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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Digital transformation strategy of port supply chain: a stochastic evolutionary game method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633386</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With rapid global economic development, port enterprises play increasingly critical roles in supply chain management. Digital transformation has emerged as pivotal for enhancing operational efficiency, reducing costs, and optimizing service quality. While the significance of digital transformation in port supply chains is widely acknowledged, stakeholders’ strategic choices and interaction mechanisms during transformation remain insufficiently studied. Addressing this research gap, this paper employs stochastic evolutionary game theory to construct a three-party game model involving port operators, shipping companies, and logistics firms. By incorporating Gaussian white noise, the study investigates stakeholders’ digital transformation behavior evolution under external random disturbances. Key findings reveal: First, increased random disturbance intensity magnifies decision-making fluctuations and extends system stabilization time. Second, digital transformation exhibits synergistic transmission effects, with port operators’ digitalization efforts playing the most significant driving role. Third, digital efficiency improvement and synergy benefit coefficients exert positive but threshold-based incentive effects on transformation decisions. Finally, increased non-digitalized supply chain losses accelerate port operators’ and shipping companies’ transformations, while logistics firms display delayed and then rapid evolution patterns. This study provides fresh perspectives on stakeholder game behaviors in port supply chain digital transformation and offers valuable theoretical guidance for effective digital transformation policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 14:31:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633386</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>In the eye of a geopolitical storm: responses of port management bodies to investment screening in the EU</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606327</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ports are strategic nodes in trade & supply chain logistics, energy generation, storage & transport, industry activity, and socio-economic impact, and  have long been considered critical infrastructures. They are also capital-intensive and benefit significantly from the influx of substantial foreign direct and equity investments. For this reason, ports feature prominently in new and amended investment screening mechanisms (ISMs) that allow EU governments to screen and potentially block foreign direct investment (FDI) on grounds of security or public order. We compare the involvement of Port Management Bodies (PMB) in the political process leading up to domestic and EU regulation on investment screening and analyse how PMBs manage their concession processes in response to changing legislation. Despite the current general rise in geopolitical tensions in international economic relations and similar exposure to incoming state-led Chinese FDI, we find that investment screening in ports varies significantly across the EU, and Port Management Bodies (PMBs) respond differently to government investment screening. We show that existing port governance structures work to mediate PMB responses to FDI screening, in particular as a result of their degree of decisional and financial autonomy: Centralized ‘Latin’ port management bodies are more likely to internalize investment screening, while city-controlled and/or more decentralized ‘Hanse’ PMBs tackle it as a new and external element to their investment decision processes. We elaborate on these differences in great detail in a multiple case study setup involving the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority in Italy, the Port of Antwerp-Bruges in Belgium, Hamburg Port Authority in Germany, and Port of Rotterdam Authority in the Netherlands. While all European PMBs find themselves caught in the relative quiet of the eye of a geopolitical storm, all of them may well have to brace for coming headwinds when government screening authorities are tasked to intervene.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606327</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A novel data-driven risk assessment framework for improved inspection efficiency of port state control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601827</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate risk assessment of visiting vessels is of crucial importance for Port State Control (PSC) to ensure a highly-efficient inspection system. Although significant efforts are put forward, the inspection efficiency of PSC system still have large room for improvement, evident by deficiency records in major Memorandum of Understandings (MoUs). The ignorance of characteristics of deficiency types, as well as the lack of simultaneous consideration of probability and consequence, are among important factors making the assessment results unreliable. This research aims to develop a novel data-driven Bayesian network-based risk assessment framework to assist port authorities in assessing vessel risks accurately and selecting high-risk vessels for inspection efficiently. It makes new contributions by employing the new framework to investigate coastal ports located in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) for the first time. The findings reveal that the proposed risk assessment framework is a better risk classification tool and can deliver more precise results than the current ship risk profile. It is able to not only calculate the exact risk scores of visiting vessels, but more importantly distinguish their risks clearly even they are under similar conditions. Further, an improved vessel selection strategy is proposed for port authorities to ensure the accurate selection of high-risk vessels for inspection with limited resources and low costs dynamically, which is of great significance in better controlling substandard vessels with poor quality. This paper therefore provides insightful implications for practitioners to craft a highly-efficient inspection system, as well as develop a safer and more sustainable maritime transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 17:07:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601827</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>“Does bigger mean slower?” Investigating the relationship between vessel characteristics and turnaround time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592014</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the relationship between vessel characteristics, specifically vessel type (VT), vessel size (VS), and vessel turnaround time (VTT). By analyzing data from 173 vessels that called at Chittagong Port, this study employs nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunnett T3 post-hoc tests to examine the impact of VT and VS on VTT. The results reveal significant differences in VTT across different vessel types and sizes. These findings suggest that VT and VS are critical factors influencing VTT, providing a novel theoretical framework for analyzing port performance. The study proposes that port authorities should consider vessel characteristics when formulating policies and allocating resources to ensure overall port efficiency. The proposed framework offers a valuable tool for future research and practical applications in port management, facilitating informed decision-making to enhance port efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 08:34:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592014</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Port Reform Toolkit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This third edition of the Port Reform Toolkit deals with long-lasting issues and addresses a multitude of new challenges that the port sector has faced more recently. It represents an enhanced toolbox for policymakers and industry professionals to manage port reform and improvement processes effectively. While continuing to cover traditional private sector participation, this newest edition also explores groundbreaking trends that will influence ports in the coming decades. As such, the Toolkit enables policymakers and industry professionals to: (1) Identify trends in the port sector to stay in tune with potential investment needs. (2) Manage change processes in a structured manner to secure stakeholder buy-in and maintain the social license to operate. (3) Balance efficiency and equity to reconcile public and private sector interests for economic growth and job creation. (4) Share risk effectively to facilitate private sector involvement, utilize financial resources prudently, and manage fiscal space responsibly. (5) Promote sustainable development to reduce the potentially negative impact of port infrastructure and operations developments on the natural and built environment in and around port limits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Sep 2025 17:05:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594027</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing operational efficiency and promoting best practices in the maritime industry: A decision support model for port authority performance evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573437</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Port authorities are responsible for ensuring the successful execution of port operations and managing activities in compliance with international standards. The operational success of port authorities enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of port utilization. The primary objective of this study is to develop a decision support system for assessing the operational performance of port authorities. In this paper, the continuous Pythagorean fuzzy (CPF)-modified preference selection index (MPSI)-ranking technique by geometric mean of similarity ratio to optimal solution (RATGOS) hybrid method is proposed as the decision support system. This hybrid method employs CPF sets to determine expert weights based on both expertise levels and risk-taking tendencies. The weighting of operational performance criteria follows a dual approach, integrating subjective and objective methods. Subjective criteria weighting is conducted using CPF sets and expert evaluations, while objective criteria weighting is determined through the MPSI method. The operational performance levels and rankings of port authorities are then assessed using the RATGOS method. The CPF-MPSI-RATGOS hybrid method is applied in a case study of local port authorities (LPAs) managing container ports in Türkiye, using operational performance data and expert evaluations gathered through face-to-face interviews with qualified professionals possessing the necessary expertise to assess port authority performance. The findings indicate that “Ordino document submission time” is the most critical criterion in determining the operational performance levels of LPAs. Istanbul LPA is identified as the highest-performing authority in terms of operational efficiency. Based on the research outcomes, implications for LPAs and the maritime industry are proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Aug 2025 17:11:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573437</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Impact of Port Recentralization on Efficiency of Chinese Coastal Listed Port Companies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582695</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Port governance has had a substantial impact on port operations. China launched the port-recentralization reform in 2015 to better allocate resources and improve efficiency. This was a reverse reform of port decentralization, and it is of great practical significance to assess its impact. This study empirically examines how port-governance recentralization affects port efficiency from the perspective of enterprise operation of listed port companies from 2010 to 2022. Using the super-efficiency slacks-based measure for efficiency analysis and the Tobit model for impact analysis, and decomposing the overall technical efficiency (TE) into pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE), it is found that: 1) the average values of TE, PTE, and SE first decreased and then increased, supporting the 2015 reform to some extent; 2) the establishment of provincial port groups (PPGs) increased PTE, but the changes in TE and SE were small; 3) the changes in corporate structure did not improve TE and PTE, but reduced SE. Because of the offsetting improvement in PTE and decrease in SE, port recentralization may not always increase overall efficiency. This study contributes by empirically revealing the complex micro-level effects of port-recentralization reform. It offers decision-making insights for port managers and related enterprises to maximize the positive effects of port reform on management and technology, while minimizing its negative effects on returns to scale.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 16:33:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582695</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prioritizing port resilience drivers and strategies: a case study of Chilean ports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disruptive events increasingly challenge global port operations and infrastructure, emphasizing the need for robust resilience plans to maintain operational continuity during crises. Designing effective resilience strategies in port operations involves prioritizing key drivers and strategies by establishing a hierarchical structure and analyzing their systemic interactions. This paper proposes a methodology to prioritize resilience drivers with its strategies by considering multiple key port stakeholders. This approach aims to create a roadmap for implementing these drivers, providing ports with a comprehensive tool for planning and executing resilience strategies. The methodology integrates the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) with Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). To illustrate its development, a case study focusing on two primary stakeholders, terminals and port authorities, in the Chilean port context is presented. The findings reveal that the main resilience strategies in Chilean ports include remote access to information by port authorities, alternative transport modes for port access and exit, rescheduling dispatches and cargo reception by port terminals, communication and call chains of the port authority, and remote access to information by port terminals. These results offer practical implications for port operations, providing clear guidance for implementing resilience strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Jul 2025 09:03:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569506</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of private investment on landlord port authorities’ cost efficiency: The Spanish case</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines the impact of private investments in port facilities and equipment on the cost efficiency of Spanish port authorities operating under the landlord model. Using panel data from 26 Spanish port authorities between 2001 and 2018, the authors estimate a short-run variable cost frontier based on Wang’s (2002) normal-truncated normal stochastic frontier model. This method allows the cost inefficiency component to depend on exogenous covariates, including private investment, traffic concentration, and port reforms. The findings indicate that higher private investment and traffic concentration are associated with lower cost inefficiency. However, the efficiency gains from private investment have diminished since the enactment of Law 33/2010, with diminishing marginal returns at higher investment levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jun 2025 16:33:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effective Port Project Funding and Financing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559395</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Commercial ports continually invest in infrastructure and technologies to provide future capacity, to efficiently integrate landside connections, and to meet the societal needs of the wider community. Port owners have emphasized the need for a resource that can assist them as they prepare plans, evaluate the feasibility of their plans, and estimate the financial performance of their projects to attract public and private investment. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the contents of the Port Planning & Investment Toolkit (PP&IT), a guiding resource for ports that are developing a funding/financing strategy for capital improvements. This paper focuses on how to use the toolkit and how awareness and knowledge of the PP&IT within the port community can benefit a Port’s chances of funding and/or financing a capital investment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jun 2025 09:20:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559395</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Terminal Island Maritime Support Facility: A New Container Terminal at the Port of Los Angeles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559369</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project will develop an 80-acre technologically advanced terminal as part of a 200-million-dollar expansion project. This development will allow multiple operators to use the site to alleviate possible supply issues dealing with the storage of containers or truck chassis. This project will allow the Port of Los Angeles (POLA) to continue to expand and remain the largest container port in the United States. One of the challenges faced is that this project does not currently have an operator(s) agreement(s) and could potentially have up to four operators working on site. This will require significant collaboration with POLA, design team, and prospective tenants in order to create a site that can be used to its full potential. The new container terminal is a substantial facility designed to handle large volumes of containerized cargo, with the infrastructure and technology to support efficient operations and future growth in global trade.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 11:58:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2559369</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Green strategies in ports: a stakeholder management perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519205</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper delves into the intricate relationship between green strategies and stakeholder management within the port industry. We employ a robust conceptual framework and a tailored methodology, encompassing all sixteen Italian Port Management Bodies and analysing 344 related green strategies. A unique indirect approach is introduced to identify the primary stakeholders targeted by these strategies. The research identifies three primary categories of green strategies: energy efficiency, electric supply infrastructure development, and renewable energy promotion. These strategies align with increasing environmental expectations and stricter regulations. Terminal operators and local communities emerge as primary stakeholder groups, underscoring their growing influence in port management decisions. This research bridges a substantial gap in the academic literature by shedding light on the benefits of green strategies for the principal port stakeholders and the pivotal role of these strategies for stakeholder management in ports. Port managers can leverage these insights to make informed strategic decisions, strengthen their corporate social responsibility initiatives, and better address environmental concerns while meeting stakeholder expectations. Furthermore, the paper offers valuable guidance to policymakers aiming to stimulate additional investments in environmental sustainability, thereby meeting the expectations of port stakeholders and enhancing port competitiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Apr 2025 09:22:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519205</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Summary of Opinions Regarding the Barriers to Preserving and Protecting Ports and Long-term Resilience</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528388</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This summary report outlines a Request for Information (RFI) in the Federal Register, submitted by the  Committee on the Marine Transportation System (CMTS), seeking information from public and private stakeholders regarding what types of tools --planning guidance, documents, datasets, and federal funding opportunities -- are being utilized in port resilience planning for changing physical and environmental conditions. The goal was to quantify the current state of port resilience planning so that CMTS member agencies could better assess what steps to take to close information gaps and address challenges to port resilience. Responses included the importance and need of sea-level predictions, heat indexes, more localized datasets, grant application extensions, and additional outreach on governmental planning documents. This summary also includes potential action items the CMTS Resilience Integrated Action Team (RIAT) may take to address these stakeholder needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Mar 2025 08:53:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528388</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>More claims than land: Multi-facetted land use challenges in the port-city interface</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519453</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Port areas in densely urbanized areas are locations where the lack of development space increasingly limits growth possibilities, and competition for space between stakeholders with diverging interests and land use claims intensifies. The aim of the authors' paper is to enrich the scientific discourse on the port-city interface by arguing for a more multi-facetted understanding of the port-city interface beyond arguments of economic efficiency, and what this implies for how land use conflicts materialize and are dissolved. Based on quantitative data they have analyzed the characteristics of the land use conflicts in two case study areas (the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam in the Netherlands) in more detail. Furthermore, wthey developed a framework that could contribute to mitigating the effects of the land use conflicts, and have qualitatively explored this through an analysis of port visions and annual reports of the port authorities. The findings suggest that, even though the net claims do not yet outnumber the available land, the cumulative effects of these diverging interests do, which suggests that the battle for space is about to intensify as there are more claims than land.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2025 16:58:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519453</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Uncovering the multiplex network of global container shipping: Insights from shipping companies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425981</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shipping companies are key drivers of maritime trade and crucial in the development of container shipping networks. Each company's strategy shapes differences in port services and shipping routes, creating a complex and interconnected global container shipping network that is difficult to analyze using single-layer or aggregated models. This paper introduces a novel multiplex network modeling approach that leverages a very large set of AIS data and applies a series of structural indices to reveal the unique characteristics and multiple key roles of various shipping company networks. By applying methods such as overlap ratio analysis, HITS analysis, and community detection, the study identifies differences in overlap between ports and routes, hub and authority properties of individual ports, as well as local and regional patterns within the global network. Furthermore, it examines structural differences between the multiplex network, the aggregated network, and individual layers, highlighting the importance of multiplex container networks in understanding ports' roles on both regional and global scales. The findings clarify how different shipping companies shape shipping network patterns, enhance the multiplex network's functional roles, and provide a better understanding of the complex structure of the Global Container Shipping Network (GCSN). Finally, it provides authorities with valuable insights on how to better understand maritime shipping networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2024 09:33:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2425981</guid>
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