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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Railway Train Main Power Converter:
Model Predictive Current Control of a
Modular Multilevel Converter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In electric railway trains two main power systems can be distinguished: The system of the power propulsion and the system of the auxiliary power services. Consequently, since the train is supplied from the catenary in AC, the use of an AC to DC power converter is indispensable. This paper proposes the application of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) as main power converter (i.e., interfacing the AC catenary and the DC link inside the train). The operation of the MMC is ensured by a model predictive current controller, which controls its input AC current according to specific power requirements. The MMC and the model predictive current control are validated recurring to computer simulations. Based on the developed simulation models, the presented results permit to verify the advantages associated with the modularity of the converter and with the performance of the model predictive current control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 09:45:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671076</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High Step-Up Dual Coupled-Inductors Interleaved Quadratic DC–DC Converter With Common Ground and Low Input Current Ripple for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article, a novel interleaved quadratic dc–dc converter with dual coupled inductors has been proposed for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The proposed converter is generated by cascading two boost converters and integrating a coupled-inductor multiplier cell and an output filter. The quadratic voltage gain is achieved and it can be increased by the turns ratio without the need of extreme duty cycle. The output filter capacitor is clamped at the input to achieve an input and output common ground. Furthermore, the two primary windings and the load are connected at the input to share the current, and very low input current ripple is achieved by using interleaved control. Diode-capacitor branch of the topology is multiplexed as the passive clamp branch to effectively reduce the voltage stress of the switches. The currents of the switching devices are limited by the leakage inductance during the mode conversions, which effectively alleviates the hard-switching problem. This article also gives the key performance of the proposed converter and compares it with other high step-up converters. Finally, a 400-W prototype is built to verify the theoretical analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665606</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and Development of a Mixed Si-GaN Open-End Winding Inverter for Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665604</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents the design and development of a hybrid multilevel inverter for electric vehicle (EV) applications employing an open-end winding motor (OEWM) configuration. This architecture allows for the use of commercially available 650-V GaN devices in EVs with high-voltage (800–1000 V) batteries. It combines a three-level T-type converter with silicon IGBTs (Si-IGBTs), which processes the full battery voltage at a low switching frequency, with an auxiliary two-level GaN inverter operating at a lower voltage (below 350 V) and at 50 kHz to play the role of an active filter. This results in a six-level output voltage waveform, leading to approximately 50% lower voltage total harmonic distortion than conventional solutions. Experimental validation confirms that the proposed topology achieves high efficiency and improved voltage and current waveforms. It also reduces common-mode voltage while decreasing the number of power devices and the overall system volume and cost relative to conventional fully GaN-based multilevel converters. Additionally, since operating GaN devices at high switching frequencies (above 50–100 kHz) in vehicular applications is counterproductive, as it increases switching losses without significantly improving the quality of voltage and current waveforms, a relatively low switching frequency is adopted for GaN devices to exploit their full potential in improving efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665604</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic Current Balance and Voltage Drop Compensation Method for Parallel Energy Storage Supplied Electrical Vehicle DC Charging Station</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Besides the voltage drop issue by the droop control, dynamic current unbalance due to inertia inconsistency would also happen in a multiparallel energy storage system (ESS) supplied dc charging station. For this, a new multiphase interleaved-parallel dc converter combined with a capacitor-integrated electric spring (C-ES) is developed. The dynamic inertia unified loop and energy-balance-combined dynamic voltage drop compensation control are proposed for this C-ES-combined interleaved-parallel ESS architecture. Dynamic current balance and voltage drop compensation can be simultaneously achieved. In detail, the multiphase interleaved-parallel structure is taken as the front stage, and the C-ES is adopted as the back stage. The working principle is illustrated by analyzing the switching state of the devices one by one. In terms of the control, the dynamic unified inertia loop is designed for the multiparallel interleaved structure, the inertia characteristics of each energy unit are reshaped to be consistent, and the dynamic current balance can be guaranteed. Thus, the dynamic current balance is achieved by the consistency of physical structure and control performance. Then, an energy-balance-combined dynamic voltage drop compensation control is developed for the C-ES to compensate for both the dynamic and steady-state voltage drop by charging the C-ES. Moreover, the small-signal model is built to reveal the essential mechanism of dynamic current balance and voltage drop compensation. Finally, the effectiveness of the C-ES-combined interleaved-parallel ESS architecture on dynamic current balance and voltage drop compensation is validated by simulation and experiment results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665603</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Collaborative Control Strategy for Suppressing Double-Line-Frequency Ripples in Cascaded Solid-State Transformer for G2V and V2G Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665584</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The solid-state transformer (SST) based on a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) topology has gained widespread adoption in grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, attributed to its high-efficiency power conversion, flexible bidirectional regulation capability, and compatibility with high-voltage applications. Nevertheless, the CHB-SST inherently suffers from double-line-frequency ripple in the H-bridge (HB) dc-bus voltage and envelope ripple in the isolated dc/dc converter. These issues lead to an increased requirement for HB dc-bus capacitance, exacerbate current stress on power devices, and diminish system efficiency. To mitigate these challenges, a collaborative control strategy is proposed to simultaneously suppress both types of ripples without introducing any additional hardware circuits. Specifically, on the one hand, adaptive compensation of the third harmonic zero-sequence voltage is implemented based on system parameters such as power factor and modulation index, thereby minimizing HB dc-bus voltage ripple. On the other hand, a notch-filter-based control strategy reshapes the output impedance of the isolated dc/dc converter, effectively eliminating both the original double-line-frequency envelope ripple and the quadruple-line-frequency envelope ripple coupled from the dc-side due to third-harmonic compensation. Ultimately, a low-voltage, low-power experimental prototype was developed to validate the proposed scheme, with experimental results affirming its effectiveness and optimality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 16:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665584</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nonisolated Source Fault-Tolerant Bidirectional Multiinput Step-Up DC–DC Converter for Hybrid Energy Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665581</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multiple-input converters (MICs) and multiple-output converters (MOCs) are effective solutions for interfacing multiple voltage levels and managing diverse loads in dc residential nanogrids and electric vehicles (EVs). They offer advantages such as cost-effectiveness and compact size. Despite these benefits, existing MICs and MOCs face challenges due to high part count, output voltage constraint, and lack of fault tolerance, which are vital for robust and reliable operation. To address these challenges, this work proposes a nonisolated, source fault-tolerant multiinput single-output (SFTMISO) dc/dc converter design with a reduced component count and enhanced output voltage, resulting in a more compact structure. Moreover, the proposed converter ensures continuous energy delivery to the load even if one input source fails, and it can also support bidirectional operation. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the converter’s operation and features, along with a comparison to recently published designs. A 250 W prototype was tested to validate the proposed converter’s feasibility and performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2026 09:33:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665581</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing Magnetic Design of LLC Converters for Onboard Chargers: Performance in Wide Voltage and Temperature Ranges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665569</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article introduces an optimal design methodology for the resonant inductor and transformer in an inductor–inductor–capacitor resonant converter (LLC) converter tailored for on-board charger (OBC) applications. It includes extensive thermal validation tests conducted across a wide input/output voltage range and under extreme temperature conditions, specifically with a coolant temperature of 70 ° C in 80 ° C ambient temperature. The design process focuses on optimizing critical parameters, such as the number of turns, core material, vacuum processing, potting material, and switching frequency. A comparative analysis of different core and winding structures is conducted, evaluating them based on their losses and tolerance levels. The design approach will be validated through experimental results obtained from an 11-kW LLC converter tested across a wide voltage and temperature range. This design methodology proves to be both practical and beneficial for a variety of applications, including general OBCs and low-voltage direct current (LDC) systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 14:43:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665569</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resonant DC Transformer With Integer Multiple Frequency for High Step-Ratio Application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665561</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In medium- and high-voltage (MV/HV) dc systems, switching losses in HV power switches constrain system switching frequency and increase system volume. This article proposes an integer-multiple-frequency resonant (IMFR) dc transformer topology, where the low-voltage (LV) side operates at a switching frequency that is an integer multiple of the HV side. This configuration reduces HV-side switching losses while enabling high-frequency (HF) operation on the LV side, leading to reduced passive component volume. A 10-kW bidirectional prototype is developed for quantitative analysis and design guidance. Compared to conventional identical-frequency solutions, the proposed topology achieves higher efficiency and power density. Experimental results confirm its bidirectional operation, high efficiency, compactness, and robust performance under dynamic load conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 14:43:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665561</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design of High-Gain DC–DC Converter With Soft Switching and Minimized Stress for Highway EVs Charging Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High-gain converters are increasingly used to enhance voltage profiles in renewable energy systems integrated with electric vehicles (EVs) and grid applications. However, these converters often lead to a higher device count, increased stress, and suffer from hard switching issues. To address these challenges, this study presents a new high-gain dc–dc converter topology based on a two-winding coupled inductor (CL), utilizing zero voltage switching (ZVS). The proposed converter requires fewer components, reduces device stress, and achieves inherent ZVS without the need for additional auxiliary circuits. It also improves the reverse recovery characteristics of the output-side diodes and ensures a continuous input current profile. In addition, leakage energy is efficiently recycled during each switching cycle, enhancing overall efficiency. The low mutual inductance of the CL supports the ZVS operation for both output diodes and active switches, contributing to a compact design. A comparison study emphasizes the enhanced performance achieved by the proposed converter. A detailed mathematical dynamic model is derived and validated using frequency responses from both simulations and experimental data. Furthermore, a closed-loop control design is implemented to maintain output voltage regulation under dynamic conditions. The converter’s performance is further confirmed through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and experimental results from a prototype.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2026 08:38:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665560</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Switched Reluctance Motor Power Converter With Dual-Source Inputs and Multimodal Control Strategy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article addresses key technical challenges in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives, notably significant torque ripple and the inherent tradeoff between efficiency and torque performance under varying operating conditions. A novel power converter with dual-source input (PC-DSI) characteristics is proposed, accompanied by a multimode control strategy (MCS) for enhanced operational flexibility. At the topological level, the proposed converter seamlessly transitions among four operating modes: low-voltage drive, high-voltage drive, high-voltage demagnetization with low-voltage drive, and a hybrid high-/low-voltage drives. The coordinated control of multilevel voltage outputs substantially improves dynamic regulation capability. In terms of control strategy, a multilevel multimode cooperative control method based on torque sharing is introduced. This approach establishes a multiobjective optimization model that balances efficiency and torque ripple minimization. By incorporating dynamic weighting coefficients α and β, the system achieves online adaptive switching between efficiency- and ripple-prioritized control objectives. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces torque ripple by up to 89% under rated operating conditions while improving the system efficiency by 10% across a wide speed range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 11:57:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665530</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal Layer Arrangement for Minimizing Copper Losses in Planar Transformers With Magnetizing Current Considerations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665515</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The copper loss of planar transformers is a major consideration in high-efficiency and high-power-density converter design. The traditional copper loss optimization is based on the offsetting of the magnetomotive force (MMF) of the transformer’s primary and secondary sides. However, the magnetizing current in most converters cannot be neglected, and the traditional copper loss model, as well as the traditional optimization methods, are not applicable, especially in the case of large magnetizing current. In this article, the traditional 1-D copper loss model is improved into a new form that considers the magnetizing current revealing the influence of the magnetizing current and the layer arrangement on the copper loss. The model indicates that the copper loss will increase significantly with the rise of magnetizing current and elucidates that certain interleaving structures, previously regarded as identical, are, in fact, distinct from one another. The optimal path method (OPM) is proposed to help design the minimum copper loss layer arrangement when considering the magnetizing current. Both simulations and experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed copper loss model as well as the OPM by measuring the winding resistance. The experiments also compare the efficiency of two LLC converters with different winding structures, demonstrating that the transformer designed by the OPM has lower copper loss.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 09:13:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665515</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhanced Bidirectional CLLC Resonant Converter With Improved Efficiency and Wide Voltage Range: Analytical Design, Simulation, Comparison, and Prototyping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a novel topology for a bidirectional dc–dc converter based on a CLLC resonant circuit. The proposed design offers significant advancements in three key areas: a wide voltage gain range, improved efficiency, and reduced switching stress. It builds upon the well-established bidirectional CLLC converter by incorporating a third winding on the transformer’s secondary side. This modification is complemented by the addition of a full-bridge with two series capacitors. This innovative integration not only enhances switch performance and mitigates stress but also preserves the advantageous characteristics of the conventional CLLC converter. Notably, it enables exceptional voltage gain adaptability across a broad spectrum of switching frequencies. This article delves into a thorough analysis of the proposed converter’s operational principles for both forward and reverse power flow directions. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the converter’s unique structural features, and its voltage gain behavior. In addition, this article explores the parameter design process, offering valuable insights for optimizing the converter’s performance. Finally, experimental results obtained from a 1 kW prototype validate the effectiveness of the proposed design, showcasing its superior efficiency and wide voltage gain range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jun 2026 09:13:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665506</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Phase Current Balancing Control With Single Bus Current Sensor in Three-Phase Dual-Active-Bridge DC–DC Converters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three-phase dual-active-bridge (3p-DAB) dc–dc converters find widespread application in high-power conversion systems due to their high power density, operational efficiency, and inherent galvanic isolation. However, parameter imbalances in the three-phase transformer of a 3p-DAB can lead to unbalanced phase currents, which may result in unbalanced thermal or current stress on the power devices and reduce the lifetime of both the devices and the transformer, thereby decreasing the reliability of the system. This article analyzes the unbalanced phase current behavior in 3p-DAB converters and proposes a phase current balancing control method using a single bus current sensor. Compared with multisensor control methods, the proposed approach is more cost-effective and enables a more compact converter design. The control strategy reconstructs the phase current trajectories in the αβ frame based on bus current information, then estimates the root-mean-square (rms) values of each phase current to provide feedback for the closed-loop balance control system. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified through simulations and an experimental platform based on a TI TMS320F28379D microcontroller.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2026 14:09:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665502</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-Efficiency Dual-Phase LLC Converter With Asymmetric Resonant Tanks and Switch-Controlled Capacitor for EV Auxiliary Power Modules</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A novel asymmetrical resonant tank design is proposed for dual-phase LLC dc–dc converters used in the auxiliary power module (APM) of electric vehicles (EVs), featuring built-in redundancy. The proposed design ensures that the impedance of one phase remains consistently either higher or lower than the other phase’s impedance across a wide input and output voltage range. Consequently, a single switch-controlled capacitor (SCC) circuit suffices for effective active current sharing, reducing system complexity and implementation costs without compromising efficiency or performance. Each phase of the proposed converter is designed separately to meet the requirements of a wide voltage gain range while maintaining an expected voltage gain relationship between the phases. A sensitivity analysis was conducted, considering the maximum phase-to-phase mismatch resulting from ±5% component tolerances between the two phases. Experimental results from a full-scale APM implementing the proposed dual-phase LLC dc–dc converter, operating with an input voltage of 250–475 V, an output voltage of 9–16 V, and a maximum output current of 285 A (4-kW output power), demonstrate the design’s success in achieving effective current sharing across input/output voltage and load ranges. Furthermore, the implemented APM achieves a peak efficiency of 96.3% and a load average efficiency exceeding 95.6% across the high-voltage (HV) battery voltage range.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2026 14:09:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Resilient and Robust Voltage Regulation in Shipboard DC Microgrids With ZIP Loads Under Actuator and Parameter Uncertainties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665494</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing adoption of all-electric ships and seaport microgrids has highlighted the critical need for robust and resilient control in shipboard dc microgrids. These islanded systems, operating as independent power networks with limited capacity, face significant challenges in maintaining stable voltage levels, particularly under uncertainties, which can compromise system performance and reliability. To address these challenges, this article proposes a novel resilient and robust voltage regulation control for shipboard dc microgrids with constant impedance (Z), constant current (I), and constant power (P) loads. The control framework models actuator uncertainties as unanticipated disturbances, requiring resilient response, while handling deterministic parameter uncertainties through robust design. The proposed approach integrates an adaptive control technique with mechanisms to estimate and compensate for actuator uncertainties, ensuring resilient voltage regulation even under adverse conditions. Decentralized conditions for the voltage stability of closed-loop microgrids are derived. The proposed strategy enhances the resilience of shipboard dc microgrids and provides a framework for their reliable operation under uncertainties. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) and simulation results in MATLAB/Simscape Electrical demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in achieving stable and resilient voltage control, offering a robust framework for reliable maritime power systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 May 2026 10:47:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665494</guid>
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