALLY GATHERED DATA. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 20 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/93439</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>JUDGING A SHIP'S LATERAL POSITION AND DIRECTION OF MOTION WITH SIMULATED VISUAL AIDS TO NAVIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/365370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An appropriately designed parallax (two-station) range allows a mariner to accurately determine a range line--the correct path to steer a vessel--at great distances.  Less expensive alternatives to parallax ranges are desirable, and many ideas for single-station ranges have been proposed, but mariners' abilities to establish range lines with them have not been measured.  The present work quantified the sensitivity of three different range systems and determined how much information can be provided by a range in order to achieve a criterion performance level.  These systems use (a) temporal characteristics, (b) spatial representation, or (c) color changes of the signal to represent changes in lateral position.  Range systems were simulated either opto-mechanically or on a high-resolution computer display system.  The ability of the mariner to determine both lateral position in a channel and direction of motion across a channel was assessed psychophysically for each range.  The performance was compared with that obtained with a parallax range.  This allowed quantification of performance and evaluation of the implications of replacing parallax ranges with the single-station ranges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 1992 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/365370</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ON THE VISUALIZATION OF PLANAR DISPLACEMENT FIELDS OF A GRANULAR MEDIUM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/272145</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents results of measurements obtained with the application of photogrammetric false parallax (i.e., the so-called Cameron effect) which has long been recognized as an accurate and expedient method of measuring particle movements in a plane parallel to the photographic image plane.  Discussion will be made of the measured displacement fields of a granular medium in relation to earth pressure characteristics which become important in the practice of excavating tunnels at shallow depths, because soil deformations around the tunnel and the ground surface settlements caused by tunnel excavation have not fully been understood at the present stage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/272145</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPARISON OF THE VISUAL PERCEPTION OF A RUNWAY MODEL IN PILOTS AND NONPILOTS DURING SIMULATED NIGHT LANDING APPROACHES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/69988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[At night, reduced visual cues may promote illusions and a dangerous tendency for pilots to fly low during approaches to landing. Relative motion parallax (a difference in rate of apparent movement of objects in the visual field), a cue that can contribute to visual judgments of glide path angle, was studied for its effect on the nighttime approach problem in two experiments. Neither flying experience nor a visual frame of reference enhanced sensitivity to relative motion parallax. However, errors in horizontal adjustments were smaller in pilots, indicating that flying experience enhances other cues in the runway image. Direct judgments of approach angle magnitude indicated overestimation by an approximate factor of 2. These findings give further evidence of large visual illusions in the nighttime situation and indicate that the ineffectiveness of relative motion parallax may be an important part of the night approach problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 19 Aug 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/69988</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HETERODYNE OPTICAL CORRELATION (HOC)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/66673</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new image-correlation concept based upon optical heterodyne dectection is presented.  In the Heterodyne Optical Correlator System (HOC), two transparencies are relatively oriented and projected onto a common image plane where coincidence is detected.  By means of heterodyne optical techniques, the normalized correlation coefficient is determined at each element of a photo diode array detector in the common image place.  These correlation values are used to define regions of corresponding image coincidence for a given x-parallax condition.  The basic principle of the HOC operation is expressed and an experimental system described.  Potential applications for stereocompilation and cartographic feature extraction are briefly described and several other applications are listed. The unique features of the HOC as an area correlation system are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/66673</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SYNTHETIC STEREO AND LANDSAT PICTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/65775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digital image processing techniques can be used to introduce stereoscopic parallax into a composite data set consisting of digital terrain elevation data and corresponding digital television images.  The technique was developed with part of a LANDSAT scene and digital elevation data provided by the Defense Mapping Agency.  The geometry of the LANDSAT image was digitally modified to coincide with that of the elevation data set.  Parallax was introduced as a simple linear function of terrain height at each picture element, to produce a stereoscopic mate to an image which has essentially no parallax.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Dec 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/65775</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DIGITAL MAPPING AND DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/140241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Digital Mapping and Digital Image Processing are discussed along with related software and hardware.  Our Digital Image Manipulation and Enhancement System (DIMES) software is discussed indicating its potential as a flexible R&D tool for conducting studies in digital image processing as applied to mapping and charting problems. Preliminary results of derived parallax data from correlation of digitized grey shade data are presented along with information on parallel computers and their impact on this process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Feb 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/140241</guid>
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