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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Methodology to Evaluate the Effect of Warm-Mix Additives on the Wettability of Asphalt Binder on Aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The wettability of asphalt binders on aggregates primarily depends on the interfacial interactions between the binder and the aggregates, as well as the surface tension of the binder. It can be enhanced by warm-mix additives. This study investigates the effect of warm-mix additives on the wettability of binder on aggregates by using the sessile drop technique in the high-temperature range. Asphalt binders with different dosages of a surfactant-based additive and a wax-based additive were prepared. Drops of asphalt binders were placed on aggregate and Teflon-coated substrates at temperatures ranging from 60°C to 160°C. The surface tension is determined from the shape of the drop, whereas the contact angle is determined from the binder drop on aggregate substrates. The results indicate that the improvement in wettability achieved with both the wax-based and surfactant-based additives exceeds what can be achieved by simply increasing the temperature of the base binder. These additives not only decrease the surface tension but also decrease the contact angle between the binder and aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2025 09:25:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640207</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on the residual interfacial bonding performance between CFRPs and concrete after high temperatures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2561752</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) are widely used in bridge reinforcement projects. However, delamination at the CFRP-concrete interface caused by frequent fires significantly impacts structural safety, severely restricting the further and extensive development of CFRP in bridge engineering. In this paper, the sand filling method is used to quantitatively evaluate the roughness of the concrete beam's surface, and the interfacial normal and tangential bonding stresses between CFRPs and concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures were investigated. The strength grade of the concrete, concrete surface roughness and temperature were analyzed to explore the behavior of the CFRP composites. First, before the CFRP sheets were pasted, the concrete interfacial roughness was quantitatively evaluated, and 135 CFRP-concrete interfacial bonding tests were carried out. Then, two bonding models based on an elevated temperature field were proposed. Finally, the interfacial bonding failure mechanism was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The research results showed that the concrete surface roughness more significantly affects the interfacial bonding stress than does the strength grade of the concrete. The interfacial separation between CFRPs and epoxy resin occurs at 110 °C, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) is the critical factor determining the decrease in the bonding performance of CFRP composites. The two models proposed in this study exhibit high prediction accuracy and certain safety reserves and are applicable to the prediction of CFRP reinforcement design and construction after exposure to high temperatures. These models also have additional potential applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Sep 2025 09:18:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2561752</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Molecular Mechanisms of Interfacial Adhesion Between Asphalt and Mineral Aggregates Based on Molecular Dynamics and Density Functional Theory</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt mixtures often suffer from weak adhesion between asphalt and aggregates, leading to moisture damage and pavement deterioration. This study investigates the impact of molecular structural characteristics and functional groups on the interfacial adhesion between asphalt and mineral aggregates using molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT). Various asphalt molecules and functional groups were analyzed in relation to their interaction with quartz and calcite, as well as the interaction energies and contact angles between three types of asphalt and aggregates. The results show that van der Waals interactions are strongest with aromatic rings and aliphatic chains because of the large contact area, while the limited deformability of naphthenic rings and adjacent long side chains reduces their contact area with aggregates. In asphalt molecules, the negative electrostatic potential (ESP) around benzene carbon and heteroatoms attracts acidic sites on aggregates, while the positive ESP around hydrogen atoms attracts basic sites on aggregates. Electrostatic interactions are enhanced by significant differences between positive and negative ESP values, with carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfoxide groups exhibiting the strongest effects. The asphalt with a higher aromatic carbon ratio, lower naphthenic carbon ratio, and higher oxygen content demonstrates superior adhesion performance, which can be optimized through these compositional adjustments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 10:37:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2551062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of foaming mechanism and adhesion of foam rubberised asphalt from the perspective of molecular scale</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487694</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rubberised asphalt faces challenges such as viscosity and construction energy consumption. These problems can be ameliorated by the use of foaming technology. However, existing studies lack a microscopic-level understanding of the foaming mechanism and interfacial properties of foam rubberised asphalt. Therefore, this study used molecular dynamics simulation methods to establish foam rubberised asphalt models and interface models. The models were analysed from the aspects of model density, energy change, molecular agglomeration behaviour and adhesion work. Results revealed that increased temperature and water consumption caused difficulties in the volumetric compression of the model. The diffusion and aggregation behaviour of water molecules altered the distribution of other molecules in the model, effectively reducing the viscosity of the rubberised asphalt without affecting the chemical structure. In the interfacial model, water molecules contribute to the migration of asphalt molecules to the mineral surface, which exists in two forms: aggregating within asphalt and diffusing to the interface. The interface water molecules enhance the electrostatic interaction between asphalt and minerals. However, due to the random nature of water molecule diffusion, it is difficult to form a regular layer of water molecules at the interface, which leads to failure of the adhesion work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Feb 2025 10:30:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2487694</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Theoretical and experimental study on drag torque of wet clutch considering surface tension and shrinkage of oil film</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2361880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The drag torque produced by the viscous shearing action of lubricating oil is an important component of the power loss of wet clutches. Studying the prediction model and its influencing factors will provide important theoretical support for reducing the drag torque. Taking a single friction pair wet clutch as the research object, this research obtained the oil film shrinkage under different working conditions based on the VOF model. On this basis, a drag torque calculation model considering the surface tension and shrinkage of oil film is established, in which the drag torque is composed of the torque transmitted by oil film in the oil film continuous zone and the torque transmitted by oil-liquid and gas-liquid in the oil film rupture area, respectively. Comparing the theoretical drag torque with the simulation and experimental results, the variation law of drag torque with the speed difference under different oil film thicknesses and different supply flow is obtained, and the validity of the theoretical model is also verified. Results show that increasing the oil film thickness and decreasing the supply flow will lead to a decrease in drag torque, which provides a useful reference for reducing the drag torque.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Apr 2024 09:22:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2361880</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The role of tricalcium aluminate and gypsum dehydration level in cement for effective air entrainment of concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the role of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and gypsum dehydration level in the air-entraining mechanism in concrete was studied. A higher-performance air system was achieved when anionic surfactant was used, C3A content was higher and gypsum dehydration didn’t occur. Adsorption on cement particles dominates the air-entraining mechanism when anionic admixture is used. Anionic surfactant performs higher quality air microstructure than cationic, despite much lower surface tension reduction. Thus, the adsorption of admixture had a major role in the effective air-entraining mechanism process. This effect has significant implications on the selection of the best-suited surfactants, cement optimum composition and the cement production procedure for the highest frost resistance concretes used for roads and bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jan 2024 09:25:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325399</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Non-uniform temperature effect on concrete rectangular hollow bridge pier: Insights from long-term monitoring data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2316347</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Non-uniform temperature action can cause cracks, damages, and other issues (or diseases) on bridges, which have serious impacts on the durability and even safety of bridges. At present, both domestic and international bridge design codes predominantly focus on addressing non-uniform temperature effects in relation to bridge decks and box girders. There has been comparatively less research and provision for addressing non-uniform temperature effects on bridge piers. In view of this, the authors conducted continuous temperature testing over a period of 212 days on the cross-section of the thin-walled hollow pier of Changjiahe Bridge. The aim was to systematically analyze the rectangular hollow pier non-uniform temperature field change rule. The results show that the depth of influence of day-to-day cyclic changes in air temperature and solar radiation is approximately 50 cm or less. The most unfavorable condition of positive temperature difference can easily occur when solar radiation is strong during continuous sunny days; the most unfavorable condition of negative temperature difference occurs when radiative cooling and strong cooling weather combine. A power function distribution curve of temperature difference along the direction of wall thickness is established, and the fitting accuracy is found to be higher than the commonly used exponential function curve. Subsequently, they introduced two methods to derive the maximum temperature difference of concrete rectangular hollow piers based on meteorological conditions. Method 1 involves obtaining the maximum daily difference of wall surface temperature difference using a regression formula, and then calculating the maximum positive temperature difference of wall surface according to the proportion of the maximum positive temperature difference of wall surface in the daily difference of wall surface temperature difference. Method 2 involves calculating the maximum positive temperature difference of wall surface over a period of time using a regression formula directly with the data of daily difference of air temperature. Through trial calculations during the observation period, the prediction accuracy of method 1 was found to be slightly better than that of method 2.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jan 2024 09:16:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2316347</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation on the methods of measuring aggregate surface energy based on spreading pressure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2168418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Surface energy is applied to quantify the adhesion between aggregate and asphalt binder, which could be further utilized in evaluating the cracking resistance, or moisture sensitivity of asphalt mixtures. This paper investigated the determination of aggregate’s surface energy based on the adsorption method. Two typical aggregates, limestone and diabase, were selected in this research. Determination of the spreading pressure of the test liquid on the selected aggregate is the kernel of the surface energy calculation. Two steps were required when calculating the spreading pressure, including the calculations of specific surface area (SSA) and the adsorption isotherm. The M-BET model, which was proven to be more feasible since the adsorption fitting was available in all pressure range, was utilized to calculate the SSA. Differing from other models, which need to set many adsorption assumptions, the Ono-Kondo (O-K) model was able to describe all types of adsorptions without the monolayer or multilayer adsorption assumptions. Therefore, the O-K model was further be applied to fit the adsorption data. In terms of the goodness of model fitting and physical significance, the O-K model was more appropriate than other adsorption models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2023 16:29:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2168418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Scale Effects of Hydrodynamics around Prismatic Planing Surface by using CFD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2107751</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purposes of this study are to propose a procedure for accurate calculation of the flow field around a prismatic planing surface by using an existing commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) cord (Star-CCM+), and investigate the scale effects of its hydrodynamic phenomena. First, according to ITTC Recommended Procedure³)⁴), the hydrodynamic forces acting on a prismatic planing surface are calculated and compared with the measured results. As a result, it is found that the calculation accuracy of the frictional force is poor by appearance of numerical ventilation. In order to obtain highly accurate calculation, the resolution of the partial mesh around stagnation line are made higher and the surface tension model is included, moreover, un-steady calculation is applied. The above-mentioned mesh generation procedure is applied for the 10 times large prismatic planing surface and the scale effects of hydrodynamic phenomena are investigated, and it is shown that the pressure coefficients acting on the wetted surface area are same regardless of model size and the frictional resistance coefficients acting on the wetted surface and spray area are near the turbulent frictional coefficient line of the equivalent flat plate. On the other hand, the pressure coefficients acting on the spray area has the scale effects if model size is too small because of the surface tension effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2023 09:07:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2107751</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Moisture-induced damage potential of asphalt mixes containing polyphosphoric acid and antistripping agent</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the effects of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) and antistripping agent (ASA) on interfacial energies and moisture-induced damage potential of mixes using a Surface Free Energy (SFE) method. The SFE components of binder blends containing different amounts of PPA and ASA and aggregates were determined using Dynamic Wilhelmy Plate and Universal Sorption Device-based tests, respectively. Based on the measured SFE components and interfacial energy, it was found that using PPA with or without ASA does not affect cohesive bond of binder. However, depending on aggregate type, PPA may improve adhesive bond. Also, using an amine-based ASA does not improve the resistance to moisture-induced damage of binders or mixes containing PPA. Therefore, using an amine-based ASA with PPA-modified asphalt binder is not recommended. Among different PPA amounts considered, using 1.5% PPA with and without ASA was found to be the most effective concentration in improving the adhesive bond and wettability of binders with aggregates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2022 11:36:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2047390</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Probing the interfacial forces and surface interaction mechanisms in petroleum production processes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2002131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the advances that have been made in renewable energy over the past decade, crude oil or petroleum remains one of the most important energy resources to the world. Petroleum production presents many challenging issues, such as the destabilization of complex oil–water emulsions, fouling phenomena on pipelines and other facilities, and water treatment. These problems are influenced by the molecular forces at the oil/water/solid/gas interfaces involved in relevant processes. Herein, the authors present an overview of recent advances on probing the interfacial forces in several petroleum production processes (e.g., bitumen extraction, emulsion stabilization and destabilization, fouling and antifouling phenomena, and water treatment) by applying nanomechanical measurement technologies such as a surface forces apparatus (SFA) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). The interaction forces between bitumen and mineral solids or air bubbles in the surrounding fluid media determine the bitumen liberation and flotation efficiency in oil sands production. The stability of complex oil/water emulsions is governed by the forces between emulsion drops and particularly between interface-active species (e.g., asphaltenes). Various oil components (e.g., asphaltenes) and emulsion drops interact with different substrate surfaces (e.g., pipelines or membranes), influencing fouling phenomena, oil–water separation, and wastewater treatment. Quantifying these intermolecular and interfacial forces has advanced the mechanistic understanding of these interfacial interactions, facilitating the development of advanced materials and technologies to solve relevant challenging issues and improve petroleum production processes. Remaining challenges and suggestions on future research directions in the field are also presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2022 10:23:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2002131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of plastic deformation carbon steel on the process of burning electric arc</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910007</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During a study of the combustion process of a direct polarity electric arc, a directly proportional dependence of the electric current value on the degree of cold plastic deformation of carbon steel used as an electrode was found. To calculate the value of the electric current during arc burning, in the indicated ratio, it was proposed to replace the surface tension force of the liquid metal with the surface tension of ferrite of plastically deformed carbon steel. Calculation of the ferrite's surface tension value on the deformation degree of the steel under study through the size of the coherent scattering regions was used to explain the observed dependence of the electric current during arc burning. From the analysis of the considered correlation ratios, it was found that with an increase in the cold deformation degree, the refinement of the coherent scattering regions results in the ferrite's surface tension increase and consequently, to an increase in the electric current during arc burning. Comparative analysis of the obtained results of calculating the value of electric current during arc burning through the surface tension of ferrite of cold-deformed carbon steel showed a fairly good coincidence with experimental data. The differences did not exceed 9%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2022 09:40:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1910007</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling of Liquid Fuel Spray in Non-Isothermal Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1830468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The theory of liquid fuel jet instabilities has been developed under several assumptions, which include the assumption that the jets breakup processes are isothermal. However, liquid fuels are normally injected into an elevated combustion-chamber temperature to maintain a desirable homogeneous combustible mixture - liquid vapor and air. Therefore, a new linear theory model is developed for the instability and breakup of non-isothermal liquid jets, with consideration of a spatially variation of surface tension along the liquid-gas interface. The spatial variation of surface tension is obtained through temperature-dependent surface tension and transient heat-transfer from the combusting gases to the liquid jet. The classical interface hydrodynamic breakup theory and solution of heat-transfer through semi-infinite medium are coupled through the surface tension gradient. The analytical model accounts for the non-isothermal effects on jet breakup. The model is shown to maintain plausibility of investigating liquid fuel breakup mechanisms under the combustion-chamber operating conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 10:05:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1830468</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preparation and Optimum Proposal of Biological Dust Suppressant Using Straw Based on Orthogonal Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1869036</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to the prevent and control construction dust, and to avoid secondary pollution, on the basis of single factor experiment, the viscosity, surface tension, determination of water retention, and water absorption rate test were carried out in this paper, hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose were selected as adhesive and water retention agent, Yl and J1 were selected as surfactant and water absorption from straw extract of a variety of functional raw materials. Taking the viscosity of solution, pH value, water loss rate at high temperature, shell compressive strength, and infiltration time as the assessment indexes, a four-factor and three-level orthogonal test was designed to optimize each component of the dust suppressant. A green, environmentally friendly, and degradable straw dust suppressant was prepared, and the pilot test was carried out in the construction site of expressway. The orthogonal test results show that the influence degree of mass concentration of the four factors on the performance of straw utilization type dust depressant is as follows: hydroxyethyl cellulose has the greatest influence, followed by J1, and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and Yl have the least influence. When hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, J1, and Y1 mass concentrations, 0.35%, 0.03%, 0.05%, and 0.03%, respectively, the straw utilization type dust suppression agent viscosity value is 106.3  MPa·s, and water-retention rate is 22.51%, pH value is 7.23, and has the compressive strength of 79.02 kPa and the infiltration time of 4.21 min, its density is 1.030  g/cm. Product viscosity is moderate, it sprays easy, surface tension is small, and meets the requirements of the current class of coal dust suppression agent products indicators. Highway field pilot test shows that the surface has the shaw hardness of 70HA of shell in four hours after the construction site is sprayed with biological dust suppressant in accordance with the dosage of 3  L/m², the shell can effectively stop the rain and wind erosion, PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ dust suppression rate are 91.2%, 91.4%, and 79.2%, and 77.7% in the 1 and 7 days, respectively, have very good inhibition effect on construction dust.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2021 17:14:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1869036</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Infiltration Velocity on the Measurement of the Surface Energy Components of Asphalt Binders Using the Wilhelmy Plate Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1865447</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two common test methods measure the surface energy of asphalt binders: the Wilhelmy plate method and the sessile drop method. In contrast to the sessile drop method, the Wilhelmy plate method introduces the influence of infiltration velocity. As a result, significant differences exist between the Wilhelmy plate method and the sessile drop method in determining the surface energy of the same asphalt binder, despite the fact that the surface energy of the asphalt is constant. To solve the problem caused by infiltration velocity, mathematical models were developed for test samples when the contact angle was obtuse, right, and acute, respectively, to determine the actual dynamic contact angles when considering the influence of infiltration velocity in the Wilhelmy plate method. Based on the relationship between the actual dynamic contact angle and infiltration velocity, a modified Wilhelmy plate calculation method is proposed. The measurements and analyses reflect that the modified Wilhelmy plate calculation method is capable of reducing deviation of asphalt surface energy measured by the Wilhelmy plate method and sessile drop method to less than 10%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jul 2021 12:36:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1865447</guid>
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