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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Influence of Modified Fly Ash Content on the Properties of Resin-Based Friction Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742452</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, five resin-based brake pad samples with modified fly ash contents of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% were prepared to investigate the influence of fly ash content on the comprehensive performance of the friction materials. The tribological properties of all samples were evaluated under temperature conditions ranging from 100 °C to 350 °C, and their overall performance was assessed using five evaluation indices. Based on the AHP-MOORA algorithm, sample F12 exhibited the highest comprehensive weighted score of 0.11, followed by samples F0 and F8 with scores of 0.10 and 0.09, respectively, indicating a slight decline. In contrast, the comprehensive weighted scores of F4 and F16 were relatively low, at 0.05 and −0.01, respectively. Among the five composites, F12 demonstrated the best overall performance, with F0 and F8 ranking next, while F4 and F16 performed poorly. These results suggest that, within a certain range, increasing the fly ash content can enhance the comprehensive properties of the material. However, excessive addition of fly ash may lead to the detachment of harder particles during wear, thereby increasing wear thickness and wear rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742452</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovative Friction Modifier for Copper-Free Brake Pad Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of copper-free brake pads poses a significant challenge because copper plays a critical role in tribofilm formation and friction stability. This study proposes a novel approach using a recycled flake iron oxide material, characterized by high thermal stability and a unique plate-like morphology, as a sustainable alternative. The material acts as a friction modifier, promoting the formation of stable tribofilms and serving either as a copper substitute or a functional additive. Its iron-oxide composition ensures strong compatibility with the counterface tribofilm, enhancing adhesive friction, while its role as a primary plateau contributes to friction stability and reduced wear.Three application scenarios were investigated: (i) copper substitution in Low-Steel (LS) and Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO) formulations, (ii) partial replacement of steel fibers in copper-free LS formulations, and (iii) synergistic use with iron sulfide in copper-free NAO formulations. Tribological performance was evaluated using a tribometer, and worn surfaces were analyzed by SEM and EDS to characterize tribofilm formation.Results demonstrate that the proposed material provides friction stability and wear resistance comparable to copper in both LS and NAO formulations. Partial substitution of steel fibers improved wear resistance by up to 75%, while synergistic addition with iron sulfide further enhanced friction and wear performance in copper-free NAO pads.These findings highlight the potential of this recycled material as a sustainable and effective alternative for copper-free brake pads, offering both environmental benefits and high tribological performance while reducing reliance on critical raw materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:49:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feasibility of CFD-thermal-structural simulation based on real braking tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the development of mechanical components, engineers use numerical tools as a first step to design, develop, and analyze potential solutions for specific requirements, thereby reducing time- to-market of new components. Furthermore, numerical tools are also highly useful for analyzing components that exhibit failures. For brake discs, numerical analysis must consider not only mechanical behavior but also thermal and fluid dynamic behavior. In this context, as a further step, experimental tests can be performed in test facilities such as dynamometers, where the brake discs are evaluated under different operating conditions to determine their susceptibility to failures such as thermal distortion, judder (hot or cold), squeal, coning, etc. If such failures occur, corrective actions can be implemented using different approaches: a) redesign of the disc and braking system aided by numerical tools; b) tuning of the matching between disc and pad materials; and c) modification of the disc and/or the pad material. Regarding the first approach, the finite element method (FEM) is one of the most important numerical tools, and to obtain reliable results, accurate boundary conditions must be applied. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the feasibility of the CFD-thermal-structural boundary conditions derived from an experimental test performed on a ventilated brake disc assembled in an instrumented vehicle. Firstly, a comparison between an analytical method and the CFD solution was made regarding convective heat transfer coefficient (HTC). The test consisted of 16 main braking cycles from 140 to 0 km/h, conducted under eight different pedal pressure levels. After each main braking, a thermal shock was applied to the disc using water, followed by a secondary braking from 80 to 0 km/h, always with the same pedal pressure. The numerical analysis results showed good agreement with experimental tests in terms of temperature distribution. In addition, axial displacement distribution along the circumference is presented, with emphasis on coning deformation, one of the main triggers for judder.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:49:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742670</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Degradation dynamic characteristics and onboard identification model for layered stiffness in ballasted tracks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stiffness of rail-pad and trackbed degrades progressively during service, leading to reduced mechanical performance in ballasted tracks. In addition, the granular composition of ballast produces frequency-dependent stiffness, creating significant challenges for onboard identification of layered stiffness. To address these issues, this study develops a dual-degree-of-freedom ballast vibration model that captures the broadband dynamic behavior of track and incorporates it into a vehicle–track coupled dynamics framework. Based on the physical relationships between structural deformation, vehicle vibration, and stiffness deterioration, two sensitive and interpretable indicators—the normal-mean under-wheel deflection and the anti-resonance peak frequency of axle-box acceleration within 150–600 Hz band—are identified, and corresponding extraction methods are formulated. The robustness of these features is validated under stochastic geometric irregularities to ensure practical applicability. For layered-stiffness identification, under-wheel deflection, axle-box acceleration, axle load, and vehicle speed are input to a physics-guided dual-path multimodal fusion network. The sequential path extracts temporal features through convolutional neural network-based down-sampling, a Transformer encoder, and global pooling, while the physics path derives stiffness-related features through percentile-mean processing, peak-frequency tracking, and an asymmetric dual-channel representation module. The two feature streams are integrated via a cross-modal attention fusion mechanism, and layered stiffness is predicted through a fully connected regression head. Performance evaluation, generalization tests, ablation studies, and onboard experiments (achieving 91.9% accuracy) demonstrate that the proposed method reliably identifies rail-pad and trackbed stiffness degradation in ballasted track The model provides an effective tool for assessing mechanical deterioration and supports proactive maintenance strategies to mitigate potential failures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 08:40:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Full-scale fatigue performance evaluation of a novel frame-type ballastless slab track: Insights from the Istanbul airport metro project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, ballasted railway tracks have increasingly been replaced by ballastless slab track systems, including area- and frame-type designs, on critical infrastructure such as high-speed railways, tunnels, and bridges. These systems offer enhanced stability, faster and more comfortable travel, and reduced maintenance costs. Among these, frame-type slab tracks are more cost-effective to produce compared to area-type tracks. Therefore, this study evaluates the fatigue behavior of a newly developed frame-type ballastless slab track system installed on the Istanbul Airport metro line. A full-scale experimental setup was used, following an established testing protocol. While the system successfully satisfied fatigue performance criteria over three million cycles, with maximum railhead displacements below 1.1 mm, it failed to meet vertical static stiffness requirements due to variations in under-rail pad properties. Subsequent component-level tests revealed high stiffness heterogeneity among pads. These findings underscore the importance of quality control in pad production and suggest that current testing procedures should incorporate variable stiffness values to better simulate in-service behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 10:45:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691019</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparative Evaluation of under Tie Pads on Railroad Track Maintenance Using Markov Decision Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Under Tie Pads (UTPs) are elastic components attached to the bottom of the crosstie that provide a conformal resilient layer at the crosstie-ballast interface. This study quantitatively evaluated the long-term cost-efficiency of UTP implementation by comparing maintenance costs between UTP-padded and unpadded (i.e., control) tracks on a North American (N.A.) Class I railroad. Geometry car data collected over a four-year period from 28 miles (45.1 km) of track were used to compute a Track Quality Index (TQI) for each 0.1-mile (0.16 km) segment. These values were classified into five discrete Track States, and separate Markov Decision Process (MDP) transition matrices were developed to model track degradation and maintenance-driven recovery behaviors. Maintenance costs were then estimated using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation over a 10-year period under various maintenance policy scenarios, incorporating probabilistic deterioration and maintenance effects. Results indicated that UTP-padded track consistently exhibited lower maintenance costs compared to the control track, with reductions ranging from 24% to 54% depending on the maintenance strategy. While the control track showed variability in degradation behavior depending on track age, this effect was minor relative to the influence of UTP presence. Furthermore, UTP effectiveness was maximized when integrated with proactive maintenance strategies that leverage its ability to reduce the rate of degradation. In contrast, deferred maintenance not only increased lifecycle costs but also diminished the cost-saving potential of UTPs. These findings demonstrate that UTP implementation contributes not only to improved track component resilience but also to long-term cost savings at the system level for railroads operating under heavy axle load (HAL) conditions, supporting more sustainable and cost-efficient infrastructure planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 2026 07:29:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2682023</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance evaluation of benzoylated bamboo rhizome-reinforced formulations for automotive brake pads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701163</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rising demand for sustainable automotive components has driven advancements in eco-friendly brake pads. This study explores the use of chemically modified Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii (P. stocksii) bamboo rhizomes to enhance mechanical and tribological properties while reducing hydrophilicity. Benzoylated bamboo rhizomes were incorporated into a cardanol-modified polymer matrix with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to develop biodegradable, asbestos-free brake pads. Optimization studies identified the best-performing formulation, C10S8B12, which was rigorously tested using a CHASE tribometer per SAE J866a standards. It achieved a coefficient of friction (0.43 normal, 0.42 hot), minimal wear loss (3.33%), excellent fade resistance (6.67%), and a 102% recovery rate, meeting FF Edge Codes and OEM specifications. Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed enhanced tribological performance, highlighting modified bamboo rhizomes as a sustainable alternative.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 09:10:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701163</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolution of mechanical performance of pier bearing padstones during bearing replacement and experimental study on UHPC strengthening</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698751</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Railway bridge bearings are prone to aging and deterioration under long-term exposure to complex environmental conditions and high-stress cyclic loading. If not addressed in a timely manner, such deterioration can adversely affect the force transfer mechanism of the superstructure and pose a serious threat to railway operational safety. To investigate the influence of bearing replacement on the load-bearing performance of pier bearing padstones and to explore effective strengthening measures, this study takes the bearing padstone of a middle pier in a railway continuous girder bridge as the research object. Three 1:3 scaled model specimens were designed and fabricated, and axial compression tests were conducted to examine the mechanical behavior of the padstones under different working conditions. In addition, a finite element model was established to perform parametric analyses. The results indicate that local chiseling of the padstone during bearing replacement leads to reductions in both load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity. In contrast, external strengthening of the padstone using ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) significantly enhances the bearing capacity and effectively delays damage evolution. After strengthening, the damage process of the padstone initiates with concrete crushing in the bearing region. Subsequently, stress redistribution toward the surrounding areas induces tensile cracking at the bottom of the UHPC strengthening layer, eventually resulting in structural failure. Furthermore, the thickness of the strengthening layer, concrete strength, and reinforcement ratio of the padstone all exert notable influences on the bearing performance. The recommended ranges for these parameters are 40–60 mm for strengthening layer thickness, C100–C140 for concrete strength grade, and 1.4%–2.1% for reinforcement ratio.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 10:44:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698751</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eigenanalysis of wagon wheelsets based on the rigid body dynamics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presented paper is focused on mathematical modelling of torsion oscillation of wheelsets and analysis of its eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes. A mathematical model of torsion oscillation of a wheelset is derived. Two types of wheelsets are analysed, namely a wheelset equipped with a pad brake and a wheelset equipped with both pad brake and disc brake. The aim of the research is to find the eigenfrequencies and resonance curves of these two types of wheelsets of a freight wagon. These wheelsets are considered as rigid bodies. The Lagrange’s equations of the second kind method is applied for a derivation of the mathematical models of the wheelsets. The wheelsets differ to each other by the number of degrees of freedom. The results are presented in a form graphical illustration of resonance curves with marking the resonance zones for individual types of wheelsets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Particulate Matter Emissions from Brake Pads of
          Light-Duty Vehicles: A Comparative Analysis of Friction Material
          Compositions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669828</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Studies correlate air pollution with an increase in the incidence of respiratory                     diseases, affecting lung function and raising hospitalization rates. Among the                     pollutants associated with these diseases, inhalable coarse particulate matter                     (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) stand out.                     The emission of particulate matter resulting from the wear of brake pads in                     light vehicles is the second largest source, accounting for approximately 33% of                     a vehicle’s total emissions. The particulate matter generated during the braking                     process can be analyzed through its collection in tests conducted on                     dynamometers, using enclosure and sampling systems. The development of the                     dynamometer used was based on the braking cycles described in the SAE J2522:2003                     standard, whose main objective is to provide comparative data on different                     friction materials. Given the variations in particulate matter emissions                     depending on the composition of the brake pads, as reported in the literature,                     this study presents an analysis of the emissions from two distinct formulations,                     as well as a comparison of wear parameters and the surface roughness of the                     pads. The characterization of the particulate matter was carried out using a                     sampling system in accordance with ISO 9096:2017, with a sampling duct aligned                     with the flow duct downstream of the enclosure chamber, and particle retention                     achieved through fiberglass filters. The airflow velocity was controlled to                     ensure isokinetic transport conditions in the sampling system, adjusting the                     connected pump to match the probe velocity. The results show that wear was not                     uniform between the pairs of brake pads, also revealing differences in the                     chemical composition of the particulate matter according to the different                     formulations, consistent with what is reported in the literature, but with                     similar particle concentrations by size.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 10:32:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669828</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vibrational Analysis of Hybrid Composite Laminated Plates of E – Glass and Areca Fibers with Brake Pad Waste Powder</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study focuses on the vibration analysis of hybrid composite laminated plates fabricated from E-glass Fiber and areca Fiber reinforced with epoxy resin. The hybrid laminates were prepared using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) process with different stacking sequences and Fiber ratios, where brake lining powder was also incorporated as a filler in selected configurations to enhance mechanical and damping properties. The fabricated plates (280 × 280 mm) were subjected to experimental modal analysis using an impact hammer and accelerometer setup, with data acquisition carried out through DEWESoft software. Natural frequencies and damping ratios were determined under three boundary conditions (C- C-C-C, C-F-C-F, and C-F-F-F). The results revealed that Plate 1, with E-glass outer layers, areca reinforcement, and filler addition, exhibited the best vibration performance, achieving a maximum natural frequency of 332.8 Hz under C-C-C-C condition, while Plate 2 showed a balanced response and Plate 3 demonstrated higher stiffness but lower damping capability. These findings suggest that incorporating areca Fiber in combination with E-glass not only reduces weight but also improves damping without significantly compromising structural integrity. The developed hybrid composites hold strong potential for lightweight, vibration-sensitive applications such as automotive interiors, marine structures, construction panels, and sports equipment, where both sustainability and performance are critical.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 10:28:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2669790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Agricultural Tractor Brake Linkage Efficiency Prediction and Correlation Using Flexible Multibody Dynamics Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In agricultural tractors, braking actuation is usually done through control linkages consisting of a series of connected four-bar linkages with multiple pivots from the pedal to the brake pads. The quality of force transmission is critical as it directly affects the braking performance of the tractor.Forces measured at the end of the control linkage or brake pull rod often show deviation from theoretical values based on mechanical advantage calculations. This is due to various factors such as linkage transmission angle, elasticity, and friction losses in joints. A standardized simulation method needs to be developed and validated to predict the losses in the control linkage system.In this paper, the author proposes a simulation approach using multi-body dynamics, which includes contribution factors such as transmission angle, linkage elasticity, and friction in joints. MBS models for brake linkage systems for three different tractors were developed with flex bodies using ADAMS/View software. Coulomb friction and LuGre friction models were used to describe friction in joints.Force on the brake pull rod of the simulation model correlated with measured test data, showing above 85% correlation. The developed method can be adopted to design efficient brake linkage systems for agricultural tractors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Feb 2026 16:36:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663572</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>State monitoring of brake uneven wear in high-speed train based on multi-source feature fusion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the actual operation of high-speed trains, brake friction blocks work in a normal state at most times. In other words, most of the collected datasets on the uneven wear states are highly imbalanced. To address the issue of imbalanced data, a monitoring model based on a multi-head self-attention mechanism and a one-dimensional multi-scale convolutional neural network (MHSA–1DMCNN) is proposed, taking into account the correlation between multi-sources of data. First, multi-source friction interface parameters, such as vibration acceleration, braking noise, and friction coefficient, are collected as sample data to characterize the state of brake friction blocks. The Smote-Tomek method is used for comprehensive sampling of multi-source data. Then, a multi-head self-attention (MHSA) mechanism is utilized to extract important global information from multiple different representation subspaces. And 1DMCNNs are applied to extract friction block state features from multiple scales. Finally, MHSA is constructed to achieve the multi-source feature fusion for monitoring the uneven wear state. The experimental results show that the proposed model can maintain high recognition accuracy under different degrees of imbalance ratios. This provides a new feasible method for monitoring the uneven wear state of high-speed train brake pads under imbalanced data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Jan 2026 15:36:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the effect of rail pad stiffness and wheel polygonization on the dynamic behavior of corrugated railway tracks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oscillatory damage or irregularities on the rails and wheels of railway systems significantly affect the system’s performance. Mitigating these defects is a task that concerns operators worldwide. In this work, a methodology is proposed to study the effect of pad stiffness and low-order wheel polygonization on the dynamic behavior of a corrugated railway track. Corrugation was measured using an accelerometer mounted on a grinding vehicle, and it was modeled as a wave-type excitation on the rail. Displacement probe-based methodology was used in wheel eccentricity test and the polygonization was considered by incorporating the local radius at every degree of rotation for the studied wheels. The methodology considers different static stiffness values of the pads, and after several evaluations, the most suitable pad was selected to mitigate the effects of the oscillatory defects. The performance of the selected pad was verified under different track stiffness values (measured using the video gauge method), this pad with a stiffness of 179 kN/mm presented the best performance for most speed scenarios with an increase of 71% when corrugation and wheel polygonization were considered for the simulation conditions (small curve of radius 304 m, corrugation wavelength of 45 mm, speed of 80 km/h). Finally, anomalous behaviors related to system resonance between the track and vehicle were analyzed. The evaluation showed that a pad stiffness of 60 kN/mm causes a resonance increasing 513% the accelerations when wave defects are present.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:59:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610805</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing an accurate finite element model for brake disc in contact with the pad using experimental modal analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The brake system is a critical safety component in cars, and its performance is essential for the safety of both the driver and passengers. The stability of the brake disc and understanding the contact area between the disc and the brake pads are crucial aspects of brake system design and performance. This paper aims to create an accurate model of the brake system, especially the contact area between the disc and the pads. This model can be used to investigate the effects of increasing braking pressure and changing the contact surface. Moreover, this model can calculate the dynamic responses of the system when an angular velocity is applied to the disc. First, a braking system was tested experimentally several times. Then a finite element model of the structure was created in ANSYS commercial software with defining suitable elements for the contact area between the disc and the pads. In the following, by an identification process a distribution of contact parameters at different braking pressures was obtained. The results shows that when the braking pressure increases, the dynamic responses of the structure increase, as well as the contact stiffness. A further increase in braking pressure does not have much effect on the contact stiffness and the contact area becomes like a new support.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2025 17:10:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617120</guid>
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