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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Possible measures for mobility benefit districts in Swedish cities? : MBD15, WP2 report of learning cases in Stockholm and Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666528</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the report is to show how certain types of measures for sustainable mobility and parking have worked in a handful of Swedish cases. The measures are governance, co-creation, public participation, using parking fees to finance local mobility services, limits to and charges on street parking and, finally, low parking requirements on housing estates. We call these measures MBD elements since they are examined from the perspective of being implemented together in a near future, in the creation of so-called Mobility Benefit Districts (MBDs).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666528</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Automated Valet Parking and Charging: A Dynamic Pricing and Reservation-Based Framework Leveraging Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicle parking resource provisioning in major cities and urban areas has gradually become a challenging issue in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) due to the upward trend in car ownership rates. Besides, the increasing attractiveness of Autonomous Electric Vehicle (AEV) technologies complicates the parking problem as self-parking and EV-charging solutions need to be integrated into existing parking infrastructure. Dynamic pricing and reservation-based automated parking and charging are envisioned to accommodate the increasing demand for parking and EV-charging services. This will minimize traffic congestion and enhance road safety. This paper proposes a novel intelligent framework based on dynamic pricing and in-advance parking and charging reservations for Automated Valet Parking and Charging (AVPC) scenarios. We formulate the dynamic pricing problem between a Parking Lot Manager (PLM) and multiple Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) as a twostage Stackelberg game in which the PLM, as the leader, sets its service price in the first stage to maximize its utility, and each AV, as a follower, determines its service demand in the second stage to maximize its utility. Then, we theoretically prove the existence and uniqueness of the Stackelberg Equilibrium (SE). Considering the stochastic nature of the parking traffic, we transform the game-based optimization problem into a Multi-Agent Markov Decision Process (MAMDP) and propose a Stackelberg Game-aided Multi-Agent Dueling Deep Q-Network (SG-MADDQN) algorithm to solve the problem. Comprehensive simulation results and analysis prove that the proposed algorithm achieves convergence and can best balance the pricing and demand strategies of the PLM and AVs compared with existing solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Nov 2025 11:34:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2591868</guid>
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      <title>Determinants of user satisfaction in smart parking applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Limited parking availability exacerbates congestion and driver frustration in urban settings and has prompted the development of smart parking applications to streamline the parking experience. The applications have been well accepted by many, but there is still a lack of understanding about the factors that drive user satisfaction across diverse demographic groups. This study addresses this lack of information by conducting a cluster analysis to segment users of a university’s smart parking app based on their satisfaction levels and explores how demographic factors impact app usability, reliability, and satisfaction. Survey data from 105 users were analyzed using hierarchical and K-means clustering, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted to identify differences in levels of satisfaction across clusters, and regression analysis was performed to examine the factors that influence satisfaction. This approach revealed three distinct user segments: dissatisfied, moderately satisfied, and highly satisfied. The Dissatisfied users struggled with usability, privacy, and reliability issues, the first two of which were impacted by their gender and level of education. They also valued ticket avoidance features, which suggests that improvement in this area could boost engagement. Moderately satisfied users appreciated time-saving features but had concerns about peak-time reliability. Their satisfaction was linked to employment and income; therefore, enhancing predictive capabilities during periods of high demand could better meet their expectations. Highly satisfied users reported consistent satisfaction with responsiveness, accuracy, and ease of use, with little demographic variation. Addressing shared issues like peak-hour reliability, usability, privacy, and ticket avoidance could enhance satisfaction across all groups and promote a more user-centered smart parking experience. This research provides valuable insights for university administrators, urban planners, and parking service providers seeking to enhance user satisfaction with smart parking solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556741</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Understanding urban parking satisfaction: Implications for curb space management using multicriteria analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2518227</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates factors influencing urban parking satisfaction with the aim of informing policies to enhance experience for residents and visitors. The study surveyed 391 respondents in Brisbane, Australia. Overall parking satisfaction was analyzed as a function of four key criteria: payment options, online services, congestion reduction, and parking availability. Findings reveal a clear dichotomy in satisfaction levels, with higher contentment observed in payment options and online services, contrasted by significantly lower satisfaction in congestion reduction and parking availability. Additionally, segmentation analysis indicates that app-only customers are significantly more satisfied with parking availability compared to those who primarily use meters. Based on these insights, several innovative strategies were proposed to enhance curb space management and reduce congestion, including leveraging smart technologies, adjusting delivery schedules, and adopting flexible curb use policies. These findings and recommendations may serve as a useful reference for other local government authorities facing similar urban mobility challenges. Similarly, multi-criteria analysis was an effective method in this study to analyze parking satisfaction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2025 11:37:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2518227</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parking for sustainable cities : how to understand innovative parking development</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report investigates typical residential parking requirements, estimates the costs of various types of parking facilities, and their impacts on housing costs, vehicle travel and development patterns. The report also discusses optimal parking supply and factors that affect parking demands. This report should be of interest to policy makers, planning practitioners, developers, affordability advocates and anybody who wants more affordable, fair and livable communities. Finally, This report reviews the relevant literature to provide a deeper understanding of the main environmental and economic consequences of common parking policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:16:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Recommendation Engine for a Smart Parking Ecosystem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407183</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to waste of time and unnecessary pollution when seeking for a parking space in urban areas, the lack of parking spaces has a serious social and environmental impact. To address this problem, the authors developed the SocialPARK ecosystem which engages a community of interacting citizens, parking vendors and municipalities. SocialPARK revolves around a crowdsourcing scheme that aggregates parking information, for free public spaces reported by commuters, and for commercial parking spaces offered by parking vendors, in a single integrated platform. SocialPARK offers a variety of services, including “Park-and-Ride” options, making the city centers more accessible with less pollution. Apart from commuters’ participation, a central challenge is the involvement of as many parking vendors as possible, to offer a multitude of parking alternatives to the commuters. The authors present a business-oriented recommendation engine, developed as part of SocialPARK, to motivate parking vendors to participate in the envisioned open market of parking-related services. The engine is composed of two modules: the first module gathers usage information about the utilization of parking houses within a certain area; (ii) the second module exploits this information to exhibit statistical data and create targeted recommendations for parking houses, rendering their businesses more competitive and improving the services they offer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 11:12:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2407183</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Making the most of your private parking slot: Strategy-proof double auctions-enabled staggered sharing schemes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2453857</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Platform-intermediated Private Parking Slot Sharing (PPSS) is broadly deemed a viable avenue to alleviate parking problems in metropolises. Despite a captivating future where PPSS will be as convenient as public parking today, tension is mounting in practice concerning how to efficiently match and price self-interested suppliers and demanders with incomplete information. To reconcile this tension, this paper delves into the nuances of PPSS operations and proposes double auction-based solutions that embed staggered sharing to integrate fragmented non-commute-driven demand. Confronting the intertwined difficulties of temporally heterogeneous and incompatible demands imposed by staggered sharing on auction mechanism design, the authors first propose a Demand Classification-based Trade Reduction (DCTR) auction mechanism that teases apart the conflated demands through the idea of “divide and conquer”. The authors prove theoretically that the DCTR auction mechanism satisfies Strategy-Proofness (SP), Budget Balance (BB), and Individual Rationality (IR) in general, and Asymptotic Efficiency (AsE) when demand categories are finite. To cut down the welfare loss due to distributed trade reduction in the DCTR auction mechanism when demands are diversified, the authors propose a family of Group Buying-based Trade Reduction (GBTR) auction mechanisms that unify demands through a preceding grouping process and conduct one unified trade reduction only. The authors contrive alternative group bid determination and trade reduction rules to accommodate distinct market conditions. To strengthen privacy preservation and relieve the strategy identification burden of cognitively limited bidders, the authors further design the Double-Clock implementations of the GBTR auction mechanisms (DC-GBTR) that additionally satisfy Unconditional Winner Privacy (UWP) and Obvious Strategy-Proofness (OSP). A hybrid mechanism is further designed to enable the integration of mechanisms that could induce budget deficits and orchestrate different auctions by automatically selecting the proper one depending on market conditions while ensuring BB in expectation. Extensive experimental results highlight the merits of incorporating staggered sharing in auction design, shed light on how to choose among alternative auctions to cater to distinct market conditions, showcase the superiority and potential of hybridization, and deduce managerial insights from the perspectives of different stakeholders to facilitate the navigation of PPSS marketplaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:42:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2453857</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation-based policy evaluation of monetary car driving disincentives in Jerusalem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effectiveness of congestion charges and parking prices as monetary disincentives to reduce car traffic and alleviate congestion in highly demanded urban areas is investigated, focusing on Jerusalem's diverse and congested city center. A tailored MATSim agent-based simulation model was used to examine various payment scenarios and assess the congestion level impacts of entry charges to the city center. Entry charges directly influence the number of vehicles entering the area; parking prices mostly the dwell time. Implementing a moderate daily payment of €10, either as a combined charge or separately, resulted in a substantial 25% reduction in congestion and potentially a reduction of 7.5% to 30% of emissions in the city center. Parking pricing advantages are augmented as the charged area expands. Strategic implementation of these monetary tools can effectively allow cities to manage traffic congestion, reduce pollution, and encourage a shift to sustainable transportation modes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2024 10:31:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366352</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auction-based parking mechanisms considering withdrawal behaviors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Auction-based parking mechanisms (ABPM) have been recognized as promising solutions to the parking problem. As the operator of the ABPM, the parking platform should not only be well-operated to provide parking services for demanders in need but also maintain commercial viability for sustainable operations. Motivated by this, the authors propose three ABPMs, namely, the ABPM without withdrawal right, the ABPM with costless withdrawal right, and the ABPM with non-free withdrawal right. Particularly, the authors characterize the parking demanders' withdrawal behaviors in the ABPMs. This behavior is motivated by the demanders' negative utilities derived from the auction sequence, where the demanders will first submit bid prices and are then allowed to withdraw from the parking market after the announcement of auction results when they are aware of their true valuations. They derive the equilibrium bidding strategies and the platform's expected revenues under the above three mechanisms and compare them in terms of the analytical results. It has been found that the introduction of withdrawal right will stimulate demanders to raise their bids for winning and the ABPM with non-free withdrawal right generates the highest revenue under certain conditions. A case study of parking in Beijing Financial Street has been conducted to illustrate the findings and explore managerial implications, including adapting the ABPM with non-free withdrawal right, narrowing the parking supply-demand gap, and enhancing travel experiences on the way to parking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jan 2024 15:52:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315605</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Drivers’ Subjective Assessment of the Ease of Finding a Vacant Parking Space in an Area Equipped with Vehicle Detection Devices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2021692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growing traffic on city streets leads to traffic disruptions, lowering the level of road safety, as well as the problem of finding a vacant parking space. Drivers looking for a vacant parking space on the street generate so-called search traffic. Paid parking zones are introduced to increase the availability of parking spaces for more drivers in many cities around the world. The development in the technology and information sector has contributed to the development of systems guiding drivers to vacant parking spaces. This article aims to analyze drivers’ subjective assessment of the ease of finding a vacant parking space in an area equipped with vehicle detection devices. Data from the Municipal Roads Authority in Gliwice (Poland) were obtained for the study, covering the use of parking spaces in the paid parking zone covered by dynamic parking information. Moreover, a survey was conducted among users of the paid parking zone in Gliwice. The answers of the respondents were used to build a logit model that allows determining the probability of a driver’s positive subjective assessment of the ease of finding a vacant parking space in an area equipped with vehicle detection devices. The results from the model allow the characterization of drivers who positively assess the ease of finding a vacant parking space in the area equipped with vehicle detection devices. In addition, it is possible to reach a group of drivers who negatively assessed the ease of finding a vacant parking space to learn about the factors that may cause them to change their assessment to a positive one. The research results allow city authorities to better manage parking spaces equipped with vehicle detection devices in the paid parking zone. This may change the negative assessment of the ease of finding a vacant parking space into a positive one.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Sep 2022 11:24:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2021692</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of road and parking pricing on traffic congestion in the major shopping areas of regional cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987561</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over several decades, road authorities around the world have implemented road pricing to help reduce traffic congestion. Most implementations of pricing have been for Central Business Districts (CBD) of very large cities, which usually incorporate a range of retail and commercial activities. The research problems were the congestion resulting from shopping trips to the CBDs of regional cities, and the lack of research on regional cities, shopping behavioural knowledge in the case of road pricing and increasing parking pricing, and the price elasticity of shopping demand in regional contexts. The research objectives were to understand the reasons for traffic congestion in the CBDs of regional cities, to identify the key variables governing shopping activity in regional cities, and to investigate the effect of road pricing and increasing parking pricing on shopping trip congestion in regional cities’ CBDs. This thesis presents an investigation into the impacts of the introduction of road charges and increasing parking fees on shopping trips in the Central Business Districts of Australian regional cities. The research methodology started with choosing a typical regional city. The regional city of Toowoomba, Queensland. Australia was selected as a representative case study and demographic data obtained. A survey was designed to examine the predominant variables in shopping activity and to source views on any impact on consumer behaviour by the introduction of road pricing and increasing parking pricing. The results of the research study would be applicable in other Australian regional cities with similar demographics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2022 12:04:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987561</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A shift in urban mobility and parking? : exploring policies in relation to practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transport sector is associated with many environmental challenges, including carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Research indicate that CO2 emissions should decrease by at least 50 % per decade in order to be in line with the Paris Agreement, and the transport sector is highlighted as a particularly challenging sector. Sweden, which is the case study in this thesis, has a goal of reducing CO2 emissions from the transport sector with 70 % between 2010 and 2030. This target is, however, not likely to be met if current trends continue. New technology will probably not be enough to reach the target, and car ownership and car travel will probably also have to decrease. Furthermore, many households do not have access to cars, and do not benefit from policies that facilitate car use and car ownership. The purpose of this thesis is to critically analyse policy measures on parking and mobility in metropolitan areas in Sweden with the aim of being in line with the CO2 emission goals set by the Paris Agreement, as well as investigating how the aims of the Paris Agreement can be met with a backcasting study. All studied policy measures highlight the need to shift focus from physical infrastructure to accessibility. In each case, however, current practices and conditions render a transition more difficult.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 May 2022 17:07:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1948865</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research methodology for quantitative and qualitative parameters of parking space use</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An effective solution to the city’s transport problems is associated with a set of infrastructural measures that can compensate for the expansion of the road network. Paid parking in cities is a proven solution that has been used for several decades in various countries around the world. Now the cities of Russia are coming close to this approach. A simplified planning algorithm for paid urban parking spaces is considered in the article using the example of the city of Volgograd. The algorithm is presented in the form of a sequence of actions for the study of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the use of parking space in the central part of the city, as well as actions for drawing up conceptual proposals for the organization of parking space. Particular attention is paid to the block for collecting initial data on the parameters of the road network and information on the parameters of the use of parking spaces in order to form technically sound proposals for the creation of zones of paid parking spaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Dec 2021 11:07:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894064</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bundestestfeld PWC Gelbelsee in Bayern: einheitliches Prüfverfahren für Systeme zur flächenhaften Parkplatzbelegungserfassung auf Rastanlagen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1737650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Der zunehmende Güterverkehr auf deutschen Autobahnen führt zu einem steigenden Bedarf an Abstellmöglichkeiten für Lkw an BAB-Rastanlagen. Neben dem langfristigen Ausbau der Parkkapazitäten werden Potenziale zur Verbesserung der Lkw-Parksituation im Einsatz telematischer Parkleitsysteme gesehen. Ausgangspunkt für ein entsprechendes Parkleitsystem stellt eine effektive und zuverlässige Erfassung der Parkplatzbelegung dar. Bislang existiert kein Verfahren, um Systeme zur flächenhaften Erfassung der Parkplatzbelegung einheitlich und vergleichbar zu testen. Daher wurden in der Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgruppe "Lkw-PLS" zunächst funktionale Kriterien für ein Parkplatzdetektionssystem mit flächenhafter Erfassung aufgestellt. Im Rahmen des FE-Vorhabens 03.541/2015/ARB "Wissenschaftliche Begleitung des digitalen Testfelds auf der A 9 zwischen München und Nürnberg" wurde auf dem Bundestestfeld PWC Gelbelsee-West ein einheitliches Funktions- und Eignungsprüfungsverfahren zur Anwendung dieser Kriterien entwickelt, das im Beitrag vorgestellt wird. Damit ist eine einheitliche Prüfung von Systemen möglich, der sich Hersteller für zukünftige Ausschreibungen von Parkplatzdetektionssystemen an Bundesautobahnen (BAB) unterziehen sollen. Das Verfahren wurde einem Praxistest unterzogen und steht für entsprechende Anwendung durch qualifizierte Gutachter zur Verfügung. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Sep 2021 09:39:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1737650</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ganzheitliche Instandhaltungsplanung für Parkhäuser/Tiefgaragen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1722818</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Die einschlägigen Regelwerke, Hinweise und Leitlinien für Bau und Instandsetzung von Parkhäusern/Tiefgaragen fordern seit langem einen Instandhaltungsplan für die statisch relevanten Bauteile. Der Instandhaltungsplan soll einerseits dafür sorgen, dass Schädigungen aus dem alltäglichen Betrieb, Abnutzung/Verschleiß erkannt und im Anfangsstadium instandgesetzt werden. Damit reduzieren sich Folgeschäden und mithin hohe Instandsetzungskosten. Wenn ein Instandhaltungsplan für die statisch relevanten Bauteile erstellt wird, bietet es sich an, die daneben laufenden, notwendigen Maßnahmen bezüglich der technischen Gebäudeausstattung zu integrieren. Damit erhält der Bauherr nach jeder Inspektion eine komplette Dokumentation über seine Anlage sowie eine Auflistung der daraus resultierenden notwendigen Wartungs- und Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen. Zudem ist eine verlässliche Budgetplanung über den Nutzungszeitraum möglich. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Sep 2021 10:37:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1722818</guid>
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