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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Aligning transit provision with urban morphology: A diagnostic assessment of Porto and Cagliari</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728344</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit accessibility in cities is shaped not only by service provision but also by the extent to which transit networks align with the structural hierarchy of streets. This paper develops a reproducible, data-efficient framework that integrates angular segment analysis from Space Syntax, proximity-based transit catchments, and population-weighted exposure measures to assess how well transit stops correspond to high-integration corridors. Two indicators operationalise this assessment: the Gap Index, which identifies the share of population exposed to high-integration corridors lacking nearby transit service, and the Equity Ratio, which compares exposure levels across demographic groups. The framework is applied to Porto and Cagliari, two Mediterranean port cities that share comparable urban morphologies but exhibit contrasting mobility outcomes. Findings reveal a strong divergence. Porto demonstrates complete proximity coverage of its structurally high-integration corridors, indicating a close alignment between transit routing and the spatial configuration of the street network. However, Cagliari displays a pronounced proximity deficit, with a substantial share of high-integration corridors lying outside 300 m transit stop catchments. These results suggest that differences in accessibility between the two cities arise not from population distribution or morphological potential but from strategic choices in transit routing. The study shows how morphology-aware indicators can help planners detect accessibility gaps that conventional supply-side assessments overlook and highlights the value of integrating spatial configuration analysis into routine diagnostic practices. The proposed framework offers a transferable basis for monitoring alignment between street structure and transit provision, supporting more responsive and equitable mobility strategies in port-city contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2026 10:51:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728344</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Intermodal versus Monomodal Travellers: Evidence from a Comparative Study in Porto</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2718050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intermodality, i.e., the combination of more than one transport mode within a single trip, is increasingly being promoted as an alternative to car travel. However, empirical evidence on who adopts intermodal travel, how it differs from monomodal behaviour, and what motivates these choices in everyday contexts remains limited. The present study addresses this gap by systematically comparing intermodal and monomodal travellers in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, travel motivations, and observed travel behaviour through deploying a large-scale travel behaviour survey in the city of Porto, Portugal. The results reveal clear and consistent differences between intermodal and monomodal travellers. Intermodality is more prevalent among individuals aged over 23, those with higher education levels, and public transport pass holders, while monomodality is more common among younger travellers, retirees and larger households. Motivational factors play a central role: intermodality is strongly associated with public transport efficiency, higher service frequency, and the avoidance of car-related inconveniences such as congestion and parking difficulties. Safe and supportive walking and cycling infrastructure further facilitates intermodal travel by enabling effective first- and last-mile connections. At the trip level, intermodality is more likely for longer trips, commuting purposes, and trips involving bus, train or active modes. Overall, the findings highlight intermodality as a rational and context-dependent mobility strategy rather than a universal goal. The study offers policy-relevant insights for promoting intermodal travel through improved public transport performance, dedicated infrastructure for active modes, and reduced structural advantages for car-based travel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:56:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2718050</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Permanent unfitness for flight among cabin crew: Residual risk governance and the human consequences of preventive safety decisions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2768483</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Commercial aviation is a high-reliability sociotechnical system in which medical fitness constitutes a central mechanism of risk governance. Yet the human and organizational consequences of permanent unfitness decisions remain insufficiently integrated into dominant safety assessment models. This study examines permanent unfitness among cabin crew following occupational accidents as a post-decision governance problem in a safety–critical context. An interpretive, multilevel qualitative design was adopted, informed by a multiple case study approach. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted in Portugal with fifteen cabin crew members declared permanently unfit and nine specialist participants, including occupational physicians, aeromedical examiners, a regulatory authority representative, organizational and trade union representatives, and legal experts. Thematic analysis, supported by documentary and legal–regulatory triangulation, identified recurring patterns across micro, meso and macro levels. The findings suggest that the system ensures normative coherence and high operational safety standards. However, the management of the human consequences of unfitness decisions is marked by institutional fragmentation, weak follow-up, and frequent externalization of protection to trade unions and labor courts. In the analyzed cases, permanent unfitness emerged as a mechanism of social redistribution of risk, whereby the reduction of collective operational risk shifted identity-related, professional and socioeconomic costs onto affected workers, weakening perceived procedural justice, institutional legitimacy and organizational responsibility. The study conceptualizes permanent unfitness as a sociotechnical governance problem of residual risk, showing how preventive safety decisions may redistribute human, professional and institutional burdens beyond the operational perimeter. It further proposes post-decision continuity as a neglected dimension of SMS maturity in safety–critical contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2026 15:55:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2768483</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of telework on the intention to change residential location: A post-pandemic analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Telework, accelerated by COVID-19, is expected to continue as a key factor shaping work practices and urban dynamics. Given its traditional association with suburban living, understanding how telework influences residential relocation intentions can provide valuable policy insights. This study examines the impact of post-pandemic telework adoption on intentions to change residence in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). A Structural Equation Model (SEM) is used.Results indicate that neither telework frequency nor telework attitudes significantly influence the intention to change residence, implying no evidence that telework impacts residential relocation behavior. Nevertheless, the socioeconomic and housing exogenous variables such as dwelling typologies, tenancy status, age and tenure period exert a stronger influence on the intention to change residence.The findings further reveal that individuals with longer tenure periods, renters, and higher household income earners are likely to reside in more urban centers and tend to change their residential locations due to dissatisfaction with the street space qualities surrounding their residences. The direction of movement is likely towards suburban areas, potentially leading to urban sprawl.Moreover, dissatisfaction with street space environment appears to discourage moving to a more central urban area, even for individuals with lower accessibility satisfaction and facing long commutes, unless the quality of street environment is improved, underscoring the critical role of street environment in reducing urban sprawl. These findings are relevant to urban planners, transport planners and policy makers emphasizing the importance of improving street space environments, expanding accessibility, and aligning land use and transport strategies to support balanced urban development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2026 16:33:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2728281</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of active mobility and active aging: Insights on green street design and age-friendly policies in Portugal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The green city approach has been an emergent trend, especially given the urgency of mitigating climate change. Simultaneously, active aging policies have been advocating a safe barrier-free public space for older people. It is paramount to bridge the knowledge gap between the planning of active mobility and green streets as a response to climate change mitigation policies and the active aging and age-friendly framework. Thus, the authors aim to analyze: i) how active mobility and active aging policies evolved in Portugal, and ii) how active aging and older people as users were considered in the active mobility policy implementation and the green streets design in Portugal. The authors concluded that the active mobility policies in Portugal were driven by climate agreements, but that Lisbon began autonomously to implement its green streets network mainly from 2016 to 2017, even in the absence of a congruent national strategy. Despite this, the context of the older people was only tenuously considered in the design of these initiatives. Climate mitigation programs and green streets projects are currently not fully equipped to address the needs of older people. Moreover, the planning of programs and urban infrastructure in a truly age-friendly manner is still lacking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 10:59:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742277</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The role of the National Republican Guard as a preventive element against crime in the railway environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698429</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The railway constitutes essential infrastructure for mobility, making it imperative to ensure passenger safety. Within this context, crime in the railway environment presents specific characteristics that must be considered in the approach taken by the Portuguese Security Force, specifically the National Republican Guard. This study analyzed the National Republican Guard’s role in preventing crime in the railway system. It used a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive approach, with documentary analysis, participant observation, and 28 semi-structured interviews. The study identified the most frequent types of crimes in railway environments: thefts or robberies targeting passengers or infrastructure, and vandalism, including graffiti. The National Republican Guard patrols stations and trains, conducts inspections, participates in international operations coordinated by the European Association of Railway Police Forces, and works closely with railway operators through information sharing and joint infrastructure improvements. However, the study identified several operational limitations: limited specialized training for personnel to respond to railway-specific incidents; inefficient communication with operators, which hinders timely resolution; and resource allocation that can restrict coverage of isolated or high-risk areas. Nevertheless, stakeholders and passengers widely value the National Republican Guard’s presence, as it significantly boosts perceptions of safety. It was concluded that the National Republican Guard predominantly employs situational crime prevention strategies, primarily aimed at reducing opportunities for crime.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 2026 08:34:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2698429</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation to predict the behaviour of a new seaport gate: An application in the Sines container terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2730301</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With rapid technological changes and globalized supply chains, intelligent and adaptable logistics systems are crucial, particularly at seaports. Container terminals face increasing volumes and demands, leading to potential truck congestion and long queues. Automation offers a solution by optimizing port performance and adapting to dynamic conditions, though port digitalization is complex due to diverse stakeholders and information flows. This work is part of the digital transformation of the Port of Sines - Portugal, specifically in the Smart Gate concept context. For this purpose, the Port of Sines Administration, together with other partners, has established the prerequisite of a pre-gate, which is currently being analysed from the point of view of its processes, the technologies to be included and the information models to be supported. This work aims to dynamically analyse the pre-gate model by testing different scenarios to propose improvements to the inherent processes using simulation. The study culminated in a discrete-event simulation model with Anylogic software to predict pre-gate behaviour and foresee potential issues. By testing various scenarios and evaluating their effects on key performance indicators, this model supports the continuous improvement of pre-gate processes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 16:48:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2730301</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the Interplay Between Telework, E-Shopping and Residential Preferences: A Mixed-Methods Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713849</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped daily life, making telework and e-shopping central to work and consumption patterns. This study examines their interplay with residential preferences using a mixed-methods approach, where insights from 30 interviews (June–July 2022) informed the design and interpretation of a survey of 1,900 individuals (Oct 2023–Jan 2024) in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal). Telecommuters report higher satisfaction mainly due to improved work–life balance and time and cost savings, with 41.6% wishing to telework more often. Among e-shoppers, teleworkers engage more frequently in online grocery purchases and meal deliveries than non-teleworkers. Those considering relocation are less satisfied with proximity to family, friends, and schools. A suburban house is preferred by 42.1% of respondents, reflecting valued attributes such as easy parking, car accessibility, green spaces, privacy, and quietness. These results also support interview insights that suburban relocation may increase motorized travel due to the importance placed on parking and car accessibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 09:26:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713849</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Correlation Analysis Framework Based on Spatial Traffic Characteristics and Modified Multi-observational Eccentric Domain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study introduces a correlation analysis framework that integrates modified multi-observational eccentric ship domain parameters with maritime traffic spatial characteristics. The extracted traffic information, comprising average ship speed, speed dispersion, acceleration degree, route overlaps, and angular deviations, is further analysed using the Getis-Ord Gi* local statistics to identify statistically significant hotspots. Subsequently, Cumulative Distribution Function characteristics are employed to construct target domains based on the Gaussian distribution of the own ship’s surrounding records. In the modified determination of fitted domain geometric parameters, the degree of target domain rotation is quantified in the given geographical cell. Correlation analysis between maritime traffic spatial features and ship-domain parameters around coastal Portugal reveals that domain parameters of different vessels exhibit consistent variation within the corresponding geographical cell, whereas the correlated maritime traffic spatial features differ across ship types. The fitted results demonstrated that the improved multi-observation eccentric domain model effectively captured the domain rotation characteristics. Moreover, region-segmentation-based domain modelling provided more objective and insightful representations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 09:23:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697277</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>School Commuting in Lisbon: Exploratory Research on Active and Public Transportation Choices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the past decades, there has been a significant growth in awareness related to the impacts of school commuting in metropolitan areas. The use of public transport and the promotion of active transportation choices among educational communities are key issues for the development of sustainable and efficient cities. This paper explores multiple factors, which range from the socioeconomic sphere to the built environment and safety around schools and also includes variables such as the proximity of the school to public transport stations/stops, the school grade and the school type (i.e., public or private schools). This paper aims to study how all these factors influence two different school commuting choices in Lisbon, Portugal: (1) the choice between active versus motorised travel modes and (2) the choice between public versus private transport modes. The Hands Up survey database, which includes 10 different modes for school commuting, was analysed to estimate binomial logistic regression models. The results suggest that school commuting independence happens at younger ages for public school students than for private school students and that a higher socioeconomic status has a negative impact regarding the use of public transport and active commuting to school. The planning of the public transport network is also pivotal since the close proximity of stations/stops of certain commuting modes discourages active commuting to school.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2026 11:07:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736572</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measuring spatial accessibility to healthcare services for older adults: a case study for the Lisbon Metropolitan Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aging population poses a challenge to the provision of healthcare worldwide. By 2050, older people are expected to outnumber younger individuals, leading to an increase in demand for healthcare services due to chronic diseases. This study sought to examine the level of pedestrian accessibility of different age groups (65–69, 70–74, and 75 + years old) to primary healthcare centers in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). An integrated Floating Catchment Area (iFCA) approach was performed in GIS, considering a variable distance decay function and the spatial distribution of the population and health centers in the LMA. The results revealed that the municipality of Setúbal has the highest accessibility level in the LMA, while Loures has the lowest. Despite having a substantial number of healthcare units, the city of Lisbon also has a low accessibility level. Future work could incorporate public.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2026 16:34:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From stakeholder requirements to action: application of Quality Function Deployment and maturity scales for Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) are increasingly required across Europe, yet their implementation and monitoring practices remain highly uneven, limiting accountability and peer learning. This paper proposes a process-oriented assessment and decision-support toolkit that benchmarks how SUMPs are developed and monitored—rather than comparing plans as documents. We combine a comparative review of eight SUMPs (including Portuguese and other European urban nodes) with practitioner evidence from semi-structured interviews and a survey. Stakeholder requirements are translated into operational objectives and linked to candidate policy actions through a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) House of Quality, enabling explicit prioritisation and the identification of synergies and trade-offs across measures. Results indicate that cities consistently prioritise public transport accessibility, intermodality, and active mobility, while recurring bottlenecks relate to governance fragmentation, limited internal capacity, and weak, non-standardized monitoring arrangements. To address these gaps, we develop a six-level (A–F) SUMP maturity model with measurement scales covering key elaboration and monitoring capabilities (e.g., data adequacy, transparency, inter-institutional integration, and evidence-based decision-making). The combined QFD–maturity approach supports more actionable plan design, clearer monitoring requirements, and faster learning across cities under evolving European reporting expectations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jul 2026 09:07:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2725130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mobility patterns of shared and own e-bikes and e-scooters in Iberian cities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688656</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, we examine the socio-demographic, behavioral, and spatial patterns of e-bike and e-scooter use in Lisbon (Portugal) and Madrid (Spain), focusing on both shared and privately owned modes. Based on a survey of 873 users (475 from Lisbon and 398 from Madrid), we apply chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests to analyze user profiles, travel frequency, duration, motivations and substituted transport modes. Spatial dynamics are further explored through Kernel Density Estimation, Hotspot Analysis, and Geographically Weighted Regression models. Our results reveal that private micromobility use is associated with older, higher-income, and predominantly male users making longer and more frequent trips - often replacing car travel - while shared modes are used more sporadically and primarily replace public transport or walking. Spatially, shared trips cluster around city centers and transport hubs, whereas private trips extend into peripheral areas. Cycle infrastructure, population density, and terrain emerged as key drivers of spatial patterns. These findings highlight the importance of differentiating between shared and private micromobility in transport policy and planning, particularly regarding infrastructure equity and modal integration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 13:31:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2688656</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Are Shared e-Bikes Disruptive of Established Shared e-Scooter Services? A Case Study of Braga, Portugal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Free-floating shared micromobility services have been present in cities all around the world, however little is still known about the interaction between shared e-bikes and e-scooters. In the last few years shared e-scooters have experienced rapid growth worldwide, which, in some cities, jeopardizes the usage of shared e-bike services. Thus, this research work aims to explore if free-floating shared e-bikes can disrupt the usage of established e-scooter services. A case study in the city of Braga, north of Portugal, is developed from September of 2022 until May of 2023 in order to allow the comparison and contrast of the trips made by each micromobility mode, travel time, main origin and destinations of trips, as well as trip characteristics (e.g., vehicle rotation, the total number of trips per micromobility mode, total distance traveled). Results show that shared e-bikes and e-scooters are only used within city boundaries, and most of the trips originated in the parish where population density is higher. In Braga, riders prefer e-scooters when using a shared micro vehicle, since more than 98% of the trips made in the period studied were made by this mode. Also, shared e-scooters traveled more than 260,000 km in these nine months, while only 2,400 km were traveled in e-bikes. In short, Braga has experienced a rapid establishment of shared e-scooters instead of shared e-bikes, it can be due to the fact that trips on e-scooters are seen to be fun, pleasant, and quicker by riders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580128</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparing Random Forests and Multinomial Logit Models for Urban Travel Mode Choice Under Innovative Traffic Management Strategies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the factors affecting travel mode choices upon the implementation of two innovative Traffic Management Strategies in an urban setting, namely a Transit Signal Priority system and a Congestion Pricing scheme. To gather the necessary data, a stated preferences survey was conducted in three major European cities: Athens (Greece), Lisbon (Portugal), and Manchester (United Kingdom), aimed at the elicitation of individuals’ preferences when selecting travel modes. The collected data from each city were used to develop and calibrate multiple mode choice models, including econometric Discrete Choice (DC) models such as the Multinomial Logit (MNL), as well as state-of-the-art Machine Learning models like the Random Forest (RF) classifiers. Through the evaluation and comparison of the models’ results, we present an analysis of the factors influencing mode choice and we highlight the similarities and differences in the performance and interpretation of parametric and non-parametric models. The findings from this study can inform the development of sustainable transportation systems and contribute to more efficient decision-making processes in urban mobility management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671810</guid>
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