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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>An investigation on the asphalt with enhanced damping properties: Development, performance evaluation and mechanisms</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2535133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present pavement noise-reduction approaches impair seriously the durability of pavement, therefore improving damping properties of pavement materials to attenuate noise is a developing trend. This study investigated an optimal component formulation designed to enhance damping properties of asphalt using recycled butyl rubber (RIIR) and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) as modifiers. The pavement performance was examined to analyze the contributions of components in the asphalt through general properties, multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR), bending beam rheometer (BBR) and segregation tests. Meanwhile, the microscopic morphology of asphalt was observed by Fluorescent Micrograph (FM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in connection with the damping properties. The microscopic properties of asphalt were characterized using Gel Permeation Chromatograph (GPC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results indicate that the combination of RIIR, SBS and sulfur contributes to enhance damping properties and pavement performance of asphalt. FM images present the interlocking continuous phases with interspersed elastic molecules and SEM images exhibit the folded mesh structures, which is the ideal morphology for the asphalt with enhanced damping properties. The tests on molecular structures, functional groups and thermal properties demonstrate that the particular sulfurized crosslinking structures restrict flow deformation and provide elasticity in asphalt, thereby manifesting in the enhanced damping viscous response and damping elastic response macroscopically. Consequently, these findings highlight the potential of damping compound-modified asphalt, promoting the advancements in noise-reduction pavement materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 May 2025 08:54:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2535133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Water-Repellent Ability of Road Pavement Material Stabilized with Synthetic and Natural Polymers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Polymer-stabilized soil continues to be the widely used treatment technique for the road pavement materials. Based on the previous research, the uses of polymer in soil stabilization generally focused on strength and stiffness improvements. Nevertheless, the performance of pavement material is greatly influenced by the moisture ingress, temperature fluctuation, and climate change. In this research, the waterproof ability of soil stabilized with synthetic rubber and natural rubber was investigated. The natural rubber (NR) is one of the natural polymers, which is readily available in Thailand. The styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is chosen to represent the synthetic rubber in this research. In addition, the performances of soil modified with styrene acrylic (SA) were also evaluated. The SBR and SA are popularly employed as the concrete superplasticizer; they are commonly used to improve the bond of cement paste and waterproof ability of structural concrete. In this research, the optimum dosages of SA, SBR, and NR were determined during the mix design phase. The strength and capillary rise tests of the stabilized soil were conducted and characterized. The images taken from scanning electron microscope were used to evaluate the micro-structural interaction of polymer-stabilized soils. Test results indicate that the synthetic polymers, SA, and SBR, can be used to enhance the strength performance of soil. However, the waterproof abilities of the synthetic polymer-stabilized soils and the compacted soil without stabilizing agent are similar. The NR-stabilized soil showed the poorest performances among the studied materials in this research. On the other hand, the highest 7-day strength and lowest capillary rise values were observed from the cement-stabilized specimen.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jun 2023 17:09:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113081</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development and Validation of a Nonlinear Model to Describe the Tension–Compression Behavior of Rubber-Like Base Isolators</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2068605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fractional-order derivative Zener (FDZ) model can reasonably predict the frequency dependence behavior of rubber-like materials. However, its capability to capture nonlinear behaviors is limited. In the authors' previous work, they built a horizontal shear model of a multidimensional rubber-like base isolation bearing, modifying the FDZ model to compensate for its inability to reproduce the nonlinear behaviors of amplitude dependence and slow stabilization. In this paper, the tension-compression behavior of the same bearing in the vertical direction is studied, where strain-stiffening nonlinear behavior is exhibited. A different strategy is used to establishing the modified tension-compression FDZ (CFDZ) model, which is shown to have good agreement with experimental results. State-space representation of the CFDZ model is presented and included in modelling a train-bridge-bearing system for dynamic analysis. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed bearing achieves a high base isolation performance in the vertical direction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:31:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2068605</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road performance of liquid nitrile-butadiene rubber modified unsaturated polyester resin concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739621</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Unsaturated polyester resin concrete (UPC) is currently gaining attention in many fields due to its functional compressive capacity and corrosion resistance. However, the toughness of UPC is poor due to the weak resistance to the deformation of the cured unsaturated polyester resin (UP). In this paper, the UP was modified with liquid nitrile-butadiene rubber (LNBR) and further used to make concrete. At the same time, two different initiators were used to cure the UPC and LNBR modified UPC. To study the mechanism and road performance of LNBR modified UPC performance, optical microscopy test, Marshall test, water immersion Marshall test, rutting test, freeze–thaw split test, and infrared spectroscopy experiments were carried out. Test results showed that LNBR could effectively improve the low-temperature toughness of UPC. Although LNBR slightly reduced the Marshall stability and rutting resistance of UPC, it hardly changed the water stability of the UPC. LNBR could crosslink with UP to form a joint body, and the amount of initiator may have a more significant impact on the performance of the UPC and LNBR modified UPC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Oct 2020 09:37:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739621</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determination of suitable hyper elastic material model through non-linear regression analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1508260</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The material behaviour of elastomers can be simulated through Strain Energy Density (SED) function which can be defined by the following hyper plastic material models: (i) Neo-Hookean, (ii) Mooney-Rivlin, (iii) Yeoh and (iv) Ogden. The stress-strain relations of the above-mentioned SED functions for uni-axial tension, planar (pure shear) tension and equi-biaxial tension are validated with Treloar's data. Different combinations of Treloar's data are used to determine the co-efficient of SED functions of the above said models. These co-efficient values are determined using the software like ANSYS, MATLAB and POLYMATH and the validation of the results is carried out based on sum of squared error (SSE) which is calculated between the experimental values and predicted values. From the result, it is found that SSE less than 5 and closer to 0 can be taken as good prediction for selection of material model and co-efficient of material models. The engineering stress-strain behaviour of synthetic rubber (NBR) is obtained experimentally from uni-axial tension test and the co-efficient of SED functions are determined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2018 16:03:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1508260</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-term life prediction of polyacrylate rubber (ACM) gasket with chlorine cure sites using the four-parameter recovery model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279907</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rubber-like materials are widely used in many fields and are often installed in various mechanical systems. These materials are used as dampers, oil sealing gaskets and other important automotive parts. In the design of rubber-like materials, engineers consider the lifetime, the durability and the reliability. The lifetime prediction of rubber material is very important in the design process; however, it is difficult to predict the lifetime of rubber materials because of changing properties under complex operational environments such as the temperature, the humidity and the vibration and because of long-time consumption. The highly accelerated life test is generally used to predict the long-term lifetime of rubber materials. The authors conducted compression set tests with polyacrylate (ACM) rubber gasket material and regressed the experimental data with several models using a successive zooming genetic algorithm. They compared the regressed recovery curves of the single-parameter model, the two-parameter model and the four-parameter model in terms of the mean squared error. Finally, using the Arrhenius equation, they predicted the quantitative long-term lives for a rubber gasket made of polyacrylate (ACM) rubber with chlorine cure sites at lower temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Dec 2013 10:37:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1279907</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEW AGGREGATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054511</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH IS TO FIND REPLACEMENT MATERIALS TO SOLVE SOME PROBLEMS OF LOCAL SHORTAGE OF AGGREGATES AND TO DEVELOP PRODUCTS FULFILLING SPECIFIC NEEDS (NON-SKID AGGREGATES AND HARD WEARING AGGREGATES). ENCOURAGING RESULTS WERE OBTAINED WITH SAND-RESIN MIXTURES, CRUSHED BASALT STABILIZED WITH LIME AND STEEL-WORK SLAGS. IN 1976 EFFORTS WILL BE MADE TO IMPROVE THE USE OF CERTAIN BY-PRODUCTS (OLD CONCRETE, SLAG, WASHING FINES), AND SOME UNUSED DEPOSITS (VOLCANIC ASH) WILL BE INVESTIGATED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 04:00:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1054511</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neoprene pads for capping concrete cylinders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/865557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Aug 2008 14:46:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/865557</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermoelastic Enhancement of Damping of Sand Using Synthetic Ground Rubber</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/782704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the possibility of introducing synthetic rubber in constructed earthen systems to improve their vibration attenuation. The results of a series of controlled laboratory tests—aimed to investigate the improvement of low-strain dynamic properties of Ottawa sand by mixing ground rubber of similar size—showed a simultaneous increase in both the shear modulus and the damping ratio of the sand specimens up to an optimum volume proportion of the rubber. Predictions using Hertzian particle contact effects and mechanical damping, resulting from thermoelastic effects between the dissimilar particles, were employed to discern the observed behavior. It is postulated and examined through the available data that the large difference between the elastic modulus of the two materials results in the increase in contact area of the sand and rubber particles and consequently the increase in the stiffness matrix. Similarly, the large difference between the coefficient of thermal expansion of sand and rubber may effectively lead to high thermoelastic enhancement of damping in the sand-rubber mixture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jul 2006 08:11:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/782704</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHODS TO REDUCE BUILT-IN RESIDUAL STRESSES IN STEEL BRIDGE DIAPHRAGMS (PHASE I)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/654666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This investigation determined the magnitude and origin of residual stresses in plate girders, diaphragms and stiffeners built-in during construction.  Residual stresses can contribute to crack formation.  Three different steel bridges were studied: (1) a multi-girder bridge anchored at the abutments with no center pier; (2) a 4-span continuous multi-girder bridge with piers; (3) a movable, double-leaf bascule bridge.  Bridges were instrumented with strain gages at the fabricator.  Changes in reference strains were monitored:  (a) after steel erection and bolt-up; (b) after deck placement; and (c) after parapet placement.  Built-in stresses varied widely.  Mean tensile stress was 35 MPa (5.1 ksi), with a standard deviation (SD) of 40 MPa (5.8 ksi).  Mean compressive stress was -51 MPa (-7.4 ksi) with an SD of 39 MPa (5.7 ksi).  Highest tensile stress measured was 146 MPa (21 ksi).  Methods to attenuate the effects of built-in strain were proposed, including:  (1) lower-modulus aluminum and zinc alloys for diaphragm components; (2) synthetic rubber used in shear connectors; (3) new designs which accommodate misalignment, distortion and deflection; and (4) retrofit attachments to X and K-brace diaphragms.  The study recommends Phase II testing of proposed modifications which could improve constructibility and durability in actual bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Aug 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/654666</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA "BREAKS GROUND" WITH RESERVOIR LINING SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/542899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Metropolitan District of Southern California, along with consulting engineer Bill Way, recently selected a dual membrane of synthetic rubber produced from DuPont Dow Elastomer's (Wilmington, Delaware) high-performance polymer Hypalon(R) to secure the district's 525-MG reservoir. The district also incorporated an electronically monitored leakage system. Having designed liquid storage systems for more than 25 years, Way believes it is the most sophisticated lining system he has worked on. Serving over seven million customers in several Southern California counties since 1954, including central Los Angeles County, Garvey Reservoir spans 44 acres.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/542899</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CORROSION PROTECTION WITH RUBBER LININGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/542556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rubber is one of the oldest and most durable materials for corrosion protection of metallic surfaces.  Rubber, in the form of prefabricated sheets, has been used successfully as a lining material in storage tanks, water boxes, condensers, flue gas desulfurization units, chemical scrubbers, pipelines, mixers, valves, and pumps.  Because of superior impact, abrasion, and chemical resistance, rubber linings in the range of 1/8 to 1/4 in (3-6 mm) can often outperform conventional liquid-applied linings by many years.  In many installations, rubber linings have a service life expectancy of 25-30 years.  This article describes the principal rubber types used in lining applications.  They include natural rubber, multiple-ply rubber, synthetic rubber, chloroprene rubber, butyl rubber, chlorobutyl rubber, ethylene-propylene diene-terpolymer, nitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and chlorosulfonated polyethylene.  The article outlines relative performance properties, as well as application, vulcanization, and inspection techniques.  Relative material and installation costs are also presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/542556</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BUTALASTIC POLYMERS, THEIR PREPARATION AND APPLICATIONS; A TREATISE ON SYNTHETIC RUBBERS,.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/521853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Sep 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/521853</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COATINGS FOR PROTECTION IN A DEMANDING ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/391128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hypalon, which is a chlorosulphonated polyethylene synthetic rubber (CSM), was initially developed by Du Pont as a speciality binder for coatings but soon found wide usage by the rubber industry.  Its broad range of properties were utilized in a wide variety of demanding applications in the automotive, wire and cable and construction industries.  The reasons for choosing CSM for coatings is discussed on the basis of the structure of this polymer and its proven performance in severe service conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/391128</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROUGHNESS AND SKID RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS OF PAVEMENTS IN CALIFORNIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/104973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF MEASUREMENTS OF ROAD ROUGHNESS AND SKID RESISTANCE FOR MORE THAN 50 DIFFERENT ROAD SURFACES IN CALIFORNIA. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE BASIC DESIGN OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS ROUGHNESS TRAILER USED IN THESE TESTS IS FUNDAMENTALLY SOUND AND IT PROVIDES THE SIMPLEST AND MOST ACCURATE MEASURE OF ROAD ROUGHNESS. SKIDDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE ON DRY AND WET SURFACES BY THREE DIFFERENT METHODS: (1) TOWING A TRAILER WITH A TRUCK AT CONSTANT SPEED AND RECORDING THE SPEED AND BRAKING EFFORT WITH ONE TRAILER WHEEL LOCKED, (2) LOCKING ALL WHEELS OF THE PASSENGER CAR AND MEASURING THE TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE, AND (3) LOCKING ALL WHEELS OF A PASSENGER CAR AND RECORDING THE SPEED AND RATE OF DECELERATION BY MEANS OF ELECTRONIC AND OSCILLOGRAPH EQUIPMENT. THE HIGH TYPE PAVEMENT SURFACES ON RURAL STATE HIGHWAYS IN CALIFORNIA WERE FOUND TO HAVE THE BEST RIDING QUALITIES OF ALL THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SURFACES TESTED. THE ROUGHNESS OF ASPHALT SURFACES WITH SEAL COATS WAS ALMOST DOUBLE THE ROUGHNESS MEASURED ON THE HIGH TYPE PAVEMENTS. THE WIDEST SPREAD IN ROUGHNESS VALUES WAS OBTAINED IN THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE ROUGHNESS OF CITY STREETS. FRICTION VALUES FOR ROUNDED AGGREGATE WERE ABOUT 25% LOWER THAN FOR ANGULAR AGGREGATE IN THE WET SKID RESISTANCE TEST. SLIGHTLY HIGHER FRICTION VALUES WERE OBTAINED ON OPEN-GRADED SURFACES THAN ON DENSE-GRADED SURFACES ALTHOUGH THE SHARPNESS OR GRITTINESS OF THE AGGREGATE WAS A MAJOR FACTOR INFLUENCING THE TEST RESULTS. FRICTION VALUES ON OPEN-GRID STEEL BRIDGE FLOORS WERE VERY HIGH IN THE DRY TEST BUT WERE DANGEROUSLY LOW IN THE WET TEST. FRICTION VALUES FOR SYNTHETIC RUBBER TIRES WITH A GOOD TREAD WERE ABOUT 5% HIGHER THAN FOR NATURAL RUBBER TIRES IN THE WET TEST AND ON THE VARIOUS PAVED SURFACES. THESE TESTS INDICATED THAT THE GREATEST SKIDDING HAZARD IS ENCOUNTERED WHEN BRAKING A CAR WITH SMOOTH TREAD TIRES WITH ALL WHEELS LOCKED OR SKIDDING ON A WET GLAZED ASPHALT SURFACE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/104973</guid>
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