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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Authorized Vehicles Only: Police, parking, and pedestrian access in New York City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2146142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sidewalks and crosswalks do not benefit pedestrians if they are blocked by automobiles. In New York City, local media have documented that cars outside of law-enforcement offices routinely park on sidewalks and in crosswalks. This study systematically and longitudinally pursues this topic by tracking the geographic extent of this obstructive parking via in-person observation of the streets surrounding all 77 New York Police Department (NYPD) station houses, across all five boroughs. Combined with review of historical street imagery, this approach reveals widespread and longstanding parking on sidewalks, and to a lesser extent, in crosswalks. Of 77 NYPD station houses, 70 (91%) exhibited parking of at least one of these kinds, with sidewalk parking often extending along the entire block (and not simply in front of station houses), on adjacent blocks, and on both sides of the street. This renders many sidewalks impassable – forcing pedestrians into traffic – and in many cases directly abuts residences and businesses, curtailing access to such destinations. Longitudinally, such obstructive parking was present across 82% of 703 street-imagery data points, indicating this has largely become the default (and not occasional) use of adjacent sidewalks. In-person observation also demonstrated other ways this parking has had negative effects surrounding NYPD station houses, including double parking, obstruction of bus and bike lanes, and blocking of fire hydrants. These findings broaden the study of pedestrian accessibility and safety beyond the quality and design of sidewalks and intersections, to include chronic automotive obstruction, and indicate that parking behavior surrounding public-sector offices, if left unchecked, significantly degrades walkability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Apr 2023 09:01:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2146142</guid>
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      <title>Trespasser Detection on Railroad Property Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1732717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT's) John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe), under the direction of DOT’s Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Office of Research, Development and Technology (RD&T), conducted a research study that evaluated the effectiveness of using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to detect trespassers on railroad property. The team cooperated with the Brunswick, Maine Police Department (BPD), which agreed to be trained in operating and maintaining the UAV, and to perform periodic overflights of the railroad property in Brunswick. Over the course of twelve months, BPD conducted 32 flights over railroad property, but was unable to discover trespassing events in progress. The researchers concluded that certain types of trespassing, which occurs frequently but in short duration, were more difficult to detect using a UAV than trespassing that involves loitering on the right-of-way. However, the UAV made it easier for BPD to patrol remote, hard-to-reach sections of track.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Sep 2020 20:47:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1732717</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Trespasser Detection Systems on Railroad Rights-of-Way</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1732718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT's) Volpe Center, under the direction of DOT’s Federal Railroad Administration Office of Research, Development, and Technology, conducted a research study to evaluate the effectiveness of trespass detection technology on rail property linked to and controlled by a local police department. The system was operated for several years, while different communications and sensor technologies were tested for their abilities to overcome shortcomings. Researchers found that wireless broadband service in this area was insufficient in providing uninterrupted high-resolution video from multiple cameras, and while TV white space transceivers had adequate bandwidth, their short transmission range limited their usefulness. Providing live video directly to the local police department resulted in quick response to trespassing events; however, dispatchers were particularly unhappy with false alarms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Sep 2020 20:47:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1732718</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Models for Law Enforcement at Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1725579</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The focus of this report is on identifying law enforcement models currently employed by airports in the United States. In this report, law enforcement is considered the protection of persons and property in and around the airport premises through the enforcement of applicable laws. Many factors influence the decision about provision of law enforcement at airports, including state laws, the relationship between the airport authority and surrounding governmental jurisdictions, and financial considerations. The goal of this study is to provide a resource to airport policymakers and operators regarding different airport law enforcement models and practices. This study is based on information acquired through a literature review and survey results from 44 airports participating in the study representing various Transportation Security Administration airport security categories and geographic regions. Results of the literature review and survey and examples of law enforcement models currently employed at airports are presented in this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2020 13:13:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1725579</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety and Security: Management of the Police Department Has Recently Improved, but Foundational Decisions Are Needed on its Role and Priorities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1722399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Amtrak Police Department (APD) provides security for Amtrak's passengers, employees, and infrastructure. The objective of this audit by Amtrak's Office of Inspector General (OIG) was to evaluate Amtrak's practices relating to the efficiency and overall effectiveness of their police force. OIG found that while oversight and management has improved, Amtrak does not have consensus on the role of the APD and has not developed a process to determine the optimum size of the APD. OIG recommends that Amtrak reach a consensus with APD to determine APD's role and priorities. Once these decisions are made questions about size, staffing, goals, and performance metrics can be addressed through a data-driven and risk-based process. This report also includes a look at the benefits of a rail police department and the appendix includes key practices identified for rail police management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2020 17:05:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1722399</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the Spatial Dependence and Selection Bias of Double Parking Citations Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1654991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Parking  violation citations, often  used  to  identify contributing factors to parking  violation behaviors, is one of the most valuable datasets for traffic operation research. However, little has been  done  to  examine  its  spatial  dependence caused  by location-specific  differences  in  features such  as  traffic,  land  use,  etc., and  potential selection biases resulting  from  different levels and coverage of traffic enforcement. This study leveraged extensive data on double parking citations in Manhattan, New York in 2015, a long with other datasets including land use, transportation and socio-demographic  features.  Moran’s I statistics  confirmed  that  double  parking  tickets  were spatially correlated so that spatial lag and spatial error models were proposed to account for the spatial dependence of parking tickets to avoid biased estimates. To investigate whether selection bias exists in issuing tickets, the authors estimated the effects of parking ticket density and police precinct distance, when  controlling  for  variables  such  as commercial  area,  truck  activity, taxi demand, population, hotel and restaurant. Parking ticket density and police precinct distance were used as indicators of the enforcement levels and coverage and were found to be statistically significant. This  indicated  the  existence  of  selection  bias  due  to the  heterogeneity  in enforcement  levels or coverage across different regions. Moreover, traffic enforcement units patrolling patterns revealed that the majority of the units have less than three daily patterns. These findings can assist proper usage of the citation data by suggesting researchers and agencies to consider spatial dependence as well as selection bias, and provide insights for parking violation management strategies]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Oct 2019 14:32:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1654991</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Equitable location of facilities in a region with probabilistic barriers to travel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1605666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper studies a planar multi-facility location problem that considers the presence of a restricted region with probabilistic position. This problem seeks to locate facilities in an equitable manner by minimizing the maximum expected distance traveled from demand points to access a facility, as well as distances between locations of new facilities. The authors propose a heuristic to solve this problem that combines a bounding approach with a split-divide-and-conquer strategy. Computational study shows that this heuristic produces high-quality solutions in reasonable run-times. The authors report findings from a case-study involving locating police facilities in Kingston-Upon-Thames.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jul 2019 11:03:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1605666</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Urban Facilities - A Spatial and Timewise Decision Support Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1569056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Planners have difficulty in designing transport systems to meet the specific needs of a population in a particular area of study. The most common issues that arise are: How many service facilities should be deployed? Where should they be located? If the demand is not being met satisfactorily, when to expand the system? The objective of this research was to present a decision support model developed to help urban planners to dimension and locate urban facilities, as well as to define their expansion phases. In this research, to spatial allocation, the author used an adaptation of the p-median model that presents as an advantage the possibility of minimizing the sum of the costs associated with a pre-established number of available urban equipment. Since the demand for the services commonly increases over time, it is natural that after a period the available equipment cannot meet the demand adequately, in other words, are overburdened. The proposed model aims at determining the time lapse after which the system should be reviewed, based upon the evolution of the service demand curve on the many districts of the area of study. The time lapse for the system review is considered as the time in which the demand function of any district reaches a value in which the service installation is not able to supply with a minimum service level. With information about the size of the system to be deployed and forecasts of its future expansion needs, the administrator would be better able to do a good urban planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Dec 2018 12:05:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1569056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-depth investigation of the system currently used by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department to store and process crash data and all other interconnected systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1447134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address data-collection issues and provide better technology for law enforcement agents, the Transportation Research Center (TRC) at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) has developed and implemented a system for the accurate and efficient collection of crash data, including location. The proposed solution uses a Global Positioning System (GPS) and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to geolocate crashes and provide a map-based data-collection environment. Data that is collected is characterized and processed in real time to generate reports, maps, charts, and statistics. The proposed data collection system facilitates the data collection while saving time, reducing errors, and enabling the collection of the more valuable information from crashes, such as the scene diagram. The proposed system is the result of a combined effort involving law enforcement agencies, the Nevada Department of Transportation, and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2017 09:26:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1447134</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driving While Impaired Arrest Process Improvement: Six Case Studies of Strategies Used by Law Enforcement to Reduce the Cost and Time of Processing a DWI Arrest</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423975</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This final report of the Driving While Impaired Arrest Process project includes six case studies of strategies used by law enforcement to reduce the cost and time of processing driving while impaired (DWI) arrests. The objectives of this study are to identify law enforcement agencies that have made improvements to their DWI arrest procedures that have resulted in time and/or cost savings, and gather data from these jurisdictions to describe any such savings experienced as a result of these improvements. The improvements, their resulting time and cost savings, as well as experiences regarding the implementation of these improvements are described in this report and used to inform the development of a roadmap that other agencies can rely upon if they are interested in implementing these types of solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2016 11:04:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423975</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In-depth Investigation of the System Currently Used by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department to Store and Process Crash Data and All Other Interconnected Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1329139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The existing software and hardware used by police agencies in Nevada to collect crash data are obsolete for a number of reasons, ranging from budget constraints to lack of coordination. Consequently, crash data collected in Nevada has quality and precision issues.  Accurately locating crashes is the key to geographic analyses of crash statistics and patterns as well as for the development of safety recommendations at intersections and other crash 'hotspots'. Currently, Safety Engineering at the Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) goes through a complicated process to locate crashes from the Nevada Statewide Crash Database (NCATS) on Nevada's public roads. Many crashes are unlocated or mislocated. The main impediments to locate crashes accurately are well known and include errors in data entry, street name errors by the recording officer, the existence of alias names, county coding errors as well as many other factors. The objective of this study is to understand and document, in detail, the existing software and hardware architecture used at Metro to collect, store, and process crash data as well as any other interdependent activities. It is known that the current implementation Metro uses takes care of multiple transactions. Further, the existing implementation is the result of a sequential process over years of developments and upgrades. At present, it is unclear how the existing system works, what are the interdependencies across various systems, and what would be the effects of changes to system components. Any development to replace or upgrade existing technologies at Metro for data collection must take into consideration how the replacement or upgrade is going to affect other systems and transactions. Metro is unlikely to agree to any change of the existing system without full consideration of the impact on their entire operation. Further, any change to the existing Metro system must guarantee that all the current capabilities will be available after the change; in fact, Metro is unlikely to agree to any deal that cannot guarantee this condition.  The scope of this study is limited to Metro, which is the largest crash data collector in Nevada. The research team has been working with Metro for several months, and Metro has been extremely pleased with the work that the research team has done already. Metro is very interested in cooperation with NDOT and University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV). Other Nevada police agencies are likely to follow Metro's example.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2014 01:00:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1329139</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Effect Evaluation Index System of Traffic Safety Education</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1314745</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considering the current situation, in which effectiveness evaluation technology of traffic safety education is lagging behind traffic safety education efforts in China, this research is aimed at building an effectiveness evaluation index system of traffic safety education. To achieve this goal, the authors first investigated the daily work of traffic police departments in some provinces to find the current problems in practice. Second, the authors established a three-level index system of effectiveness evaluation, considering the local government work level, the specific education program level and the specific educational activity level. Third, the authors proposed the objects and subjects of the evaluation on each level. Finally, evaluation index values were established by group decision-making of the entrusted expert panel and third-party evaluators. Based on these results, an evaluation index table of each level is realized. The findings of this research can be generalized for the standardization of the effectiveness evaluation of traffic safety education.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2014 15:21:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1314745</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training Millions of Responders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1281050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Efficient traffic incident management (TIM) is crucial to the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) goals for improving motorist and responder safety, reducing traffic congestion, and enhancing the performance and reliability of the transportation system. FHWA leads the effort of training responders and developing good practices with the help of state police organizations, state and local departments of transportation, local and regional emergency services, and others. A TIM training course was developed in 2007 by FHWA with other organizations, and in 2012, a train-the-trainer pilot program was introduced. TIM training is most effective if responders take a refresher course every few years. Training programs have helped to improve traffic incident recovery, streamlining responses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Dec 2013 07:47:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1281050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Report: Crash After Encounter with Instrument Meteorological Conditions During Takeoff from Remote Landing Site, New Mexico State Police Agusta S.p.A. A-109E, N606SP, Near Santa Fe, New Mexico, on June 9, 2009</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1126705</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This accident report discusses the June 9, 2009, accident involving an Agusta S.p.A. A-109E helicopter, N606SP, which impacted terrain following visual flight rules flight into instrument meteorological conditions near Santa Fe, New Mexico. The commercial pilot and one passenger were fatally injured; a highway patrol officer who was acting as a spotter during the accident flight was seriously injured. The entire aircraft was substantially damaged. The helicopter was registered to the New Mexico Department of Public Safety and operated by the New Mexico State Police (NMSP) on a public search and rescue mission under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 without a flight plan. The safety issues discussed in this report include the pilot’s decision-making, flight and duty times and rest periods, NMSP staffing, safety management system programs and risk assessments, communications between the NMSP pilots and volunteer search and rescue organization personnel, instrument flying, and flight-following equipment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 11:56:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1126705</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Caught in Their Own Speed Trap: The Intersection of Speed Enforcement Policy, Police Legitimacy, and Decision Acceptance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1125648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Empirical work examining the effects of police legitimacy has primarily focused on traffic stop procedures with less attention given to traffic enforcement policies. The current study takes advantage of a natural experiment in which a rural town with a strict speed enforcement policy was labeled a “speed trap” through the introduction of a billboard advertisement funded by the American Automobile Association. Drawing on theories of police legitimacy, we hypothesize the label will result in an abrupt-permanent increase in speeding citation contestation rates, despite the fact that the billboard actually increases predictability of citation issuance. Results of an interrupted time-series analysis indicate statistically significant abrupt-permanent increases in the speeding citation contestation rates for the intervention city. Further analyses reveal that significant intervention effects are confined to drivers with higher opportunity to contest tickets (in-state drivers) and to majority subgroups (Whites and men). The implications of these findings for policy and police–citizen relationships are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 08:00:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1125648</guid>
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