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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Hand-Held Multimedia Documentation for Tunnel Inspections</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159551</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tunnel construction requires accurate documentation of as-built project information, such as progress, construction methods, resources used, site conditions, equipment, safety, and quality issues. Accurate as-built information not only prevents problems in claims and disputes, but also provides lessons learned for future projects. Most tunnel projects require that site personnel document accurately and comprehensively. Forms are usually used to ensure complete data entry, and photos are taken, if needed, to describe or document the details. This paper presents a computerized system that utilizes a hand-held PC, with an integrated digital camera, to allow tunnel inspectors to enter daily report directly into a database that can later be accessed through the Internet. This system, named Tunnel-Log, was field-tested by inspectors working on the L.A. subway project. Comments and feedback from these inspectors are presented, along with the discussion of hardware components and software design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 07 Mar 2026 16:05:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159551</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainable application of recycled waste paper as a cellulose-containing additive in stone mastic asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) is widely used in road construction for its durability and deformation resistance; however, its high binder content makes it prone to drain-down during production and placement. To address this limitation, various stabilizing fibers are employed, though most are synthetic and environmentally unsustainable. This study investigates a cellulose-containing additive (CCA) derived from recycled waste paper as a renewable stabilizer for SMA, aiming to minimize binder drain-down while maintaining mechanical performance. The recycled cellulose was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, confirming structural integrity and thermal stability suitable for asphalt mixing. SMA mixtures containing 0.4–0.8 wt% CCA were prepared and compared with a commercial stabilizer. The recycled additive effectively reduced binder drain-down from 0.16 % to 0.05 %, remaining below the 0.20 % limit. At 0.6 % dosage, compressive and tensile strengths were comparable to those of the commercial stabilizer, while rutting resistance and moisture durability improved. Scanning electron microscopy revealed uniform fiber dispersion and a stable micro-network at this optimum dosage. The results demonstrate that recycled paper-derived cellulose can successfully replace conventional stabilizers, offering comparable performance with lower environmental impact and supporting circular-economy practices in pavement engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Jan 2026 09:58:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632449</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>From paper waste to pavement: Hydrophobic recycled paper mill sludge as sustainable filler for asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624766</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Malaysia's rapid population growth and rising solid waste generation, coupled with rising global paper production, underscore the need for sustainable waste management solutions. Recycling paper mill sludge (RPMS) as an asphalt filler offers a viable alternative that meets industrial needs and environmental regulations. This study investigates the feasibility of converting RPMS into value-added asphalt filler through hydrophobic modification via transesterification, which transformed its hydrophilic nature into superhydrophobic. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that modification altered RPMS from fibrous, porous particles into denser, angular forms, reducing water uptake and enhancing binder interaction. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the conversion of triglycerides to ethyl esters, evidenced by characteristic ester stretching vibrations. Compaction Energy Index (CEI) and Workability Index (WI) demonstrated reduced the compaction effort for both unmodified and modified RPMS. Mechanical performances including Marshall quotient (MQ), dynamic creep, resilient modulus, Marshall immersion, and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) assessments were conducted, with moisture susceptibility quantified via Indirect Tensile Strength Ratio (ITSR). MQ results showed that moderate RPMS additions enhanced stiffness and deformation resistance, while all mixtures achieved resilient modulus values above 2500 MPa, satisfying Public Works Department (PWD) standards JKR/SPJ/2008-S4. At 0.50 % dosage, modified RPMS yielded high Marshall stability and an ITSR above 90 %, indicating excellent moisture resistance. Environmental safety was validated using the Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP), which showed heavy metal leaching remained below regulatory thresholds. Overall, hydrophobic-modified RPMS enhances asphalt mixture’s mechanical stiffness, moisture resistance, and compaction, while mitigating environmental risk, offering a sustainable solution for Malaysian road construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jan 2026 09:09:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624766</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stabilization of expansive road subgrades with waste paper sludge: Resilient modulus, ANN and modeling approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534395</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stabilization of expansive subgrades is a crucial issue for transportation geotechnics in the development of sustainable approaches in road construction. This study was the first ever to investigate the effect of waste paper sludge (WPS) on the resilient modulus (Mr) parameters of three different expansive subgrades with different shrink/swell and bearing capacities. Repeated load tests were performed on clean soils and soils with different ratios of WPS to determine the change in the Mr values with WPS. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses were performed on soil specimens to reveal the effectiveness of WPS at the microstructure level. Additionally, different artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed to estimate the Mr values of the expansive road subgrades stabilized with WPS. Furthermore, a numerical model was created to simulate the behavior of a typical road platform constructed with WPS-stabilized subgrade soil using the Plaxis 2D finite element analysis program. The experimental results indicated that the addition of WPS up to 9% resulted in a significant increase in the Mr values of subgrade soils. Microstructural analyses of the samples giving the highest hardness performance revealed that the dispersed and porous structure of pure soils transformed into a denser, less porous and flocculated structure after WPS stabilization. The developed ANN models showed better performance compared to multiple regression (MR) with higher R² values ​​and lower error parameters, which was confirmed by statistical parameters. Plaxis 2D analysis results showed a more rigid road structure formation with less deformation compared to clean soils through WPS stabilization. The findings of this research are expected to offer an understanding of considering the stabilization of expansive subgrades with WPS, thereby promoting sustainable highway construction and approaches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 May 2025 08:54:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534395</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating recycled pulp fiber reinforcement mechanisms on asphalt mastic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2446223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Adding fibers to asphalt can enhance the cohesion of asphalt mastics, thereby improving their deformation resistance and rheological properties. The fibers enhance the performance of asphalt mastic through different mechanisms depending on the temperature environment. In this study, waste printer paper (WPP), waste newsprint (WN), and recycled corrugated paper (RCP) were processed into flocculent recycled pulp fibers by physical methods. Then, the prepared flocculent WPP fibers, WN fibers, and RCF fibers were added to virgin asphalt (SK70) in proportions of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% by mass of asphalt to prepare asphalt mastics. The low-temperature and high-temperature cohesion of asphalt mastics were evaluated by force ductility test (FDT) and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tensile test. The high-temperature performance of asphalt mastics was evaluated through the DSR temperature sweep and Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) tests. The medium and low-temperature performance of asphalt mastics was evaluated using the Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test and Glover-Rowe (G-R) parameter. Meanwhile, the differences among the three types of recycled pulp fibers were analyzed using oil absorption tests, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of the study indicate that in high-temperature environments, where asphalt is in a flowing state, the oil absorption capacity of the fibers determines their reinforcing effect on the asphalt mastic. Fibers with higher oil absorption rates exhibit stronger asphalt adsorption. Consequently, WN fibers offer the best enhancement for the high-temperature performance of asphalt mastic. However, in medium and low-temperature environments where asphalt is in a viscoelastic state, WPP fibers exhibit a significantly better reinforcing effect on the asphalt mastic compared to the other two types of recycled pulp fibers. In such cases, the fibers primarily bear the load and transmit stress within the asphalt mastic, and their mechanical properties determine their reinforcing effect on the asphalt mastic. Fibers with better mechanical properties provide the best enhancement to the medium-temperature fatigue resistance and low-temperature crack resistance of asphalt mastics. The recycled pulp fiber forms a three-dimensional network structure in the asphalt mastic, which significantly improves the stability of the asphalt mastic, thereby improving its shear deformation resistance, rutting resistance performance, and creep performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Nov 2024 09:26:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2446223</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improvement of Research Report Distribution and Access and Promotion of More Effective Use of Technical Report Documentation Page, USDOT Form 1700.7 [video]</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Transportation Librarians Roundtable features a funded project from the Transportation Library Connectivity and Development Pooled Fund Study. Maggie Sacco, Lawrence E. Decina, and Tia Mastromatto describe how the goals of the project were to improve the process of filling out Form 1700.7. TransAnalytics, LLC won the bid on the project and conducted a survey of state department of transportation libraries and research centers. Objectives included documenting the current state of practice in the use of Form DOT F 1700.7 and identifying methods that will encourage more effective use of the form. Improving the process of filling out the form could improve compliance and increase access to transportation information by researchers and practitioners.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Oct 2024 17:00:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Genetic Optimization Model for Aging Analysis of Paper Insulation in High-Temperature Region via Frequency Domain Spectroscopy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Existing methods based on frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) cannot address the nonuniform aging of transformer insulation induced by the temperature gradient. To solve this issue, the genetic algorithm (GA) and a finite-element method (FEM) are combined to obtain the aging information of insulation at the transformer high-temperature region via the analysis of the FDS data. In this work, the FEM model is constructed to provide a mapping relationship between the aging state distribution and the FDS data of the oil–paper insulation system. Furthermore, the GA is designed to solve the parameter distribution of the FEM model based on the collected FDS of the whole insulation. Finally, the verification results indicate that the extracted aging information can characterize the actual aging states of the high-temperature region. The obtained relative error is less than 7% in laboratory conditions, showing comparable accuracy with existing methods on the uniform-aged sample. In that regard, the contribution is in exploration to propose a novel method for analyzing the aging state of insulation in transformer high-temperature region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2024 13:53:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2201178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recording and Coding for the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation’s Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398083</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Guide, which has been endorsed by the AASHTO Subcommittee for Bridges and Structures, has been prepared for use by the States in recording and coding the data elements that will form a bridge inventory data base. By having a complete and thorough inventory, an accurate report can be made to the Congress of the number and state of the Nation's bridges, arranged in a manner that would best suit needs for future legislation. It will also provide the data necessary for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to produce Defense Bridges and Critical Highway Facilities reports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jul 2024 16:20:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398083</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recording and Coding Guide for the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation’s Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Guide has been prepared for use by the States in recording and coding the data elements that will form a bridge inventory data base. The data requested to be collected may appear to exceed that which is required to normally inventory the bridges on the Federal-aid system; however, recent legislation and anticipated Congressional inquiries render it mandatory that a thorough bridge inventory be maintained by the States. It is only through having a complete and thorough inventory that an accurate report can be made to the Congress of the number and state of the Nation's bridges, arranged in a manner that would best suit needs for future legislation. This Guide is based on the Structure Inventory and Appraisal Sheet, which is included at the end of the Guide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jul 2024 16:20:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398081</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recording and Coding Guide for the Structure Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation’s Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398080</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Guide has been prepared for use by the States in recording and coding the data elements that will form a bridge inventory data base. The data requested to be collected may appear to exceed that which is required to normally inventory the bridges on the Federal-Aid System; however, recent Legislation and anticipated Congressional inquiries render it mandatory that a thorough bridge inventory be maintained by the State. It is only through having a complete and thorough inventory that an accurate report can be made to the Congress of the number and state of the Nation's bridges, arranged in a manner that would best suit needs for future Legislation. This Guide is based on the revised Inventory and Appraisal Sheet that is included in the appendix.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jul 2024 16:20:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2398080</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimation Method for Nonuniform State of MOIP in Traction Transformer via Curve Reconstruction of Frequency Domain Spectrum</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364910</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multilayer oil-immersed insulation paper (MOIP) is widely employed in different kinds of traction transformers, of which the insulating state decides the safe operation. Generally, the insulating state of MOIP is nonuniform distribution, bringing great challenges to the accurate estimation. Based on the idea of curve reconstruction of frequency domain spectrum (FDS), this article proposed an estimation method for the nonuniform state of MOIP using double extreme learning machine (ELM) networks and an improved cuckoo search (ICS) algorithm. First, the MOIP was divided into different equivalent parts that have the same insulating state. Then, the hybrid equivalent circuit of the MOIP was established and solved by the counting-ELM network and the proposed ICS algorithm. Then, the FDS of MOIP can be reconstructed. Consequently, the FDS of each equivalent part can be obtained. Finally, the insulating states of each equivalent part can be estimated by the classifying-ELM network. The results show that the nonuniform state of MOIP can be estimated effectively by the proposed method. Meanwhile, the hybrid equivalent circuit can reflect the polarization characteristics of MOIP, and the proposed ICS algorithm has better performance than the traditional cuckoo search (CS) algorithm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2024 10:39:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2364910</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Viability of Calcinated Wastepaper Sludge Ash Geopolymer in the Treatment of Road Pavement Subgrade Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2304566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Problematic ground conditions constituted by weak or expansive clays are commonly encountered in construction projects and require some form of chemical treatment such as lime and cement to re-engineer their performance. However, in the light of the adverse effects of these traditional additives on the climate, alternative eco-friendlier materials are now sourced. In the current study, the viability of calcinated wastepaper sludge ash geopolymer in enhancing the engineering behaviour of a problematic site condition is evaluated. A highly expansive clay (HEC) constituted with a blend of kaolinite and bentonite clays is treated with calcinated wastepaper sludge ash (CPSA) geopolymer. Activation of the precursor is actualised at room temperature using a combination of NaOH and Na2SiO3 at various activator to soil+binder ratios (AL/P), and molarity (M). The mechanical, microstructural, and mineralogical characteristics of the treated clay were investigated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS), swell, water absorption, SEM, and EDX analysis. The performance of the stabilised samples was then compared with the requirements for road subgrade and subbase materials and that of OPC and lime-GGBS treatment. The results showed that CPSA-geopolymer enhanced the engineering properties of the treated clay better than traditional binders (OPC and Iime-GGBS). UCS improvement of 220% was observed in the CPSA-stabilised soil over that of OPC-treated ones, while the swell potential and water absorption were drastically reduced by over 95 and 97% respectively after 28-day soaking. The SEM and EDX results showed improved crystallisation of earth-metal-based cementitious flakes (NASH) with increasing CPSA, molarity, and AL/P ratios, which enhanced the inter-particle bonds with simultaneous reduction in porosity. The modified characteristics of the stabilised materials meet the requirements for pavement subgrades. Further, the equivalent carbon emission (CO2-e) from the stabilised materials were also evaluated and compared with that of traditional binders. The results also showed that CPSA-geopolymer had lower CO2-e at higher subgrade strengths than OPC, making it more eco-friendly. Therefore, wastepaper sludge, a common landfill waste from paper recycling is a viable geopolymer precursor that could be utilised in enhancing the engineering properties of subgrade and sub-base materials for road and foundation construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Dec 2023 09:14:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2304566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Best Practices for Airport Obstruction Management Library</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2204471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ACRP Research Report 195: Best Practices for Airport Obstruction Management Guidebook was designed to help airports  prepare and implement a comprehensive program for obstruction identification, management/mitigation, and related conflict resolution.  The guidebook was prepared to speak to a broad range of audiences and to be easily understood by stakeholders with airport and non-airport backgrounds. This web resource supplements the guidebook with several resources. It contains samples of airspace imaginary surface composite maps (for complex and simple airport scenarios) in KMZ format, which can be used for familiarization with this type of resource. The templates and samples section contains templates and examples of resources that can assist airports with the development and implementation of an obstruction management program. The reference resources section contains links to additional resources related to airspace analysis, obstruction management, and conflict resolution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Jul 2023 13:57:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2204471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Is text-based user manual enough? A driving simulator study of three training paradigms for conditionally automated driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2175675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Training drivers about the automated driving system is one way for establishing safe and efficient driver interactions with a conditionally automated vehicle. This study investigated the effectiveness of three training paradigms—written, video (contains use cases), and interactive guides (support practices of use cases)—in a driving simulator study. Thirty participants with little or no prior experiences in driving automation were recruited and randomly assigned to participate in one of the training paradigms followed by a written test and two driving trips in a simulator. Explicit knowledge acquisition following training, driving performance during the simulated trips, and changes in acceptance of automation after training were analyzed. Results showed that: (1) there were no significant differences among the training groups in the declarative knowledge section of the test; however, the video guide group outperformed the written guide group in the procedural knowledge and strategic knowledge sections, and the interactive guide group outperformed the written guide group in the strategic knowledge; (2) Training type produced a significant effect on manual response times, but not visual response times, to non-scheduled takeover requests: the interactive guide group produced the shortest manual response times; (3) the interactive guide group performed better in takeover control during non-scheduled takeover scenario and (4) spent more time viewing the road during periods of low-reliability automated driving; (5) the written guide group reported decreased perceived safety after training. These findings suggest that the inclusion of use cases (in video and interactive guides) and providing hands-on practices (in interactive guide) have unique potentials in developing drivers’ knowledge in conditionally automated driving. This work has important implications for the effective design of conditionally automated driving training, as well as for the design of human-machine interface in automated vehicles to support users in developing and maintaining situation awareness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jun 2023 11:35:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2175675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New binary paper/wood industry waste blend for solidification/stabilisation of problematic soil subgrade: macro-micro study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144232</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents the potential application of paper/wood industry waste by-products, i.e. lignosulphonate (LS) in conjunction with lime (LM) [i.e. LS-based cementing admixture (LSCA)] to mitigate desiccation induced cracking and mechanical vulnerabilities of expansive soil subgrade. The results showed that the LSCA and lime (LM) significantly ameliorated the soil consistency, subgrade strength characteristics (i.e. California bearing ratio and resilient modulus), and completely mitigated the swelling potential with enhanced resistance against Sr. Moreover, the LSCA and LM notably reduced the 3D-volumetric shrinkage and crack intensity factor (CIF) by 90.1 and 87.4%, respectively. The mineralogical and microstructural analyses manifested that the LSCA induced new cementitious compounds (i.e. hydrates of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate), and substantially enhanced the interlocking among the soil particles compared to the untreated and LS-treated soils. Besides, pavement thickness analyses showed that the LSCA treated subgrade, omits the provision of sand cushion and sub-base course promoting road material conservation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2023 10:58:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144232</guid>
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