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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Who Wants What? Identification of Transport Policy Preference Classes by Latent Class Regression</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721771</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ambitious transport policies are necessary to mitigate current, undesired transport system outcomes and effects. However, in times of rising societal polarization, it is unclear whether there is political support for such measures. Based on a representative survey with over 1,700 respondents, the latent policy preference classes that can be identified in German society are examined. Which groups prefer regulatory interventions such as pricing over infrastructural improvements is assessed. Based on the covariates, the results are interpreted as political cleavages in the transport policy domain. Using latent class regression on best/worst rankings of policies across six areas, four distinct preference classes are identified: (1) Public Transport Advocates (26%); (2) Long-Distance Optimizers (15%); (3) Car-Oriented Pragmatists (43%); and (4) Multimodal Interventionists (17%). Of interest, not all groups consistently favor pull measures such as infrastructure improvements over push measures such as a carbon dioxide tax. This suggests that preferences cannot be explained by self-interest alone. The results show the influence of sociodemographics, spatial residential context, and travel behavior on policy preference classes. To reduce dimensionality, principal component analysis is applied to posterior-weighted covariate averages. The results suggest two main conflict lines: (1) a sociodemographic axis (lower to higher resources); and (2) a travel behavior axis (green and multimodal to car-centered mobility). The travel behavior axis is only relevant among those with higher socioeconomic status, suggesting that behavior reflects preferences only if individuals have the resources to choose. The findings contribute to the political economy of transport by highlighting which cleavages shape policy preferences. The results can inform future land use and transport modeling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 14:05:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721771</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Approaches to handle disruption effects in transport infrastructure and logistics networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683014</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disruptions to transport infrastructure and logistics networks caused by extreme weather, geopolitical crises, pandemics and other shocks are expected to intensify in the future. This paper examines how stakeholders currently handle such disruptions and to what extent sustainability is integrated into these approaches. Drawing on a mixed-methods study comprising approximately 50 survey responses and 30 semi-structured interviews across multiple European countries we identify three main categories of handling approaches: information-, technology- and collaboration-based measures. Contrary to assumptions in much of the resilience literature, our findings show that stakeholders use hybrid and cross-phase approaches that cut across preparedness, robustness, recovery and adaptive phases, rather than disruption- or phase-specific strategies. While stakeholders employ a wide repertoire of handling approaches, environmental sustainability is generally deprioritized during disruptions, with continuity of service and safety taking precedence. Sustainability considerations are mainly integrated in long-term planning rather than in acute response. The results highlight the need to embed environmental goals more firmly into everyday operations and preparedness planning to strengthen alignment between resilience and sustainability. The study advances resilience research by providing an actor-oriented, multi-stakeholder analysis of how disruption handling unfolds in practice and where current approaches fall short in supporting sustainable transition pathways.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2026 15:58:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683014</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>How do Geopolitical Risks Affect Ship Investment Decisions?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671077</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Keeping in mind the severe effect of the recent Russo-Ukrainian war on the global economy, our study aims to address the following research questions: What is the impact of geopolitical risk (GPR) on new ship investments in bulk markets? Are ship-owners more anxious about threats or acts related to geopolitical risk? Does the impact of GPR on newbuilding orders depend on the state of the freight market? For this purpose, we use a GPR index and apply quantitative analysis. We divide our examined time series into distinctive periods based on the behavior of the Baltic Dry Index (BDI), with the breaking point being the financial crisis. We then examine the nature of causality between new orders of bulkers and the GPR index. Our findings are valuable for the scientific community and practitioners, as they highlight the importance of GPR for the maritime industry and contribute to more holistic and informed decision-making. Overall, our findings can contribute to more resilient strategies in the maritime sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671077</guid>
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      <title>Mobility 2050 and Beyond</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This  chapter  encapsulates and  utilises the main findings of all previous chapters in this book. It is doing so in the form of a “futures thinking” exercise in which the authors, based on the findings of the previous chapters as well as on the current trends and  estimates of the future course of some key influencing factors, outline the likely mobility landscape in 2050 and beyond. The influencing factors that are considered are, political/geopolitical, economic, social, technological, legal/regulatory, and environmental/climate change related. Each of these categories of factors is  examined in detail and estimates are made as to the expected trends and developments until 2050 and beyond. During this examination there are six conditionalities that are formulated i.e., basic assumptions of fundamental importance expressed as a sine qua non condition without which the described future cannot exist. There are also various other analyses made as regards the influencing factors such as, for example, the developing new international trade and competition environment, the national debt situation, and the economic outlook of four regions that are examined in more detail i.e., Asia, Europe, North America, and Africa. The future prospects and development potential are then examined for seven basic technological innovations that are likely to dominate the transport and mobility sector in the future, namely: Battery electric vehicles, Vehicles using hydrogen (in direct combustion or in fuel cells), Cooperative connected and automated vehicles, Shared automated mobility, Flying vehicles (vertical take-off and landing), Artificial Intelligence (software and apps), and Advanced freight transport and urban distribution technologies. After presenting the basic functional and technical characteristics of each of these technologies, the text discusses their technology readiness levels (TRLs) currently and expected by 2050+, as well as their estimated penetration levels by 2050. Similar analyses are made  for the environmental and climate change factors including the degree of adaptation for each of the four regions, the energy related issues with the estimated renewable energy production per region, the legal and regulatory factors, and so on. The chapter ends with a 30-page description of the authors’ vision of  future mobility for urban and interurban/rural areas. This is presented in terms of three types of urban area, the estimated penetration levels of new technologies (including AI) in each of the four geographic regions considered, the estimated degree of adaptation of each region to climate change, and other related factors. The description of the 2050 + future mobility, is given in the form of two Tables describing the future mobility scene in each of the three types of urban areas in terms of the following ten attributes: (1) Types of networks and transport modes and V2X infrastructures (2) Degree of adaptation to climate change (3) Shared Mobility offered as a service (4) Accessibility, convenience and affordability of the urban mobility system (5) Personalised travel advice (6) Smart travel demand management (7) Cooperative connected and automated mobility (8) Smart traffic management (9) Car ownership and car use levels (10) Freight transport and urban delivery services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671943</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Connectedness and portfolio diversification among major bunker fuel market: The role of crude oil and geopolitical risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the time-varying connectedness among major bunker markets, crude oil futures, and geopolitical risk using the dynamic connectedness approach based on the TVP-VAR framework. The results show that the total connectedness index (TCI) is predominantly high and largely driven by short-term spillovers during periods of economic crises and global disruptions. The net spillover effect shows that the global bunkering system is highly responsive to short-term geopolitical risk, whereas oil price shocks exert influence only in the long run. Regional analysis highlights notable asymmetries: American ports are more sensitive to geopolitical risk, whereas Asian ports are more resilient. Conversely, Asian ports are more susceptible to oil price volatility, while European ports demonstrate relative stability in response to oil market fluctuations. The net spillover result identifies Rotterdam as the dominant transmitter across both horizons, followed by Singapore, while Los Angeles consistently reacts to external market shocks. Finally, the portfolio allocation analysis reveals that the dynamic portfolio weights under the MCP and MCoP strategies are broadly comparable, yet clearly differentiated from those obtained under the MVP framework. Notably, Japan and Hong Kong consistently receive the highest weight allocations across the optimal portfolios. These result offers valuable guidance for investors, portfolio managers, and policymakers in formulating effective portfolio strategies and managing risk preferences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2026 09:40:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2681456</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The curious case of road pricing reform in Norway: Welfare impacts and political economy of a stalled transition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706452</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Norway may become one of the first countries in the world to develop and implement a national distance-based road pricing system. This is largely motivated by the sizeable government revenue shortfall due to the world-leading phase-in of battery electric vehicles. The recent government-initiated formal Concept Study, with detailed numerical simulations, assessed alternative options including spatial and time-of-day differentiation. The final recommendation includes a distance charge for electric vehicles but without spatial or time-of-day differentiation. While welfare enhancing compared to current policies, this recommendation foregoes 7 billion NOK in net present value compared to the concept with highest net present value. In addition, the process has stalled at the political level. The authors analyze transport and welfare implications of the concepts and discuss the main challenges of the effectiveness of reform and of its actual implementation. The authors argue that at the heart of the political stalemate is the vertical tax competition between a central government losing its fuel tax revenues and the local governments that need to co-finance local transport projects via earmarked tolls. Combining two government levels with stringent tax revenue concerns with the objective of aligning the user prices with widely diverging external costs is a difficult undertaking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 16:34:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706452</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The ‘so-called’ one-hour train: Media discourses and governance of the Helsinki–Turku Rail Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679701</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large-scale infrastructure projects (LIPs) are often framed as iconic national achievements, yet they frequently involve cost overruns and contested regional impacts. This study examines media coverage of the Helsinki–Turku (One-Hour Train) project to explore how legitimacy is constructed in multi-level regional governance. Drawing on post-Actor-Network Theory media scholarship, framing, and agenda-setting perspectives, the analysis treats media not as passive observers but as co-producers of legitimacy, shaping public perception and influencing governance decisions. Empirical findings reveal that coverage selectively amplifies political priorities, obscures alternative regional strategies, and stabilizes project narratives while marginalizing local concerns. Theoretically, the study contributes to understanding LIPs as socially and materially mediated phenomena, highlighting the role of media infrastructures in producing legitimacy across scales. Practically, the findings emphasise the need for transparent, regionally sensitive communication and strengthened parliamentary oversight to balance symbolic ambition with equitable and cost-effective governance. The study also shows how media discourses shape public accountability and the political geography of infrastructure decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679701</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Another Oil Crisis Is Here. How Will American Drivers Respond?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705386</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Gasoline prices in the U.S. have risen during 2026 due to the conflict in Iran. Many households in the U.S. drive their automobiles every day, and especially for those earning less than the median wage or commuting long distances, the increase in gasoline of over $1.00 per gallon places a noticeable strain on household income. This report discusses the economic impact of rising gas prices in the U.S., consumer sentiment, and possible political ramifications. Data includes: U.S. average trip length, 1983-2022; average vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by metropolitan area, 2025; weekly/monthly/annual driving distances and gasoline spending for one-driver and two-driver households; and VMT by congressional district, 2025.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 16:38:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2705386</guid>
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      <title>Seeing like a train: the viapolitics of emergency mobilities during Russia’s war against Ukraine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663150</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article investigates the role of trains and railway infrastructure in Ukraine as a critical component of the emergency mobility of Ukraine’s population following the Russian full-scale invasion on 24 February 2022. Applying the concept of viapolitics, it explores how the railways became more than just a means of transport during the war, instead symbolising solidarity, struggle, privilege, and hope. The research situates Ukrainian railway mobilities within post-colonial and post-socialist contexts, examining how the infrastructures, rooted in Soviet-era practices, have been repurposed amid military aggression. Drawing on data from news reports, human rights organisations, and personal testimonies, the paper analyses the complex and multifaceted role of rail transport in the war context. The article reveals how emergency mobility, mediated through railways and political action, brings together spatial and temporal dimensions – linking Ukraine’s Soviet past, post-socialist independence, renewed Russian imperialism, and aspirations for a European future. These historical and geopolitical layers intertwine with the population’s self-organisation and resilience, while also colliding within the railway’s diverse vehicular and infrastructural meanings of mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 11:56:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663150</guid>
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      <title>Legal and Linguistic Nuances of Key Terminology in the STCW Convention: The Case of Montenegro</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to examine the use of specific terms in the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), one of the key conventions established by the International Maritime Organization. This interdisciplinary study highlights the importance of accurately understanding specialized terminology, which is essential for the effective implementation of the STCW Convention, particularly in the training and education of seafarers. Recognizing that legal texts reflect broader social, economic, legal, and political narratives (van Dijk, 2001, 2008; Fairclough, 2004), the paper uses Critical Discourse Analysis to explore how language reveals legal paradigms within the Montenegrin regulatory context. The findings show that the nuances of legal discourse extend beyond terminology; proper interpretation and implementation require a deeper understanding of social, cultural, and political factors. © 2026, Faculty of Maritime Studies. All rights reserved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2026 09:10:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703856</guid>
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      <title>Land Dominates the Sea: ASEAN and Legal Certainty in Maritime Boundary Disputes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The principle that “land dominates the sea” is the doctrinal cornerstone of international maritime boundary law, affirming that all maritime entitlements derive from lawful sovereignty over land territory under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 1982). This study re-examines the principle through a comparative analysis of four landmark cases; Ligitan and Sipadan (2002), Black Sea (2009), Colombia v. Nicaragua (2012), and the South China Sea Arbitration (2016), to assess how courts and tribunals have applied land-based entitlement and to identify gaps between judicial authority and state compliance. Using a normative-doctrinal approach, the paper traces the doctrinal sequence of title, entitlement, method, and compliance, revealing that while jurisprudence has strengthened legal certainty, enforcement remains undermined by power asymmetry and institutional fragmentation. To address this gap, the paper proposes targeted legal innovations, including an Implementing Agreement under UNCLOS Part XV, expanded advisory jurisdiction of ITLOS, and a binding ASEAN–China Code of Conduct (COC) to reinforce regional compliance and cooperation. The findings demonstrate that transforming the “land dominates the sea” doctrine into an operational rule of enforcement is essential for ensuring equity, predictability, and stability in contemporary maritime governance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 May 2026 13:50:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703860</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Integrated logistics and election performance: a systematic literature review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Elections are typically seen through the lens of political frameworks, overlooking the profound impact of logistics on election performance. Through a systematic literature review, this study explores the integral role of logistics in election performance. It highlights the links between logistics functionality performance and perceptions of electoral integrity. The findings reveal that as prerequisites, elections require specialised logistics systems integrated with inclusive I.T. and the human side to ensure dependability, increased visibility and security during the transportation and warehousing of sensitive electoral materials throughout election cycles. The findings identify distinct challenges faced by developed and developing countries, particularly concerning reverse logistics, warehousing, transport networks, distribution planning and technological infrastructure, suggesting the need for tailored logistics strategies based on national development status. Finally, the study emphasises the imperative involvement of logistics experts to ensure the effective integration of logistics functions within elections, oversight and the strategic development of an election logistics field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 15:44:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2673057</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Broken mobility: An exploratory study on public transport and youth-mistrust in contemporary Greece</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, Greece’s mobility infrastructure has been increasingly criticized for its unreliability, territorial disparity, and lack of transparency. These systemic issues have been exacerbated by socio-political unrest and tragic events, most notably the 2023 Tempi railway disaster. Through a mixed-methods approach; combining surveys, qualitative interviews, and participatory workshops, this study analyses how a group of Greek youth experience and interpret public transport. The findings reveal a fragmented system shaped by underinvestment, poor planning, and civic disconnection. Beyond infrastructure, the research highlights the emotional and political dimensions of mobility, with recurrent distrust in institutions, normalized resignation, and reliance on individual strategies. Ultimately, the article argues that transport in Greece might not simply be a technical challenge but also a perceived erosion of democracy, and calls for a redefinition of transport policy as a central element of social justice and public accountability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2026 17:01:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679133</guid>
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      <title>War-induced (im)mobilities and immobilizing effects in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This contribution examines the complex dynamics of war-induced mobilities, focusing on the Russo-Ukrainian war’s impact on human movement and immobility. Drawing on theories of necropolitics, regimes of mobility, and mobility justice, the study examines how war compels some individuals to flee while immobilizing others, creating significant theoretical and methodological challenges. The analysis highlights the uneven scholarly attention given to different forms of mobility, such as refugees and internally displaced persons, compared to less visible movements like deportation, smuggling, human trafficking, and war imprisonment. The article also investigates how regimes of mobility are shaped by and, in turn, influence international relations, with a particular focus on the policies governing movement across borders. Through case studies from Ukraine and Russia, the contribution provides a comparative understanding of the diverse and often underexplored effects of modern warfare on civilian populations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:00:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663146</guid>
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      <title>Votes for roads: Electoral motives of road infrastructure development in Kenya</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679181</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road investments are intended to promote economic development and enhance access to social services. Ideally, such infrastructure projects should be prioritized based on objective assessments of local needs and development potential. However, political considerations often influence public road investment decisions, favoring specific electoral groups. This study analyzes the role of electoral motives in road development in Kenya using a hybrid modeling approach and regression discontinuity design (RDD) on a spatial panel dataset (2002−2023). Our findings reveal both correlational and causal evidence of preferential road allocation to constituencies that (1) supported ruling coalition candidates in presidential and parliamentary elections and (2) experienced closely contested elections. Despite constitutional reforms aimed at equitable resource distribution, electoral dynamics continue to shape road development. To mitigate political influence in road allocation, we recommend further devolution of road development responsibilities, increased transparency and adherence to needs-based expansion of road infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:58:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2679181</guid>
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