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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>A hybrid MCDM approach for optimizing fuel consumption and mitigating air pollution in shipping: A case study using DEMATEL and ANP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666636</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fuel consumption represents a pivotal factor in determining operational costs within maritime transportation, with direct implications for energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, and air pollution. This study aims to identify and evaluate the key determinants influencing fuel consumption, with the objective of optimizing these factors to enhance overall energy efficiency. A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methodology was employed to systematically rank and prioritize the most significant criteria impacting fuel efficiency. The findings of the study indicate that compliance with sea conditions, optimal ship speed and the expertise of shipmasters (C3.2) are the most influential factors, followed by voyage planning that accounts for sea and weather conditions (C3.7). These results emphasize the critical role of operational strategies and the decision-making capabilities of personnel in minimizing fuel consumption. Moreover, the study identifies the significant contribution of maintenance practices, adherence to regulatory frameworks and environmental factors in shaping fuel efficiency outcomes. Quantitative analyses confirm that the implementation of energy-efficient practices can result in substantial cost savings and reductions in emissions. However, the achievement of stringent emission reduction targets may impose financial burdens on shipping companies, necessitating significant investments in fuel-efficient technologies and operational optimizations. Future research should focus on longitudinal voyage analyses, incorporating larger sample sizes and the development of mathematical models that align with the CO2 reduction targets set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for the years 2015, 2020, 2025, and 2030. This research provides valuable insights for maritime industry stakeholders and contributes to ongoing policy discussions, advocating for the establishment of standardized fuel consumption management practices that promote a more sustainable and economically efficient future for the shipping industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 17:03:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666636</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>2025 Report from the European Commission on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Maritime Transport: Commission Staff Working Document</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2700536</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is the seventh report on GHG emissions from ships entering and leaving ports in the European Economic Area (EEA), collected under the EU MRV Maritime Regulation. This Regulation requires shipping companies to monitor during the reporting period key indicators such as GHG emissions, fuel consumption and other relevant information. This data is then checked by independent verifiers accredited by national accreditation bodies. Shipping companies have an obligation to report relevant data once satisfactorily verified through the dedicated IT system, THETIS-MRV . The Commission subsequently publishes the verified data and analyses main trends in the form of an annual report. The currently available set of MRV data is contributing to an enhanced understanding of the GHG emissions originating from the maritime transport sector. The published raw data represents a valuable asset to research organisations, public authorities, and other market actors for analyses and studies on the maritime transport sector and its energy and environmental performance. This data is important to support policy discussions and to support the implementation and track the effectiveness of climate policies. In addition, it constitutes an important input for the sector in order to take more effective and efficient climate measures. The main objective of this report is to examine trends in emissions and energy efficiency characteristics over the seven available reporting cycles since the entry into force of the EU MRV Maritime Regulation. This report is based on data from the EU MRV system over the period 2018-2024. The monitoring, reporting, and verification obligations apply since 2018 to ships above 5 000 gross tonnage (GT) while travelling to or from an EEA port to transport goods or passengers for commercial purposes. The Regulation is flag-neutral, which means that ships must monitor and report their emissions regardless of their flag.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2026 16:57:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2700536</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Compact 15-minute cities exhibit lower carbon intensity in urban transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 15-minute city concept, which advocates cities where essential services are accessible within a 15-minute walk or bike ride, has gained significant attention in recent years. However, despite being celebrated for promoting sustainability, large-scale empirical evaluations of the effectiveness of the 15-minute concept in reducing emissions remain limited. To address this gap, we investigate whether cities with better walking accessibility to services, such as 15-minute cities, are associated with lower transportation emissions. Analysing 662 cities worldwide, we find that cities with better walking accessibility to services emit less CO₂ per capita for transport. An increase of 10 percentage points in the share of residents living in 15-minute accessible areas is associated with an approximate 5% reduction in transport-related CO₂ emissions per capita. Moreover, among cities with similar levels of accessibility, those covering larger areas and exhibiting lower population densities tend to emit more. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of decentralised urban planning, especially the proximity-based 15-minute city, in promoting sustainable mobility. At the same time, our results also emphasise the need to integrate local accessibility with urban compactness - both in terms of population density and of urbanised area - to support sustainable mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 10:04:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Stormwater Quality Using Micropolypropylene Fiber–Reinforced Pervious Concrete as Pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the effectiveness of pervious concrete (PC) for stormwater treatment and examines how the addition of micropolypropylene fiber (MPPF) influences the mechanical and environmental properties of PC. The data reveal that PC effectively improves stormwater quality, with the highest pollutant removal observed in mix MI6, achieving a 18.3% removal of total dissolved solids, 69.0% of turbidity, 70.1% of total suspended solids, and 80.1% of organic matter. Pervious concrete also shows high permeability, ranging from 3.34 to 7.97  mm/s across different mixes, making it well-suited for managing extreme rainfall events. Mechanical tests demonstrate that a 0.15% MPPF content enhances compressive strength by up to 2.2%, tensile strength by 15.2%, and flexural strength by 17.3% at 28 days. Meanwhile, a 0.25% MPPF content slightly decreases compressive strength by 1.7%, but significantly improves tensile and flexural strengths by up to 8.3% and 8.5%, respectively. Additionally, MPPF content enhances the infiltration rate and contamination removal efficiency of PC. These findings underscore the effectiveness of PC in stormwater management and highlight the notable impact of MPPF in enhancing PC’s permeability, strength, and durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 14:55:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electric Vessels and Wind-Assisted Propulsion Systems - Opportunities for the EU Maritime Industry and Value Chain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2702864</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is the outcome of the project SR 21: Opportunities of the Green Transition for the EU Maritime Industry and Value Chain, commissioned by the European Commission and delivered by Ricardo. The study aims to analyse and illustrate the economic and environmental impacts and opportunities of electric ferry/RoPax and wind assistance propulsion system (WAPS) technologies for the EU maritime industry, focusing on specific areas with significant benefits in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mitigation and maritime reindustrialisation potential. The study identifies opportunities based on an assessment of market developments, the policy landscape, and technical requirements that deployed desk research, industry expert interviews, data analysis, and modelling. The presented insights may inform policy-making and business decisions alike, incentivising the development of strategies to attract public and private investments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:03:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2702864</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the Improved B07-Type Prestressed Concrete Sleeper with Emphasis on Sustainability and Cost Efficiency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Prestressed concrete sleepers are critical components of railway superstructures, designed to transfer wheel loads safely to the ballast layer. The strength of sleepers generally exceeds the minimum requirements defined by international standards. Given the large number of sleepers produced annually, improving their design offers substantial potential for cost savings and reductions in associated carbon dioxide emissions. This study presents a cost- and sustainability-oriented improvement of the B07-type prestressed concrete sleeper, supported by detailed numerical modeling and experimental validation. A three-dimensional finite-element model was developed and verified against full-scale test results. A computationally efficient quarter model was employed by leveraging the geometric symmetry of the sleeper. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted by varying key design parameters, including the concrete compressive strength, prestressing bar diameter and location, and prestress level. Based on the parametric analysis results, an improved design configuration is proposed that achieves comparable structural performance while reducing material usage. The resulting design offers an estimated 5% reduction in material costs and almost 10% reduction in carbon emissions, contributing to both economic and environmental sustainability in sleeper production. This study once again demonstrates that sustainability begins in the design phase, and decisions made early in the process can yield significant savings in both emissions and costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2026 09:03:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2707938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Green aviation practices in Singapore and Malaysia: A two-country exploratory policy analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study offers a comparative analysis of aviation decarbonization strategies in Singapore and Malaysia, focusing on their distinct policy approaches to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. These two nations are the only ASEAN members to have launched dedicated national aviation decarbonization blueprints. Using a Theory of Change (TOC) framework and text mining, the research examines the Singapore Sustainable Air Hub Blueprint and Malaysia Aviation Decarbonization Blueprint to compare key strategic directions/thematics between the two. Singapore strategically positions itself as a competitive air hub with strong financial commitments and advanced regulations, while Malaysia’s incentive-based approach emphasizes capacity-building, stakeholder engagement, and primarily focuses on emissions management. Both countries share goals in air traffic management and airport sustainability, but Singapore shows greater regulatory maturity and innovation. The sentiment analysis reveals future-oriented attitudes around SAF and green infrastructure. The study highlights the critical role of green bonds and carbon trading to finance decarbonization efforts and stresses the importance of capacity-building and knowledge-sharing to support other developing Southeast Asian countries in adopting best practices demonstrated by both countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Aug 2026 14:01:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724942</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ARIMA component-switching models for forecasting CO₂ transport emissions in the Middle East</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study proposes an innovative auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) component-switching model framework for forecasting carbon dioxide (CO₂) transport emissions in the Middle East, targeting 11 countries across the region. Recognizing the critical role of accurate emissions forecasts for climate action, this research applies eight model variations to optimize predictive accuracy across diverse national contexts. The ARIMA (1,1,1) model emerged as particularly effective for Bahrain and Jordan, exhibiting strong predictive performance metrics, with low Bayesian information criterion and root mean square error values, confirming the model’s robustness. The analysis reveals a complex regional trajectory for CO₂ emissions, with Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon and Bahrain showing upward trends projected to intensify between 2025 and 2050. Notably, Kuwait, Lebanon and Iraq exhibit the highest expected growth, with emissions forecasted to more than double by the mid-21st century, highlighting these nations as key focus areas for intervention. Conversely, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, Jordan, Syria and Yemen demonstrate promising downward trends, reflecting the potential impact of existing mitigation policies. This paper contributes valuable insights for policymakers and environmental planners by offering a forecasting model that not only accounts for historical data but also adapts to changing emission patterns. The ARIMA component-switching approach allows for tailored predictions across various nations, assisting in the strategic allocation of resources and the formulation of targeted policies to curb transport emissions. These findings support the broader goal of sustainable development and align with global climate commitments, offering a practical tool for emission reduction planning across the Middle East.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:07:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704049</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Longevity of diesel particulate filters in heavy-duty vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a critical component for the abatement of the harmful pollutant particulate matter (PM) from diesel engines. Accumulation of PM in DPFs increases flow restrictions, resulting in elevated backpressure for the exhaust gases. To mitigate the increase in backpressure, a regeneration process is applied, by which the soot is removed by oxidation. To enhance the regeneration process the DPF can be coated with a catalyst. The ash originating from the engine oil, remains in the DPF and will eventually determine its lifespan. PM composition is not static, catalysts age, and ash varies in properties and distributions, all affecting the performance of DPFs. This thesis investigates the different aspects concerning DPF performance and durability. Soot oxidation, catalyst deactivation, low-temperature regeneration, and ash accumulation have been investigated and discussed regarding its role for the continuous and prolonged use of DPFs. To capture practical relevance, field-retrieved DPFs have been studied and compared to fresh and non catalyzed DPFs, whereby the experiments have been conducted at different scales, in both laboratory and real engine environments. Soot from different sources was shown to have a low variation in reactivity and was therefore not considered to be a critical parameter for DPF functionality. Instead, DPFs collected from the field revealed a significant decrease in NO conversion capability as a result of catalyst poisoning. The lower NO conversion created unfavorable conditions for the low-temperature regeneration. Well controlled regeneration was shown to be important for the control of the ash distribution pattern. However, the results showed that ash packing density had a stronger influence on the backpressure than the distribution pattern. The research provides a deeper understanding concerning the aging and performance of DPFs, which can enable extended use, reuse, and remanufacturing of DPFs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:35:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental efficiency in terminal airspace : performance modeling and arrival optimization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aviation industry faces the urgent challenge of reconciling projected traffic growth with stringent climate targets, including the European Union's goal of climate neutrality by 2050. While technological innovations such as sustainable aviation fuels and hydrogen propulsion are critical for long-term decarbonization, their near-term impact remains limited. In this thesis, we address the immediate opportunity of improving the environmental efficiency of aircraft arrival operations in Terminal Manoeuvring Areas (TMAs), where congestion and complex sequencing often lead to excess fuel burn, emissions and noise. Existing research has demonstrated the benefits of Continuous Descent Operations (CDOs) and structured arrival procedures such as Point Merge (PM). However, for TMA performance evaluations, current practices are limited in real-world assessments of environmental efficiency beyond Carbon Dioxide (CO2). In terms of optimization of the arrival operations, the exploration of dynamic PM usage and early speed adjustments as a sequencing tool, integrated within the optimization framework, remains relatively unexplored. Furthermore, most optimization frameworks do not fully integrate arrival and departure scheduling in mixed-mode runway environments. The thesis addresses four key research questions: (1. What are the environmental benefits of using fuel-efficient CDOs within TMA and how to quantify them? (2. How to evaluate the arrival aircraft performance within TMAs implementing PM procedures? (3. Can the performance of current operations in a TMA where PM is implemented be improved by using optimization? (4. How can speed adjustment during cruise and descent be used, with or without combining it with PM procedures, to safely separate and sequence arriving flights? The overarching aim is to develop methodologies for assessing and optimizing arrival operations to reduce fuel consumption, emissions and noise while maintaining safety and capacity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:34:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Emission control for hydrogen internal combustion engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751970</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrogen internal combustion engines have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sectors, especially for heavy-duty road transport, such as long-haul trucks. There are however still local emissions from hydrogen internal combustion engines that need to be minimized. These include nitrous oxides and particle emissions. Any high temperature combustion process that occurs in an excess of air has the potential to generate significant number of nitrogen oxides. The particle emission on the other hand stems from the combustion of engine lubricating oil. This occurs in engine running on fossil fuel as well, but the effect on the emissions may be less significant when compared to those of incomplete burning of fossil fuels. The particle emission can also be significantly higher, as the short quenching distance of hydrogen flames allow combustion to take place closer to cylinder walls, as well as transferring more heat into the walls. Another issue is that the exhaust after-treatment system can cause emission nitrous oxide, N2O, or laughing gas, which is a very potent greenhouse gas with close to 300 times the greenhouse warming potential of carbon dioxide. Experiments were conducted to measure the engine out emission, both regulated and unregulated of a direct injection, spark ignition hydrogen internal combustion engine.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:34:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751970</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selection of alternative technologies complying with Tier II and III NOₓ limits using FAHP and TOPSIS methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to analyse the evaluation of alternative technologies that comply with Nitrogen Oxides (NOₓ) emissions limitations of ships. After Maritime Pollution Convention (MARPOL) Annex VI NOₓ regulations came into force, shipowners have increasingly turned to alternative technologies and fuels that would comply with Tier II and Tier III limits. Selecting the most suitable sustainable alternative technology is a critical and complex task for the shipowners/ship operators as many important criteria must be evaluated. Consequently, in this paper, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods (MCDM) – namely Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)-are used to identify the best NOₓ emission reduction technology and assist decision-makers. Based on the weighted criteria and the characteristics of alternative technologies, the TOPSIS method identified the best alternative technologies for the new and existing ships as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) (Cᵢ = 0.7) and Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems (SCR) (Cᵢ = 0.684).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2026 09:22:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701370</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selection of optimum sustainable biofuel for maritime transportation using analytic hierarchy process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701365</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increase in emissions from ships has prompted the International Maritime Organisation to take action and new emission regulations have been put into effect. Using low-carbon alternative fuels is a key part of the International Maritime Organisation’s strategy plan. Biofuels have significant potential in the maritime industry’s transition to alternative fuels due to their characteristic features. The aim of this study is to identify, through a scientific comparison, the most suitable biofuel that is sustainable for maritime transportation. The comparison was made with 7 criteria using the Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology. Since a life cycle assessment approach was adopted in the comparison, well-to-wake emission performance and indirect land use change factor were also included within the criteria. For calculating the weights of the criteria, a questionnaire was created and 15 experts were consulted. For determining the performance of biofuel alternatives on the criteria, information from the literature was utilised. Experts identified safety as the most crucial criterion, followed by well-to-wake emissions and compatibility. The results indicate that biofuels like Fischer–Tropsch diesel and 3rd generation Hydrotreated vegetable oil, which excel in safety, well-to-wake emissions, and compatibility, are optimum biofuels for the shipping industry’s transition to low-carbon fuels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 09:14:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701365</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Patent landscapes and essential technical standards enabling low-carbon maritime operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701364</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper provides a formal overview of patents within the evolving technology realm essential for shaping the future of sustainable maritime operations. Despite its critical role in global trade and financial security, the maritime sector lags in digitalisation and automation compared to other industries. Given the shipping industry's contribution to carbon emissions, urgent action is needed to preserve ocean ecosystems. Geopolitical uncertainties, sanctions, and energy source disruptions have amplified costs and emphasised the need to modernise. Navigating the complex landscape of innovative technologies, such as emission trackers, weather routing, and Artificial Intelligence powered Internet of Things sensors, presents challenges for shipping companies and stakeholders. This study aims to bridge the gap by analysing 2,816 global patent grants to reveal how emerging technologies can reduce emissions and improve operational efficiency in maritime activities, each encompassing key thematic areas and sustainable practices. Furthermore, we present an overview of emerging standards that support the integration of digital technologies in low carbon maritime activities. Our analysis reveals key technological innovation opportunities that can aid policymakers and stakeholders in assessment of the benefits and challenges of integration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 09:14:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701364</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Operational and environmental impact analysis of slow steaming on alternative fuels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701363</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the operational performance of engines powered by alternative fuels under slow steaming, focusing on MAN 5G50ME engines. It evaluates marine diesel oil (MDO), liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) across diverse vessel types, considering compliance with EEXI and CII regulations, global warming potential (GWP), and cost-effectiveness. Key findings indicate that LNG can achieve a 55.1% reduction in GWP20 emissions during slow steaming, while LPG demonstrates the highest cost-benefit ratio (CBR) of 131 USD/tonCO₂eq at 75% SMCR. Although methanol performs better than MDO environmentally, its higher costs make it less desirable. The study highlights trade-offs between reduced fuel costs, increased maintenance, and CAPEX, impacting cost-benefit outcomes. The findings suggest that a comprehensive analysis, including running costs and cargo freight, supports informed decision-making. The importance of slow steaming is emphasised, particularly for bulk carriers after 2029 due to MDO usage. Reducing SMCR to 50% is a potential strategy to ensure regulatory compliance and optimise efficiency. This study provides insights into the trade-offs associated with slow steaming and alternative fuels, contributing to more informed choices within the maritime industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 09:34:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701363</guid>
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